The posterior parietal cortex and non-spatial cognition
Identifieur interne : 001735 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001734; suivant : 001736The posterior parietal cortex and non-spatial cognition
Auteurs : Yumiko Yamazaki [Japon] ; Teruo Hashimoto [Japon] ; Atsushi Iriki [Japon]Source :
- F1000 Biology Reports [ 1757-594X ] ; 2009.
Abstract
The primate posterior parietal cortex (PPC) processes information related to environmental physical space. The human PPC has apparently expanded not only in size but also in its functional range to encompass certain abstract and higher-order conceptual spaces. In this report, we review various forms of non-spatial representation in the PPC. These forms are presented roughly in order of the level of abstraction of the ‘objects’ and pseudo-spatial relations represented. Also, we consider mechanisms that could have enabled the hominid PPC to establish such representations. Lastly, we offer a general principle to unify the newer forms of representation with the original functions of the PPC.
Url:
DOI: 10.3410/B1-74
PubMed: 20948614
PubMed Central: 2948259
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 002660
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 002660
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 002016
Links to Exploration step
PMC:2948259Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The posterior parietal cortex and non-spatial cognition</title><author><name sortKey="Yamazaki, Yumiko" sort="Yamazaki, Yumiko" uniqKey="Yamazaki Y" first="Yumiko" last="Yamazaki">Yumiko Yamazaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute</institution><addr-line>2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198</addr-line><country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Graduate School of Human Relations, Keio University</institution><addr-line>2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345</addr-line><country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Teruo" sort="Hashimoto, Teruo" uniqKey="Hashimoto T" first="Teruo" last="Hashimoto">Teruo Hashimoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute</institution><addr-line>2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198</addr-line><country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iriki, Atsushi" sort="Iriki, Atsushi" uniqKey="Iriki A" first="Atsushi" last="Iriki">Atsushi Iriki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute</institution><addr-line>2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198</addr-line><country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20948614</idno><idno type="pmc">2948259</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948259</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2948259</idno><idno type="doi">10.3410/B1-74</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002660</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002660</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002016</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001735</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The posterior parietal cortex and non-spatial cognition</title><author><name sortKey="Yamazaki, Yumiko" sort="Yamazaki, Yumiko" uniqKey="Yamazaki Y" first="Yumiko" last="Yamazaki">Yumiko Yamazaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute</institution><addr-line>2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198</addr-line><country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Graduate School of Human Relations, Keio University</institution><addr-line>2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345</addr-line><country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Teruo" sort="Hashimoto, Teruo" uniqKey="Hashimoto T" first="Teruo" last="Hashimoto">Teruo Hashimoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute</institution><addr-line>2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198</addr-line><country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iriki, Atsushi" sort="Iriki, Atsushi" uniqKey="Iriki A" first="Atsushi" last="Iriki">Atsushi Iriki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute</institution><addr-line>2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198</addr-line><country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">F1000 Biology Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">1757-594X</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The primate posterior parietal cortex (PPC) processes information related to environmental physical space. The human PPC has apparently expanded not only in size but also in its functional range to encompass certain abstract and higher-order conceptual spaces. In this report, we review various forms of non-spatial representation in the PPC. These forms are presented roughly in order of the level of abstraction of the ‘objects’ and pseudo-spatial relations represented. Also, we consider mechanisms that could have enabled the hominid PPC to establish such representations. Lastly, we offer a general principle to unify the newer forms of representation with the original functions of the PPC.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hadamard, J" uniqKey="Hadamard J">J Hadamard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Witelson, Sf" uniqKey="Witelson S">SF Witelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kigar, Dl" uniqKey="Kigar D">DL Kigar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harvey, T" uniqKey="Harvey T">T Harvey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duhamel, Jr" uniqKey="Duhamel J">JR Duhamel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colby, Cl" uniqKey="Colby C">CL Colby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Me" uniqKey="Goldberg M">ME Goldberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buneo, Ca" uniqKey="Buneo C">CA Buneo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jarvis, Mr" uniqKey="Jarvis M">MR Jarvis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Batista, Ap" uniqKey="Batista A">AP Batista</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Ra" uniqKey="Andersen R">RA Andersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brodmann, K" uniqKey="Brodmann K">K Brodmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Geschwind, N" uniqKey="Geschwind N">N Geschwind</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Bonin, G" uniqKey="Von Bonin G">G von Bonin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bailey, P" uniqKey="Bailey P">P Bailey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Economo, C" uniqKey="Von Economo C">C von Economo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hihara, S" uniqKey="Hihara S">S Hihara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Notoya, T" uniqKey="Notoya T">T Notoya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, M" uniqKey="Tanaka M">M Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ichinose, S" uniqKey="Ichinose S">S Ichinose</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ojima, H" uniqKey="Ojima H">H Ojima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Obayashi, S" uniqKey="Obayashi S">S Obayashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fujii, N" uniqKey="Fujii N">N Fujii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iriki, A" uniqKey="Iriki A">A Iriki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quallo, Mm" uniqKey="Quallo M">MM Quallo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, Cj" uniqKey="Price C">CJ Price</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ueno, K" uniqKey="Ueno K">K Ueno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asamizuya, T" uniqKey="Asamizuya T">T Asamizuya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, K" uniqKey="Cheng K">K Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lemon, Rn" uniqKey="Lemon R">RN Lemon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iriki, A" uniqKey="Iriki A">A Iriki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jancke, L" uniqKey="Jancke L">L Jancke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleinschmidt, A" uniqKey="Kleinschmidt A">A Kleinschmidt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mirzazade, S" uniqKey="Mirzazade S">S Mirzazade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Nj" uniqKey="Shah N">NJ Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freund, Hj" uniqKey="Freund H">HJ Freund</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Durand, Jb" uniqKey="Durand J">JB Durand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peeters, R" uniqKey="Peeters R">R Peeters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norman, Jf" uniqKey="Norman J">JF Norman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Todd, Jt" uniqKey="Todd J">JT Todd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orban, Ga" uniqKey="Orban G">GA Orban</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jacob, Sn" uniqKey="Jacob S">SN Jacob</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nieder, A" uniqKey="Nieder A">A Nieder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cappelletti, M" uniqKey="Cappelletti M">M Cappelletti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hl" uniqKey="Lee H">HL Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, Ed" uniqKey="Freeman E">ED Freeman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, Cj" uniqKey="Price C">CJ Price</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Castelli, F" uniqKey="Castelli F">F Castelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glaser, De" uniqKey="Glaser D">DE Glaser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Butterworth, B" uniqKey="Butterworth B">B Butterworth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tudusciuc, O" uniqKey="Tudusciuc O">O Tudusciuc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nieder, A" uniqKey="Nieder A">A Nieder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Knops, A" uniqKey="Knops A">A Knops</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thirion, B" uniqKey="Thirion B">B Thirion</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hubbard, Em" uniqKey="Hubbard E">EM Hubbard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michel, V" uniqKey="Michel V">V Michel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehaene, S" uniqKey="Dehaene S">S Dehaene</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Franklin, Ms" uniqKey="Franklin M">MS Franklin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jonides, J" uniqKey="Jonides J">J Jonides</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Malhotra, P" uniqKey="Malhotra P">P Malhotra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coulthard, Ej" uniqKey="Coulthard E">EJ Coulthard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Husain, M" uniqKey="Husain M">M Husain</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Balan, Pf" uniqKey="Balan P">PF Balan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gottlieb, J" uniqKey="Gottlieb J">J Gottlieb</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oristaglio, J" uniqKey="Oristaglio J">J Oristaglio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, Dm" uniqKey="Schneider D">DM Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balan, Pf" uniqKey="Balan P">PF Balan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gottlieb, J" uniqKey="Gottlieb J">J Gottlieb</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sereno, Ab" uniqKey="Sereno A">AB Sereno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amador, Sc" uniqKey="Amador S">SC Amador</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sereno, Ab" uniqKey="Sereno A">AB Sereno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maunsell, Jh" uniqKey="Maunsell J">JH Maunsell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gifford, Gw" uniqKey="Gifford G">GW Gifford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Ye" uniqKey="Cohen Y">YE Cohen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Medendorp, Wp" uniqKey="Medendorp W">WP Medendorp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goltz, Hc" uniqKey="Goltz H">HC Goltz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vilis, T" uniqKey="Vilis T">T Vilis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hu, S" uniqKey="Hu S">S Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bu, Y" uniqKey="Bu Y">Y Bu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Y" uniqKey="Song Y">Y Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhen, Z" uniqKey="Zhen Z">Z Zhen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zenon, A" uniqKey="Zenon A">A Zenon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Filali, N" uniqKey="Filali N">N Filali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duhamel, Jr" uniqKey="Duhamel J">JR Duhamel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olivier, E" uniqKey="Olivier E">E Olivier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schendan, He" uniqKey="Schendan H">HE Schendan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amick, Mm" uniqKey="Amick M">MM Amick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cronin Golomb, A" uniqKey="Cronin Golomb A">A Cronin-Golomb</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Js" uniqKey="Phillips