Ground Truth for Layout Analysis Performance Evaluation
Identifieur interne : 002490 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002489; suivant : 002491Ground Truth for Layout Analysis Performance Evaluation
Auteurs : A. Antonacopoulos ; D. Karatzas ; D. BridsonSource :
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science [ 0302-9743 ] ; 2006.
Abstract
Abstract: Over the past two decades a significant number of layout analysis (page segmentation and region classification) approaches have been proposed in the literature. Each approach has been devised for and/or evaluated using (usually small) application-specific datasets. While the need for objective performance evaluation of layout analysis algorithms is evident, there does not exist a suitable dataset with ground truth that reflects the realities of everyday documents (widely varying layouts, complex entities, colour, noise etc.). The most significant impediment is the creation of accurate and flexible (in representation) ground truth, a task that is costly and must be carefully designed. This paper discusses the issues related to the design, representation and creation of ground truth in the context of a realistic dataset developed by the authors. The effectiveness of the ground truth discussed in this paper has been successfully shown in its use for two international page segmentation competitions (ICDAR2003 and ICDAR2005).
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/11669487_27
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:3833F85C0434283A3271B3B19B95DC29B2FDF83FLe document en format XML
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Each approach has been devised for and/or evaluated using (usually small) application-specific datasets. While the need for objective performance evaluation of layout analysis algorithms is evident, there does not exist a suitable dataset with ground truth that reflects the realities of everyday documents (widely varying layouts, complex entities, colour, noise etc.). The most significant impediment is the creation of accurate and flexible (in representation) ground truth, a task that is costly and must be carefully designed. This paper discusses the issues related to the design, representation and creation of ground truth in the context of a realistic dataset developed by the authors. 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MediaType="eBook" NumberingDepth="2" NumberingStyle="ContentOnly" OutputMedium="All" TocLevels="0"><BookID>978-3-540-32157-6</BookID><BookTitle>Document Analysis Systems VII</BookTitle><BookSubTitle>7th International Workshop, DAS 2006, Nelson, New Zealand, February 13-15, 2006. Proceedings</BookSubTitle><BookVolumeNumber>3872</BookVolumeNumber><BookSequenceNumber>3872</BookSequenceNumber><BookDOI>10.1007/11669487</BookDOI><BookTitleID>133456</BookTitleID><BookPrintISBN>978-3-540-32140-8</BookPrintISBN><BookElectronicISBN>978-3-540-32157-6</BookElectronicISBN><BookChapterCount>55</BookChapterCount><BookCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2006</CopyrightYear></BookCopyright><BookSubjectGroup><BookSubject Code="I" Type="Primary">Computer Science</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I2203X" Priority="1" Type="Secondary">Pattern Recognition</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I18032" Priority="2" Type="Secondary">Information Storage and Retrieval</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I22021" Priority="3" Type="Secondary">Image Processing and Computer Vision</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I21025" Priority="4" Type="Secondary">Simulation and Modeling</BookSubject><BookSubject Code="I2301X" Priority="5" Type="Secondary">Computer Appl. in Administrative Data Processing</BookSubject><SubjectCollection Code="SUCO11645">Computer Science</SubjectCollection></BookSubjectGroup><BookContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID></BookContext></BookInfo><BookHeader><EditorGroup><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff16"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Horst</GivenName><FamilyName>Bunke</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>bunke@iam.unibe.ch</Email></Contact></Editor><Editor AffiliationIDS="Aff17"><EditorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>A.</GivenName><GivenName>Lawrence</GivenName><FamilyName>Spitz</FamilyName></EditorName><Contact><Email>spitz@docrec.com</Email></Contact></Editor><Affiliation ID="Aff16"><OrgDivision>Institute of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics</OrgDivision><OrgName>University of Bern</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>Neubrückstrasse 10</Street><Postcode>CH-3012</Postcode><City>Bern</City><Country>Switzerland</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff17"><OrgName>DocRec Ltd</OrgName><OrgAddress><Street>34 Strathaven Place</Street><Postcode>7001</Postcode><City>Atawhai, Nelson</City><Country>New Zealand</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></EditorGroup></BookHeader><Part ID="Part8"><PartInfo TocLevels="0"><PartID>8</PartID><PartSequenceNumber>8</PartSequenceNumber><PartTitle>Session 9: Systems and Performance Evaluation</PartTitle><PartChapterCount>5</PartChapterCount><PartContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID><BookTitle>Document Analysis Systems VII</BookTitle></PartContext></PartInfo><Chapter ID="Chap27" Language="En"><ChapterInfo ChapterType="OriginalPaper" ContainsESM="No" NumberingDepth="2" NumberingStyle="ContentOnly" TocLevels="0"><ChapterID>27</ChapterID><ChapterDOI>10.1007/11669487_27</ChapterDOI><ChapterSequenceNumber>27</ChapterSequenceNumber><ChapterTitle Language="En">Ground Truth for Layout Analysis Performance Evaluation</ChapterTitle><ChapterFirstPage>302</ChapterFirstPage><ChapterLastPage>311</ChapterLastPage><ChapterCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>2006</CopyrightYear></ChapterCopyright><ChapterGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ChapterGrants><ChapterContext><SeriesID>558</SeriesID><PartID>8</PartID><BookID>978-3-540-32157-6</BookID><BookTitle>Document Analysis Systems VII</BookTitle></ChapterContext></ChapterInfo><ChapterHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff18"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>A.</GivenName><FamilyName>Antonacopoulos</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><URL>http://www.primaresearch.org</URL></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff19"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>D.</GivenName><FamilyName>Karatzas</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><URL>http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~dk3</URL></Contact></Author><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff18"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>D.