J">JS Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Velanova, K" uniqKey="Velanova K">K Velanova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolk, Da" uniqKey="Wolk D">DA Wolk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wheeler, Me" uniqKey="Wheeler M">ME Wheeler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcnab, F" uniqKey="Mcnab F">F McNab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Varrone, A" uniqKey="Varrone A">A Varrone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farde, L" uniqKey="Farde L">L Farde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jucaite, A" uniqKey="Jucaite A">A Jucaite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bystritsky, P" uniqKey="Bystritsky P">P Bystritsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forssberg, H" uniqKey="Forssberg H">H Forssberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klingberg, T" uniqKey="Klingberg T">T Klingberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kawasaki, M" uniqKey="Kawasaki M">M Kawasaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, M" uniqKey="Watanabe M">M Watanabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okuda, J" uniqKey="Okuda J">J Okuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakagami, M" uniqKey="Sakagami M">M Sakagami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aihara, K" uniqKey="Aihara K">K Aihara</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rawley, Jb" uniqKey="Rawley J">JB Rawley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Constantinidis, C" uniqKey="Constantinidis C">C Constantinidis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oztekin, I" uniqKey="Oztekin I">I Oztekin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcelree, B" uniqKey="Mcelree B">B McElree</name></author><author><name sortKey="Staresina, Bp" uniqKey="Staresina B">BP Staresina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davachi, L" uniqKey="Davachi L">L Davachi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, Dj" uniqKey="Mitchell D">DJ Mitchell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cusack, R" uniqKey="Cusack R">R Cusack</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leon, Mi" uniqKey="Leon M">MI Leon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shadlen, Mn" uniqKey="Shadlen M">MN Shadlen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bueti, D" uniqKey="Bueti D">D Bueti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, V" uniqKey="Walsh V">V Walsh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frith, C" uniqKey="Frith C">C Frith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rees, G" uniqKey="Rees G">G Rees</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coull, Jt" uniqKey="Coull J">JT Coull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vidal, F" uniqKey="Vidal F">F Vidal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nazarian, B" uniqKey="Nazarian B">B Nazarian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macar, F" uniqKey="Macar F">F Macar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davis, B" uniqKey="Davis B">B Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christie, J" uniqKey="Christie J">J Christie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rorden, C" uniqKey="Rorden C">C Rorden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beudel, M" uniqKey="Beudel M">M Beudel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Renken, R" uniqKey="Renken R">R Renken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leenders, Kl" uniqKey="Leenders K">KL Leenders</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bm" uniqKey="De Jong B">BM de Jong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Calton, Jl" uniqKey="Calton J">JL Calton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dickinson, Ar" uniqKey="Dickinson A">AR Dickinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snyder, Lh" uniqKey="Snyder L">LH Snyder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oliveri, M" uniqKey="Oliveri M">M Oliveri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koch, G" uniqKey="Koch G">G Koch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salerno, S" uniqKey="Salerno S">S Salerno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Torriero, S" uniqKey="Torriero S">S Torriero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lo Gerfo, E" uniqKey="Lo Gerfo E">E Lo Gerfo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caltagirone, C" uniqKey="Caltagirone C">C Caltagirone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fogassi, L" uniqKey="Fogassi L">L Fogassi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrari, Pf" uniqKey="Ferrari P">PF Ferrari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gesierich, B" uniqKey="Gesierich B">B Gesierich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rozzi, S" uniqKey="Rozzi S">S Rozzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chersi, F" uniqKey="Chersi F">F Chersi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzolatti, G" uniqKey="Rizzolatti G">G Rizzolatti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ishida, H" uniqKey="Ishida H">H Ishida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakajima, K" uniqKey="Nakajima K">K Nakajima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Inase, M" uniqKey="Inase M">M Inase</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murata, A" uniqKey="Murata A">A Murata</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pelphrey, Ka" uniqKey="Pelphrey K">KA Pelphrey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Jp" uniqKey="Morris J">JP Morris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccarthy, G" uniqKey="Mccarthy G">G McCarthy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muhlau, M" uniqKey="Muhlau M">M Mühlau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hermsdorfer, J" uniqKey="Hermsdorfer J">J Hermsdörfer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldenberg, G" uniqKey="Goldenberg G">G Goldenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wohlschl Ger, Am" uniqKey="Wohlschl Ger A">AM Wohlschläger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castrop, F" uniqKey="Castrop F">F Castrop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stahl, R" uniqKey="Stahl R">R Stahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rottinger, M" uniqKey="Rottinger M">M Röttinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erhard, P" uniqKey="Erhard P">P Erhard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haslinger, B" uniqKey="Haslinger B">B Haslinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ceballos Baumann, Ao" uniqKey="Ceballos Baumann A">AO Ceballos-Baumann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Conrad, B" uniqKey="Conrad B">B Conrad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boecker, H" uniqKey="Boecker H">H Boecker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jackson, Pl" uniqKey="Jackson P">PL Jackson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meltzoff, An" uniqKey="Meltzoff A">AN Meltzoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Decety, J" uniqKey="Decety J">J Decety</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dinstein, I" uniqKey="Dinstein I">I Dinstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardner, Jl" uniqKey="Gardner J">JL Gardner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jazayeri, M" uniqKey="Jazayeri M">M Jazayeri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heeger, Dj" uniqKey="Heeger D">DJ Heeger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yamazaki, Y" uniqKey="Yamazaki Y">Y Yamazaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yokochi, H" uniqKey="Yokochi H">H Yokochi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, M" uniqKey="Tanaka M">M Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okanoya, K" uniqKey="Okanoya K">K Okanoya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iriki, A" uniqKey="Iriki A">A Iriki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Culham, Jc" uniqKey="Culham J">JC Culham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valyear, Kf" uniqKey="Valyear K">KF Valyear</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnson Frey, Sh" uniqKey="Johnson Frey S">SH Johnson-Frey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newman Norlund, R" uniqKey="Newman Norlund R">R Newman-Norlund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grafton, St" uniqKey="Grafton S">ST Grafton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Jw" uniqKey="Lewis J">JW Lewis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Obayashi, S" uniqKey="Obayashi S">S Obayashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suhara, T" uniqKey="Suhara T">T Suhara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawabe, K" uniqKey="Kawabe K">K Kawabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okauchi, T" uniqKey="Okauchi T">T Okauchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maeda, J" uniqKey="Maeda J">J Maeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akine, Y" uniqKey="Akine Y">Y Akine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Onoe, H" uniqKey="Onoe H">H Onoe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iriki, A" uniqKey="Iriki A">A Iriki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iriki, A" uniqKey="Iriki A">A Iriki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agnew, Z" uniqKey="Agnew Z">Z Agnew</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wise, Rj" uniqKey="Wise R">RJ Wise</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shmuelof, L" uniqKey="Shmuelof L">L Shmuelof</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zohary, E" uniqKey="Zohary E">E Zohary</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yamakawa, Y" uniqKey="Yamakawa Y">Y Yamakawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanai, R" uniqKey="Kanai R">R Kanai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matsumura, M" uniqKey="Matsumura M">M Matsumura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naito, E" uniqKey="Naito E">E Naito</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neggers, Sf" uniqKey="Neggers S">SF Neggers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Lubbe, Rh" uniqKey="Van Der Lubbe R">RH Van der Lubbe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramsey, Nf" uniqKey="Ramsey N">NF Ramsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Postma, A" uniqKey="Postma A">A Postma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Decety, J" uniqKey="Decety J">J Decety</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jackson, Pl" uniqKey="Jackson P">PL Jackson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sommerville, Ja" uniqKey="Sommerville J">JA Sommerville</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chaminade, T" uniqKey="Chaminade T">T Chaminade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meltzoff, An" uniqKey="Meltzoff A">AN Meltzoff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goldenberg, G" uniqKey="Goldenberg G">G Goldenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spatt, J" uniqKey="Spatt J">J Spatt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Jw" uniqKey="Lewis J">JW Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brefczynski, Ja" uniqKey="Brefczynski J">JA Brefczynski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phinney, Re" uniqKey="Phinney R">RE Phinney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janik, Jj" uniqKey="Janik J">JJ Janik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deyoe, Ea" uniqKey="Deyoe E">EA DeYoe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pelgrims, B" uniqKey="Pelgrims B">B Pelgrims</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andres, M" uniqKey="Andres M">M Andres</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olivier, E" uniqKey="Olivier E">E Olivier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schicke, T" uniqKey="Schicke T">T Schicke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muckli, L" uniqKey="Muckli L">L Muckli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beer, Al" uniqKey="Beer A">AL Beer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wibral, M" uniqKey="Wibral M">M Wibral</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singer, W" uniqKey="Singer W">W Singer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goebel, R" uniqKey="Goebel R">R Goebel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosler, F" uniqKey="Rosler F">F Rosler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roder, B" uniqKey="Roder B">B Roder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zatorre, Rj" uniqKey="Zatorre R">RJ Zatorre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halpern, Ar" uniqKey="Halpern A">AR Halpern</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouffard, M" uniqKey="Bouffard M">M Bouffard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Champod, As" uniqKey="Champod A">AS Champod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petrides, M" uniqKey="Petrides M">M Petrides</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kamigaki, T" uniqKey="Kamigaki T">T Kamigaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fukushima, T" uniqKey="Fukushima T">T Fukushima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miyashita, Y" uniqKey="Miyashita Y">Y Miyashita</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liston, C" uniqKey="Liston C">C Liston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matalon, S" uniqKey="Matalon S">S Matalon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hare, Ta" uniqKey="Hare T">TA Hare</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davidson, Mc" uniqKey="Davidson M">MC Davidson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casey, Bj" uniqKey="Casey B">BJ Casey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nakahara, K" uniqKey="Nakahara K">K Nakahara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayashi, T" uniqKey="Hayashi T">T Hayashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Konishi, S" uniqKey="Konishi S">S Konishi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miyashita, Y" uniqKey="Miyashita Y">Y Miyashita</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Af" uniqKey="Rossi A">AF Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pessoa, L" uniqKey="Pessoa L">L Pessoa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desimone, R" uniqKey="Desimone R">R Desimone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ungerleider, Lg" uniqKey="Ungerleider L">LG Ungerleider</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shomstein, S" uniqKey="Shomstein S">S Shomstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yantis, S" uniqKey="Yantis S">S Yantis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stoet, G" uniqKey="Stoet G">G Stoet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snyder, Lh" uniqKey="Snyder L">LH Snyder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ogawa, T" uniqKey="Ogawa T">T Ogawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Komatsu, H" uniqKey="Komatsu H">H Komatsu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hampshire, A" uniqKey="Hampshire A">A Hampshire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gruszka, A" uniqKey="Gruszka A">A Gruszka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fallon, Sj" uniqKey="Fallon S">SJ Fallon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owen, Am" uniqKey="Owen A">AM Owen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Corradi Dell Cqua, C" uniqKey="Corradi Dell Cqua C">C Corradi-Dell’acqua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ueno, K" uniqKey="Ueno K">K Ueno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogawa, A" uniqKey="Ogawa A">A Ogawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, K" uniqKey="Cheng K">K Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rumiati, Ri" uniqKey="Rumiati R">RI Rumiati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iriki, A" uniqKey="Iriki A">A Iriki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, T" uniqKey="Yang T">T Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shadlen, Mn" uniqKey="Shadlen M">MN Shadlen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Freedman, Dj" uniqKey="Freedman D">DJ Freedman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Assad, Ja" uniqKey="Assad J">JA Assad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoenig, K" uniqKey="Hoenig K">K Hoenig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scheef, L" uniqKey="Scheef L">L Scheef</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crowe, Da" uniqKey="Crowe D">DA Crowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chafee, Mv" uniqKey="Chafee M">MV Chafee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Averbeck, Bb" uniqKey="Averbeck B">BB Averbeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Georgopoulos, Ap" uniqKey="Georgopoulos A">AP Georgopoulos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tosoni, A" uniqKey="Tosoni A">A Tosoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galati, G" uniqKey="Galati G">G Galati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Romani, Gl" uniqKey="Romani G">GL Romani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corbetta, M" uniqKey="Corbetta M">M Corbetta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turriziani, P" uniqKey="Turriziani P">P Turriziani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveri, M" uniqKey="Oliveri M">M Oliveri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonni, S" uniqKey="Bonni S">S Bonni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koch, G" uniqKey="Koch G">G Koch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smirni, D" uniqKey="Smirni D">D Smirni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cipolotti, L" uniqKey="Cipolotti L">L Cipolotti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">F1000 Biol Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>F1000 Biology Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1757-594X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Biology Reports Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20948614</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2948259</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3410/B1-74</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">74</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The posterior parietal cortex and non-spatial cognition</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yamazaki</surname><given-names>Yumiko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hashimoto</surname><given-names>Teruo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Iriki</surname><given-names>Atsushi</given-names></name><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/about/biography/8699140699732456"></ext-link><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><email xlink:href="mailto:iriki@brain.riken.jp">iriki@brain.riken.jp</email></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute</institution><addr-line>2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198</addr-line><country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Graduate School of Human Relations, Keio University</institution><addr-line>2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345</addr-line><country>Japan</country></aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>9</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><elocation-id>74</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2009 Biology Reports Ltd</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
work is properly cited. You may not use this work for commercial purposes</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The primate posterior parietal cortex (PPC) processes information related to environmental physical space. The human PPC has apparently expanded not only in size but also in its functional range to encompass certain abstract and higher-order conceptual spaces. In this report, we review various forms of non-spatial representation in the PPC. These forms are presented roughly in order of the level of abstraction of the ‘objects’ and pseudo-spatial relations represented. Also, we consider mechanisms that could have enabled the hominid PPC to establish such representations. Lastly, we offer a general principle to unify the newer forms of representation with the original functions of the PPC.</p></abstract></article-meta><notes><p>The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.F1000.com/Reports/Biology/content/1/74">http://www.F1000.com/Reports/Biology/content/1/74</ext-link></p></notes></front><body><sec sec-type="" id="s01"><title>Introduction and context</title><p><italic>When asked to give an account of his creative process, Albert Einstein reported that language played virtually no role in his thought process. ‘The psychical entities which seem to serve as elements in thought ... are, in my case, of visual and some of muscular type’</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-001">1</xref>]. <italic>When Einstein’s brain was examined postmortem, it was noted that among other irregularities, the inferior parietal lobe was significantly larger than normal</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-002">2</xref>].</p><p>The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) plays a central role in multisensory integration [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-003">3</xref>] and environmental-spatial cognition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-004">4</xref>]. Many recent human imaging (and also some monkey neurophysiology) studies demonstrate that the PPC additionally supports various forms of high-order non-spatial cognition that are not necessarily directly related to physical space itself. For example, while the superior parietal lobule (SPL) tends to process spatial information in a conventional way, the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is often credited with non-spatial cognition. Debate exists on the comparative anatomy of the primate PPC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-001">Figure 1</xref>). The IPL is said to be evolutionarily new and uniquely expanded in humans and the monkey PPC is said to correspond to the human SPL [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-005">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-006">6</xref>], but there is another view that the monkey PPC possesses functional homologues of both regions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-007">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-008">8</xref>]. If the latter view is correct, neuroscientists should be able to identify precursory mechanisms of non-spatial information processing in non-human primates. Indeed, when monkeys were trained to acquire tool use - a high-order behavior they rarely exhibit naturally - PPC expansion was observed at both microscopic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-009">9</xref>] and macroscopic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-010">10</xref>] scales.</p><fig id="fig-001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><title>Comparison of substructures (unshaded) of monkey and human posterior parietal cortex (PPC)</title><p><bold>(a)</bold> monkey PPC; <bold>(b)</bold> human left PPC; <bold>(c)</bold> human right PPC. Results of meta-analysis (based on the references listed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-002">Figure 2</xref>) of cortical areas responsible for non-spatial cognition are superimposed. Data points in monkeys are projected onto the left hemisphere (because no particular laterality has been claimed), whereas those in human subjects are illustrated independently for each hemisphere (being biased toward the left hemisphere). Large and dashed symbols indicate areas estimated from reviews and original papers, respectively, in which coordinates were not clearly specified. Arabic numerals indicate Brodmann areas (40: supramarginal gyrus; 39: angular gyrus). The subdivisions of the PPC were referred from the original sources. AIP, anterior intraparietal area; CIP, caudal intraparietal area; CS, central sulcus; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; LIP, lateral intraparietal area; MIP, medial intraparietal area; PCS, post central sulcus; POS, parieto-occipital sulcus; SF, sylvian fissure; STS, superior temporal sulcus; VIP, ventral intraparietal area.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1757-594X-0001-0000000074-g001"></graphic></fig><p>The following section reviews various recently reported forms of non-spatial representation in the PPC. They are ordered roughly in terms of the level of abstraction of the ‘objects’ and pseudo-spatial relations represented (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-002">Figure 2</xref>). The last section considers potential mechanisms that could have enabled the hominid PPC to establish such representations and hypothesizes a general principle to unify these newer forms of representation with the PPC’s original functions.</p><fig id="fig-002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><title>Hypothetical mechanisms of non-spatial representations processed by posterior parietal cortex as a function of abstractness</title><p>Left, hypothesized mechanism for increasing abstract levels of representations (see ‘Future directions’ section for details). Right, structure of various levels of abstract spaces (references for respective levels are listed in the far-right column). 3D, three-dimensional; 4D, four-dimensional; AG, angular gyrus; AIP, anterior intraparietal area; CIP, caudal intraparietal area; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; LIP, lateral intraparietal area; PPC, posterior parietal cortex; SII, secondary somatosensory cortex; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; SPL, superior parietal lobule; TPJ, temporo-parietal junction.