</GivenName><FamilyName>Bridson</FamilyName></AuthorName><Contact><URL>http://www.primaresearch.org</URL></Contact></Author><Affiliation ID="Aff18"><OrgDivision>Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (PRImA) Research Lab, School of Computing, Science and Engineering</OrgDivision><OrgName>University of Salford</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Manchester</City><Postcode>M5 4WT</Postcode><Country>United Kingdom</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation><Affiliation ID="Aff19"><OrgDivision>School of Electronics and Computer Science</OrgDivision><OrgName>University of Southampton</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Southampton</City><Postcode>SO16 1BJ</Postcode><Country>United Kingdom</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En"><Heading>Abstract</Heading><Para>Over the past two decades a significant number of layout analysis (page segmentation and region classification) approaches have been proposed in the literature. Each approach has been devised for and/or evaluated using (usually small) application-specific datasets. While the need for objective performance evaluation of layout analysis algorithms is evident, there does not exist a suitable dataset with ground truth that reflects the realities of everyday documents (widely varying layouts, complex entities, colour, noise etc.). The most significant impediment is the creation of accurate and flexible (in representation) ground truth, a task that is costly and must be carefully designed. This paper discusses the issues related to the design, representation and creation of ground truth in the context of a realistic dataset developed by the authors. The effectiveness of the ground truth discussed in this paper has been successfully shown in its use for two international page segmentation competitions (ICDAR2003 and ICDAR2005).</Para></Abstract><ArticleNote Type="Misc"><SimplePara>This work was supported by GCHQ (UK Government Communications Headquarters) and the EPSRC (UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council).</SimplePara></ArticleNote></ChapterHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Chapter></Part></Book></Series></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Ground Truth for Layout Analysis Performance Evaluation</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Ground Truth for Layout Analysis Performance Evaluation</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Antonacopoulos</namePart><affiliation>Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (PRImA) Research Lab, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, University of Salford, M5 4WT, Manchester, United Kingdom</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Karatzas</namePart><affiliation>School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO16 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bridson</namePart><affiliation>Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (PRImA) Research Lab, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, University of Salford, M5 4WT, Manchester, United Kingdom</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="conference [eBooks]" displayLabel="OriginalPaper"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Berlin, Heidelberg</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2006</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2006</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Abstract: Over the past two decades a significant number of layout analysis (page segmentation and region classification) approaches have been proposed in the literature. Each approach has been devised for and/or evaluated using (usually small) application-specific datasets. While the need for objective performance evaluation of layout analysis algorithms is evident, there does not exist a suitable dataset with ground truth that reflects the realities of everyday documents (widely varying layouts, complex entities, colour, noise etc.). The most significant impediment is the creation of accurate and flexible (in representation) ground truth, a task that is costly and must be carefully designed. This paper discusses the issues related to the design, representation and creation of ground truth in the context of a realistic dataset developed by the authors. The effectiveness of the ground truth discussed in this paper has been successfully shown in its use for two international page segmentation competitions (ICDAR2003 and ICDAR2005).</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Document Analysis Systems VII</title><subTitle>7th International Workshop, DAS 2006, Nelson, New Zealand, February 13-15, 2006. Proceedings</subTitle></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Horst</namePart><namePart type="family">Bunke</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, University of Bern, Neubrückstrasse 10, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bunke@iam.unibe.ch</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="given">Lawrence</namePart><namePart type="family">Spitz</namePart><affiliation>DocRec Ltd, 34 Strathaven Place, 7001, Atawhai, Nelson, New Zealand</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: spitz@docrec.com</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre type="Book Series" displayLabel="Proceedings"></genre><originInfo><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2006</copyrightDate><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><subject><genre>Book Subject Collection</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="SUCO11645">Computer Science</topic></subject><subject><genre>Book Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I">Computer Science</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I2203X">Pattern Recognition</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I18032">Information Storage and Retrieval</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I22021">Image Processing and Computer Vision</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I21025">Simulation and Modeling</topic><topic authority="SpringerSubjectCodes" authorityURI="I2301X">Computer Appl. in Administrative Data Processing</topic></subject><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/11669487</identifier><identifier type="ISBN">978-3-540-32140-8</identifier><identifier type="eISBN">978-3-540-32157-6</identifier><identifier type="ISSN">0302-9743</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1611-3349</identifier><identifier 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type="personal"><namePart type="given">Takeo</namePart><namePart type="family">Kanade</namePart><affiliation>Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Josef</namePart><namePart type="family">Kittler</namePart><affiliation>University of Surrey, Guildford, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jon</namePart><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kleinberg</namePart><affiliation>Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Friedemann</namePart><namePart type="family">Mattern</namePart><affiliation>ETH Zurich, Switzerland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart><namePart 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type="family">Steffen</namePart><affiliation>University of Dortmund, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Madhu</namePart><namePart type="family">Sudan</namePart><affiliation>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Demetri</namePart><namePart type="family">Terzopoulos</namePart><affiliation>New York University, NY, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dough</namePart><namePart type="family">Tygar</namePart><affiliation>University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Moshe</namePart><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vardi</namePart><affiliation>Rice 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