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1757-594X-0001-0000000074-g002"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="" id="s02"><title>Major recent advances</title><sec id="s02_01"><label>1</label><title>Perceptual space</title><p>The PPC is implicated in three-dimensional (3D) object recognition, processing of number and quantity, attention, and memory. The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and anterior intraparietal area are activated when concrete 3D objects are recognized, explored, imagined, and constructed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-011">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-012">12</xref>]. Discerning continuous quantity recruits the anterior IPS [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-013">13</xref>] while discrete number processing recruits the bilateral IPS [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-014">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-016">16</xref>], forming a mental number line [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-017">17</xref>] and mental arithmetic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-018">18</xref>]. Sustained attention to spatial locations recruits the area between the right IPS and the IPL [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-019">19</xref>]. The lateral intraparietal area responds to various features of the stimulus shape [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-020">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-025">25</xref>]. Angular gyrus and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) activity is related to stimulus saliency detection and control [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-026">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-027">27</xref>]. The left and right posterior TPJ are active while processing global and local information, respectively [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-028">28</xref>]. The bilateral IPS supports episodic and semantic memory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-029">29</xref>]. The PPC may play a critical role in working memory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-030">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-033">33</xref>], although this region can also be active during tasks requiring no working memory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-034">34</xref>]. Thus, the PPC’s apparent role in working memory may reflect a broader function, such as temporally transferring information from present to future (see ‘Temporal space’ section).</p></sec><sec id="s02_02"><label>2</label><title>Temporal space</title><p>The PPC is implicated in temporal processing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-035">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-036">36</xref>], time estimation, and future planning [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-037">37</xref>]. The TPJ plays a crucial role in temporal order judgment tasks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-038">38</xref>] as well as in magnitude judgments about numbers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-018">18</xref>]. The PPC supports time interval estimation and is active when estimating future object position [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-039">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-040">40</xref>]. In the PPC, events are processed in order and placed in a timeline [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-041">41</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="s02_03"><label>3</label><title>Social space</title><p>The PPC processes some aspects of social space, including action understanding, tool use, and self-other relationships, thereby enabling imitation. The PPC is one of the brain areas showing mirror properties [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-042">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-044">44</xref>]. Gesture imitation activates the IPL and supramarginal gyrus (SMG) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-045">45</xref>]. Imitation activates the left inferior parietal cortex more than observation does, regardless of first- or third-person perspective [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-046">46</xref>]. The human anterior IPS distinguishes between observed and executed movements [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-047">47</xref>], suggesting that PPC neurons have hierarchical properties for recognizing sameness or difference of kinematics, goals, and function of motion [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-048">48</xref>]. The PPC supports tool usage, an extension of the bodily self [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-049">49</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-052">52</xref>]. This faculty may require an implicit equivalence to be drawn between innate body parts and external objects. A proposed brain network subserving such body-part objectification includes the PPC [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-053">53</xref>]. The PPC supports the recognition and drawing of distinctions between agents [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-054">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-055">55</xref>]. Evaluations of physical and social distance to others involve the superior and inferior PPC, respectively [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-056">56</xref>], in accordance with egocentric distance estimation by the parietal cortex [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-057">57</xref>]. Cooperative and competitive tasks recruit a common set of brain regions with competition activating the right inferior parietal lobe more strongly, reflecting the apparent contrast between self and others [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-058">58</xref>]. The PPC’s facility with both concrete spatial cognition and self-other discrimination may have preadapted it to handle perspective transformation in social situations. This in turn could have laid the basis for further functional expansion into realms such as social categorization and, later in evolution, conceptual spaces [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-048">48</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="s02_04"><label>4</label><title>Conceptual space</title><p>Finally, the PPC appears to play a role in causal reasoning, mental object manipulation, attention switching, set shifting, and dimensional abstraction. In addition to the role of the PPC in tool usage (see ‘Social space’ section), different PPC areas support broad concepts such as the causal ramifications of using tools [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-051">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-059">59</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-060">60</xref>] and the logical structures of the gestures involved [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-050">50</xref>]. The SPL and SMG are differentially activated during rotations of visual and motor imagery, respectively [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-061">61</xref>]. Spatial scanning through mental imagery activated the precuneus, SPL, IPL, and IPS [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-062">62</xref>]. The PPC is responsible for mentally manipulating sequentially learned materials [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-063">63</xref>], whereas the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is responsible for monitoring the learned items [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-064">64</xref>]. PPC activation is also related to cognitive set shifting [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-065">65</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-070">70</xref>]. During a visual search with attention shifts, PPC neurons depend on a targeted dimension irrespective of the stimuli’s spatial features [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-071">71</xref>]. PPC activation was diminished in elderly people in the solution-search phase of a set-shifting task [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-072">72</xref>]. Perspective taking [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-073">73</xref>] is one of the prominent qualitative distinctions between the attention-shifting abilities of humans and other primates [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-048">48</xref>]. PPC activity also correlates with abstract information at various levels and dimensions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-074">74</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-077">77</xref>] and with modulation of the strength of the visual stimulus and motor planning [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-078">78</xref>]. The left parietal cortex is involved in the cortical rearranging of the relationship between semantic items in space [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-079">79</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="" id="s03"><title>Future directions</title><p>As outlined above and illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-002">Figure 2</xref> (right), various kinds of non-spatial cognition can be grouped and ordered based on the levels of abstraction of the ‘objects’ and ideally defined spaces represented. Assumed coordinate systems for such ‘spaces’ are summarized here.</p><p>The pseudo-spatial nature of the high-order cognition supported by the PPC may derive from the essential characteristics of the objects represented but alternatively may derive from the nature of the PPC’s pre-existing information-processing mechanisms, namely as a hub for multisensory integration and representing physical environmental space. The meta-analysis in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-001">Figure 1</xref> illustrates that the PPC areas responsible for these novel forms of cognition are not necessarily clearly segregated, either in monkeys or humans, but does suggest a trend of gradual expansion toward the IPL as the level of abstraction proceeds. Thus, it seems that the PPC gradually incorporated high-order cognition as it expanded during hominid evolution while preserving its original principles of operation.</p><p>What is the explanation for this expansion of function? Here is a hypothesis involving mechanisms for ‘selecting’ and ‘switching’ between objects among different represented spaces: (a) in classical (physical) space, spatial attention toward concrete objects was typically expressed as eye movement; (b) when such attention needed to be sustained or when the attending content needed to be memorized, invisible ‘time’ was ‘visualized’ in the mind’s eye, becoming a new virtual dimension in the PPC’s existing suite of spatial coordinate systems; (c) once the PPC could visualize an invisible virtual entity, a similar objectification process could be extended further, enabling intentional perspective switching (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-002">Figure 2</xref>, left).</p><p>Acquiring representations of social space might have accelerated this process. Through objectification processes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-053">53</xref>] and the development of ‘virtual eyes’ [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-048">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-073">73</xref>], flexible and mutually integrated representations of the bodily self, the analogous selves of others, and tools as equivalents of body parts (and <italic>vice versa</italic>) might have served as a bridge between concrete physical and abstract conceptual spaces. As the PPC expanded in both physical volume and range of function [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-009">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib-010">10</xref>] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-002">Figure 2</xref>, dashed circle), a positive feedback process (arrow) could have been established to achieve further human-specific forms of non-spatial conceptual cognition.</p><p>Thus, crucial components of human intelligence derive their character from the precursorial spatial cognition process of the PPC. Indeed, language is rife with spatial metaphors for abstract thoughts. Non-human primates possess the same precursorial parietal mechanisms as human ancestors; through training, their cognitive capacities can be artificially extended in the hominid/human direction. If correct, this hypothesis will be valuable in guiding the design of future experimental paradigms, in both animal and human studies, to elucidate the principles of parietal information processing.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>Supported by JSPS and MEXT Japan.</p></ack><notes><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec></notes><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="bib-001"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group><name><surname>Hadamard</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field</chapter-title><publisher-loc>Mieola NY</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Dover Publications</publisher-name><year>1954</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-002"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Witelson</surname><given-names>SF</given-names></name><name><surname>Kigar</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></name><name><surname>Harvey</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>1999</year><volume>353</volume><fpage>2149</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10382713</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10327-6</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-003"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group><name><surname>Duhamel</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Colby</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name><name><surname>Goldberg</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>Congruent representation of visual and somatosensory space in single neurons of monkey ventral intraparietal cortex area (area VIP)</chapter-title><source>Brain and Space</source><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Paillard</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name><year>1991</year><fpage>223</fpage><lpage>36</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-004"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Buneo</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Jarvis</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Batista</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name><name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Direct visuomotor transformations for reaching</article-title><source>Nature</source><year>2002</year><volume>416</volume><fpage>632</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11948351</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/416632a</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-005"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group><name><surname>Brodmann</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>Localisation in the cerebral cortex</chapter-title><source>Ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues</source><publisher-loc>Leipzig</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Johann Ambrosius Barth</publisher-name><year>1909</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-006"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Geschwind</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I</article-title><source>Brain</source><year>1965</year><volume>88</volume><fpage>237</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">5318481</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/brain/88.2.237</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-007"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group><name><surname>von Bonin</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Bailey</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><source>The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta</source><publisher-loc>Urbana</publisher-loc><publisher-name>University of Illinois Press</publisher-name><year>1974</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-008"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group><name><surname>von Economo</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><source>The Cytoarchitectonics of the Human Cerebral Cortex</source><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name><year>1929</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-009"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Hihara</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Notoya</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ichinose</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Ojima</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Obayashi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Fujii</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Iriki</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Extension of corticocortical afferents into the anterior bank of the intraparietal sulcus by tool-use training in adult monkeys</article-title><source>Neuropsychologia</source><year>2006</year><volume>44</volume><fpage>2636</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16427666</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.020</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-010"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Quallo</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name><name><surname>Price</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Ueno</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Asamizuya</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Lemon</surname><given-names>RN</given-names></name><name><surname>Iriki</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Gray and white matter changes associated with tool-use learning in macaque monkeys</article-title><source>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</source><year>2009</year><comment>in press</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-011"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Jancke</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Kleinschmidt</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Mirzazade</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>NJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Freund</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The role of the inferior parietal cortex in linking the tactile perception and manual construction of object shapes</article-title><source>Cereb Cortex</source><year>2001</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>114</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11208666</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cercor/11.2.114</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-012"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Durand</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Peeters</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Norman</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Todd</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name><name><surname>Orban</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Parietal regions processing visual 3D shape extracted from disparity</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2009</year><volume>46</volume><fpage>1114</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19303937</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.023</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-013"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Jacob</surname><given-names>SN</given-names></name><name><surname>Nieder</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Notation-independent representation of fractions in the human parietal cortex</article-title><source>J Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>4652</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19357289</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0651-09.2009</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-014"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Cappelletti</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>HL</given-names></name><name><surname>Freeman</surname><given-names>ED</given-names></name><name><surname>Price</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The role of right and left parietal lobes in the conceptual processing of numbers</article-title><source>J Cogn Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19400672</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-015"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Castelli</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Glaser</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><name><surname>Butterworth</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Discrete and analogue quantity processing in the parietal lobe: a functional MRI study</article-title><source>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</source><year>2006</year><volume>103</volume><fpage>4693</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16537401</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-016"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Tudusciuc</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Nieder</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Contributions of primate prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices to length and numerosity representation</article-title><source>J Neurophysiol</source><year>2009</year><volume>101</volume><fpage>2984</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19321641</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/jn.90713.2008</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1162895">F1000 Factor 3.0 <italic>Recommended</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Wolfram Schultz 07 Sep 2009</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-017"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Knops</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Thirion</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Hubbard</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Michel</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Dehaene</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Recruitment of an area involved in eye movements during mental arithmetic</article-title><source>Science</source><year>2009</year><volume>324</volume><fpage>1583</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19423779</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1171599</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-018"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Franklin</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Jonides</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Order and magnitude share a common representation in parietal cortex</article-title><source>J Cogn Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>2114</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19199409</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1162/jocn.2008.21181</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-019"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Malhotra</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Coulthard</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Husain</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Role of right posterior parietal cortex in maintaining attention to spatial locations over time</article-title><source>Brain</source><year>2009</year><volume>132</volume><fpage>645</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19158107</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/brain/awn350</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-020"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Balan</surname><given-names>PF</given-names></name><name><surname>Gottlieb</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Functional significance of nonspatial information in monkey lateral intraparietal area</article-title><source>J Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>8166</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19553456</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0243-09.2009</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-021"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Oristaglio</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name><name><surname>Balan</surname><given-names>PF</given-names></name><name><surname>Gottlieb</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Integration of visuospatial and effector information during symbolically cued limb movements in monkey lateral intraparietal area</article-title><source>J Neurosci</source><year>2006</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>8310</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16899726</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1779-06.2006</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1044026">F1000 Factor 9.0 <italic>Exceptional</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Michael E Goldberg 22 Sep 2006</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-022"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Sereno</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></name><name><surname>Amador</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Attention and memory-related responses of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area during spatial and shape-delayed match-to-sample tasks</article-title><source>J Neurophysiol</source><year>2006</year><volume>95</volume><fpage>1078</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16221750</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/jn.00431.2005</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-023"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Sereno</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></name><name><surname>Maunsell</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Shape selectivity in primate lateral intraparietal cortex</article-title><source>Nature</source><year>1998</year><volume>395</volume><fpage>500</fpage><lpage>3</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9774105</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/26752</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-024"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Gifford</surname><given-names>GW</given-names><suffix>3rd</suffix></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>YE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Spatial and non-spatial auditory processing in the lateral intraparietal area</article-title><source>Exp Brain Res</source><year>2005</year><volume>162</volume><fpage>509</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15864568</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00221-005-2220-2</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-025"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Medendorp</surname><given-names>WP</given-names></name><name><surname>Goltz</surname><given-names>HC</given-names></name><name><surname>Vilis</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Remapping the remembered target location for anti-saccades in human posterior parietal cortex</article-title><source>J Neurophysiol</source><year>2005</year><volume>94</volume><fpage>734</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15788514</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/jn.01331.2004</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1025122">F1000 Factor 3.0 <italic>Recommended</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Kevin A Martin 13 Apr 2005</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-026"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bu</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhen</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dissociation of attention and intention in human posterior parietal cortex: an fMRI study</article-title><source>Eur J Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>2083</fpage><lpage>91</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19453626</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06757.x</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-027"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Zenon</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Filali</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Duhamel</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Olivier</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Salience representation in the parietal and frontal cortex</article-title><source>J Cogn Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19366288</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1162/jocn.2009.21233</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-028"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Schendan</surname><given-names>HE</given-names></name><name><surname>Amick</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name><name><surname>Cronin-Golomb</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Role of a lateralized parietal-basal ganglia circuit in hierarchical pattern perception: evidence from Parkinson’s disease</article-title><source>Behav Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><volume>123</volume><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19170437</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/a0013734</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-029"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Velanova</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Wolk</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Wheeler</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Left posterior parietal cortex participates in both task preparation and episodic retrieval</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2009</year><volume>46</volume><fpage>1209</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19285142</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.044</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-030"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>McNab</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Varrone</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Farde</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Jucaite</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bystritsky</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Forssberg</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Klingberg</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Changes in cortical dopamine D1 receptor binding associated with cognitive training</article-title><source>Science</source><year>2009</year><volume>323</volume><fpage>800</fpage><lpage>2</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19197069</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1166102</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1148882">F1000 Factor 3.0 <italic>Recommended</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Michael Frank 20 Feb 2009</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-031"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Kawasaki</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Watanabe</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Okuda</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Sakagami</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Aihara</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human posterior parietal cortex maintains color, shape and motion in visual short-term memory</article-title><source>Brain Res</source><year>2008</year><volume>1213</volume><fpage>91</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18455152</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.037</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-032"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Rawley</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Constantinidis</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Neural correlates of learning and working memory in the primate posterior parietal cortex</article-title><source>Neurobiol Learn Mem</source><year>2009</year><volume>91</volume><fpage>129</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19116173</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nlm.2008.12.006</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-033"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Oztekin</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>McElree</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Staresina</surname><given-names>BP</given-names></name><name><surname>Davachi</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Working memory retrieval: contributions of the left prefrontal cortex, the left posterior parietal cortex, and the hippocampus</article-title><source>J Cogn Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>581</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18471055</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1162/jocn.2008.21016</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-034"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Mitchell</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Cusack</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Flexible, capacity-limited activity of posterior parietal cortex in perceptual as well as visual short-term memory tasks</article-title><source>Cereb Cortex</source><year>2008</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>1788</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18042643</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cercor/bhm205</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-035"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Leon</surname><given-names>MI</given-names></name><name><surname>Shadlen</surname><given-names>MN</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Representation of time by neurons in the posterior parietal cortex of the macaque</article-title><source>Neuron</source><year>2003</year><volume>38</volume><fpage>317</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12718864</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00185-5</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1013275">F1000 Factor 3.3 <italic>Recommended</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Michael E Goldberg 01 May 2003, Maurizio Corbetta 21 May 2003, Dora Angelaki 10 Jun 2003</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-036"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Bueti</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Walsh</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Frith</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Rees</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Different brain circuits underlie motor and perceptual representations of temporal intervals</article-title><source>J Cogn Neurosci</source><year>2008</year><volume>20</volume><fpage>204</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18275329</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1162/jocn.2008.20017</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-037"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Coull</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name><name><surname>Vidal</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Nazarian</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Macar</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Functional anatomy of the attentional modulation of time estimation</article-title><source>Science</source><year>2004</year><volume>303</volume><fpage>1506</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15001776</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1091573</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-038"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Christie</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Rorden</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Temporal order judgments activate temporal parietal junction</article-title><source>J Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>3182</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19279255</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5793-08.2009</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-039"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Beudel</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Renken</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Leenders</surname><given-names>KL</given-names></name><name><surname>de Jong</surname><given-names>BM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cerebral representations of space and time</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2009</year><volume>44</volume><fpage>1032</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18951984</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.028</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-040"><label>40</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Calton</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Dickinson</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><name><surname>Snyder</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Non-spatial, motor-specific activation in posterior parietal cortex</article-title><source>Nat Neurosci</source><year>2002</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>580</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12021766</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nn0602-862</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-041"><label>41</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Oliveri</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Koch</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Salerno</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Torriero</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lo Gerfo</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Caltagirone</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Representation of time intervals in the right posterior parietal cortex: implications for a mental time line</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2009</year><volume>46</volume><fpage>1173</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19328857</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.042</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-042"><label>42</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Fogassi</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferrari</surname><given-names>PF</given-names></name><name><surname>Gesierich</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Rozzi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Chersi</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Rizzolatti</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding</article-title><source>Science</source><year>2005</year><volume>308</volume><fpage>662</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15860620</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1106138</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-043"><label>43</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Ishida</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakajima</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Inase</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Murata</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Shared mapping of own and others’ bodies in visuotactile bimodal area of monkey parietal cortex</article-title><source>J Cogn Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19199418</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-044"><label>44</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Pelphrey</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Morris</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>McCarthy</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Grasping the intentions of others: the perceived intentionality of an action influences activity in the superior temporal sulcus during social perception</article-title><source>J Cogn Neurosci</source><year>2004</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>1706</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15701223</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1162/0898929042947900</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1023973">F1000 Factor 3.0 <italic>Recommended</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Aina Puce 18 Feb 2005</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-045"><label>45</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Mühlau</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hermsdörfer</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Goldenberg</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Wohlschläger</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Castrop</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Stahl</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Röttinger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Erhard</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Haslinger</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Ceballos-Baumann</surname><given-names>AO</given-names></name><name><surname>Conrad</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Boecker</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Left inferior parietal dominance in gesture imitation: an fMRI study</article-title><source>Neuropsychologia</source><year>2005</year><volume>43</volume><fpage>1086</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15769494</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.10.004</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-046"><label>46</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Jackson</surname><given-names>PL</given-names></name><name><surname>Meltzoff</surname><given-names>AN</given-names></name><name><surname>Decety</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Neural circuits involved in imitation and perspective-taking</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2006</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>429</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16406257</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.026</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-047"><label>47</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Dinstein</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Gardner</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Jazayeri</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Heeger</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Executed and observed movements have different distributed representations in human aIPS</article-title><source>J Neurosci</source><year>2008</year><volume>28</volume><fpage>11231</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18971465</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3585-08.2008</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-048"><label>48</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Yamazaki</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Yokochi</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Okanoya</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Iriki</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Potential role of monkey inferior parietal neurons coding action semantic equivalences as precursors of parts of speech</article-title><source>Soc Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><comment>in press</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-049"><label>49</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Culham</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Valyear</surname><given-names>KF</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human parietal cortex in action</article-title><source>Curr Opin Neurobiol</source><year>2006</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>205</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16563735</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.005</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-050"><label>50</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Johnson-Frey</surname><given-names>SH</given-names></name><name><surname>Newman-Norlund</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Grafton</surname><given-names>ST</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A distributed left hemisphere network active during planning of everyday tool use skills</article-title><source>Cereb Cortex</source><year>2005</year><volume>15</volume><fpage>681</fpage><lpage>95</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15342430</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cercor/bhh169</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-051"><label>51</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cortical networks related to human use of tools</article-title><source>Neuroscientist</source><year>2006</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>211</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16684967</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-052"><label>52</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Obayashi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Suhara</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Kawabe</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Okauchi</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Maeda</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Akine</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Onoe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Iriki</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Functional brain mapping of monkey tool use</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2001</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>853</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11554804</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-053"><label>53</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Iriki</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The neural origins and implications of imitation, mirror neurons and tool use</article-title><source>Curr Opin Neurobiol</source><year>2006</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>660</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17085039</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.conb.2006.10.008</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-054"><label>54</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Agnew</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Wise</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Separate areas for mirror responses and agency within the parietal operculum</article-title><source>J Neurosci</source><year>2008</year><volume>28</volume><fpage>12268</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19020020</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2836-08.2008</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-055"><label>55</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Shmuelof</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Zohary</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mirror-image representation of action in the anterior parietal cortex</article-title><source>Nat Neurosci</source><year>2008</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>1267</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18820694</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nn.2196</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-056"><label>56</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Yamakawa</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Kanai</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Matsumura</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Naito</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Social distance evaluation in human parietal cortex</article-title><source>PLoS ONE</source><year>2009</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>e4360</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19204791</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0004360</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-057"><label>57</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Neggers</surname><given-names>SF</given-names></name><name><surname>Van der Lubbe</surname><given-names>RH</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramsey</surname><given-names>NF</given-names></name><name><surname>Postma</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Interactions between ego- and allocentric neuronal representations of space</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2006</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>320</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16473025</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.028</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-058"><label>58</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Decety</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Jackson</surname><given-names>PL</given-names></name><name><surname>Sommerville</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Chaminade</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Meltzoff</surname><given-names>AN</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The neural bases of cooperation and competition: an fMRI investigation</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2004</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>744</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15488424</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.025</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1024134">F1000 Factor 3.0 <italic>Recommended</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore 16 Mar 2005</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-059"><label>59</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Goldenberg</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Spatt</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The neural basis of tool use</article-title><source>Brain</source><year>2009</year><volume>132</volume><fpage>1645</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19351777</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/brain/awp080</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-060"><label>60</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>Brefczynski</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Phinney</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name><name><surname>Janik</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>DeYoe</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Distinct cortical pathways for processing tool versus animal sounds</article-title><source>J Neurosci</source><year>2005</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>5148</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15917455</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0419-05.2005</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-061"><label>61</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Pelgrims</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Andres</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Olivier</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Double dissociation between motor and visual imagery in the posterior parietal cortex</article-title><source>Cereb Cortex</source><year>2009</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>2298</fpage><lpage>307</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19168666</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cercor/bhn248</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-062"><label>62</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Schicke</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Muckli</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Beer</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name><name><surname>Wibral</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Singer</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Goebel</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosler</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Roder</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Tight covariation of BOLD signal changes and slow ERPs in the parietal cortex in a parametric spatial imagery task with haptic acquisition</article-title><source>Eur J Neurosci</source><year>2006</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>1910</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16623847</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04720.x</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1032074">F1000 Factor 6.0 <italic>Must Read</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Alan Palmer 25 Apr 2006</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-063"><label>63</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Zatorre</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Halpern</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><name><surname>Bouffard</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mental reversal of imagined melodies: a role for the posterior parietal cortex</article-title><source>J Cogn Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19366283</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-064"><label>64</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Champod</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><name><surname>Petrides</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dissociable roles of the posterior parietal and the prefrontal cortex in manipulation and monitoring processes</article-title><source>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</source><year>2007</year><volume>104</volume><fpage>14837</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17804811</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0607101104</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-065"><label>65</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Kamigaki</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Fukushima</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Miyashita</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cognitive set reconfiguration signaled by macaque posterior parietal neurons</article-title><source>Neuron</source><year>2009</year><volume>61</volume><fpage>941</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19324002</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.028</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-066"><label>66</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Liston</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Matalon</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Hare</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><name><surname>Davidson</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Casey</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anterior cingulate and posterior parietal cortices are sensitive to dissociable forms of conflict in a task-switching paradigm</article-title><source>Neuron</source><year>2006</year><volume>50</volume><fpage>643</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16701213</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.015</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-067"><label>67</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Nakahara</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Hayashi</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Konishi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Miyashita</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Functional MRI of macaque monkeys performing a cognitive set-shifting task</article-title><source>Science</source><year>2002</year><volume>295</volume><fpage>1532</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11859197</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1067653</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1005106">F1000 Factor 8.2 <italic>Exceptional</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by John Duncan 27 Mar 2002, Earl Miller 30 Sep 2002, Mark D’Esposito 01 Aug 2003</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-068"><label>68</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></name><name><surname>Pessoa</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Desimone</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Ungerleider</surname><given-names>LG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The prefrontal cortex and the executive control of attention</article-title><source>Exp Brain Res</source><year>2009</year><volume>192</volume><fpage>489</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19030851</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00221-008-1642-z</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-069"><label>69</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Shomstein</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Yantis</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Parietal cortex mediates voluntary control of spatial and nonspatial auditory attention</article-title><source>J Neurosci</source><year>2006</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>435</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16407540</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4408-05.2006</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-070"><label>70</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Stoet</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Snyder</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Single neurons in posterior parietal cortex of monkeys encode cognitive set</article-title><source>Neuron</source><year>2004</year><volume>42</volume><fpage>1003</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15207244</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.003</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1019807">F1000 Factor 3.0 <italic>Recommended</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Susan Courtney 06 Jul 2004</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-071"><label>71</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Ogawa</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Komatsu</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Condition-dependent and condition-independent target selection in the macaque posterior parietal cortex</article-title><source>J Neurophysiol</source><year>2009</year><volume>101</volume><fpage>721</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19073809</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/jn.90817.2008</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-072"><label>72</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Hampshire</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Gruszka</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Fallon</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Owen</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inefficiency in self-organized attentional switching in the normal aging population is associated with decreased activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex</article-title><source>J Cogn Neurosci</source><year>2008</year><volume>20</volume><fpage>1670</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18345987</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1162/jocn.2008.20115</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1120237">F1000 Factor 3.0 <italic>Recommended</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Alumit Ishai 22 Aug 2008</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-073"><label>73</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Corradi-Dell’acqua</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Ueno</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Ogawa</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Rumiati</surname><given-names>RI</given-names></name><name><surname>Iriki</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effects of shifting perspective of the self: an fMRI study</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2008</year><volume>40</volume><fpage>1902</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18325789</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.062</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-074"><label>74</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Shadlen</surname><given-names>MN</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Probabilistic reasoning by neurons</article-title><source>Nature</source><year>2007</year><volume>447</volume><fpage>1075</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17546027</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature05852</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1087515">F1000 Factor 9.0 <italic>Exceptional</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Dora Angelaki 03 Jul 2007</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-075"><label>75</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Freedman</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Assad</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Distinct encoding of spatial and nonspatial visual information in parietal cortex</article-title><source>J Neurosci</source><year>2009</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>5671</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19403833</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2878-08.2009</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-076"><label>76</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Hoenig</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Scheef</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Neural correlates of semantic ambiguity processing during context verification</article-title><source>Neuroimage</source><year>2009</year><volume>45</volume><fpage>1009</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19167505</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.044</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-077"><label>77</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Crowe</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Chafee</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name><name><surname>Averbeck</surname><given-names>BB</given-names></name><name><surname>Georgopoulos</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Participation of primary motor cortical neurons in a distributed network during maze solution: representation of spatial parameters and time-course comparison with parietal area 7a</article-title><source>Exp Brain Res</source><year>2004</year><volume>158</volume><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15042265</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00221-004-1876-3</pub-id></element-citation><note><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://f1000biology.com/article/id/1019149">F1000 Factor 3.0 <italic>Recommended</italic></ext-link></p><p>Evaluated by Peter F MacNeilage 25 May 2004</p></note></ref><ref id="bib-078"><label>78</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Tosoni</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Galati</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Romani</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Corbetta</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sensory-motor mechanisms in human parietal cortex underlie arbitrary visual decisions</article-title><source>Nat Neurosci</source><year>2008</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>1446</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18997791</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nn.2221</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib-079"><label>79</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group><name><surname>Turriziani</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Oliveri</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bonni</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Koch</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Smirni</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Cipolotti</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Exploring the relationship between semantics and space</article-title><source>PLoS ONE</source><year>2009</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>e5319</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19396359</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0005319</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list><glossary><title>Abbreviations</title><def-list id="dl1"><def-item><term>3D</term><def><p>three-dimensional</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPL</term><def><p>inferior parietal lobule</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPS</term><def><p>intraparietal sulcus</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PPC</term><def><p>posterior parietal cortex</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>SMG</term><def><p>supramarginal gyrus</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>SPL</term><def><p>superior parietal lobule</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TPJ</term><def><p>temporo-parietal junction</p></def></def-item></def-list></glossary></back></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Japon</li></country></list><tree><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Yamazaki, Yumiko" sort="Yamazaki, Yumiko" uniqKey="Yamazaki Y" first="Yumiko" last="Yamazaki">Yumiko Yamazaki</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Teruo" sort="Hashimoto, Teruo" uniqKey="Hashimoto T" first="Teruo" last="Hashimoto">Teruo Hashimoto</name><name sortKey="Iriki, Atsushi" sort="Iriki, Atsushi" uniqKey="Iriki A" first="Atsushi" last="Iriki">Atsushi Iriki</name><name sortKey="Yamazaki, Yumiko" sort="Yamazaki, Yumiko" uniqKey="Yamazaki Y" first="Yumiko" last="Yamazaki">Yumiko Yamazaki</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/HapticV1/Data/Ncbi/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001735 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 001735 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Ticri/CIDE
|area= HapticV1
|flux= Ncbi
|étape= Merge
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:2948259
|texte= The posterior parietal cortex and non-spatial cognition
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:20948614" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a HapticV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.23. |  |