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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Phylogenomics Reveals a Diverse <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
Type IV Secretion System<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">▿</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">†</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">‡</xref>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Gillespie, Joseph J" sort="Gillespie, Joseph J" uniqKey="Gillespie J" first="Joseph J." last="Gillespie">Joseph J. Gillespie</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brayton, Kelly A" sort="Brayton, Kelly A" uniqKey="Brayton K" first="Kelly A." last="Brayton">Kelly A. Brayton</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Kelly P" sort="Williams, Kelly P" uniqKey="Williams K" first="Kelly P." last="Williams">Kelly P. Williams</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quevedo Diaz, Marco A" sort="Quevedo Diaz, Marco A" uniqKey="Quevedo Diaz M" first="Marco A." last="Quevedo Diaz">Marco A. Quevedo Diaz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Wendy C" sort="Brown, Wendy C" uniqKey="Brown W" first="Wendy C." last="Brown">Wendy C. Brown</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Azad, Abdu F" sort="Azad, Abdu F" uniqKey="Azad A" first="Abdu F." last="Azad">Abdu F. Azad</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sobral, Bruno W" sort="Sobral, Bruno W" uniqKey="Sobral B" first="Bruno W." last="Sobral">Bruno W. Sobral</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">20176788</idno>
<idno type="pmc">2863512</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863512</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:2863512</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1128/IAI.01384-09</idno>
<date when="2010">2010</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000690</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Phylogenomics Reveals a Diverse <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
Type IV Secretion System<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">▿</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">†</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">‡</xref>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Gillespie, Joseph J" sort="Gillespie, Joseph J" uniqKey="Gillespie J" first="Joseph J." last="Gillespie">Joseph J. Gillespie</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brayton, Kelly A" sort="Brayton, Kelly A" uniqKey="Brayton K" first="Kelly A." last="Brayton">Kelly A. Brayton</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Kelly P" sort="Williams, Kelly P" uniqKey="Williams K" first="Kelly P." last="Williams">Kelly P. Williams</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quevedo Diaz, Marco A" sort="Quevedo Diaz, Marco A" uniqKey="Quevedo Diaz M" first="Marco A." last="Quevedo Diaz">Marco A. Quevedo Diaz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Wendy C" sort="Brown, Wendy C" uniqKey="Brown W" first="Wendy C." last="Brown">Wendy C. Brown</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Azad, Abdu F" sort="Azad, Abdu F" uniqKey="Azad A" first="Abdu F." last="Azad">Abdu F. Azad</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sobral, Bruno W" sort="Sobral, Bruno W" uniqKey="Sobral B" first="Bruno W." last="Sobral">Bruno W. Sobral</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Infection and Immunity</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0019-9567</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1098-5522</idno>
<imprint><date when="2010">2010</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>With an obligate intracellular lifestyle, <italic>Alphaproteobacteria</italic>
of the order <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
have inextricably coevolved with their various eukaryotic hosts, resulting in small, reductive genomes and strict dependency on host resources. Unsurprisingly, large portions of <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
genomes encode proteins involved in transport and secretion. One particular transporter that has garnered recent attention from researchers is the type IV secretion system (T4SS). Homologous to the well-studied archetypal <italic>vir</italic>
T4SS of <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</italic>
, the <underline><italic>R</italic>
</underline>
<italic>ickettsiales</italic>
<underline><italic>v</italic>
</underline>
<italic>ir</italic>
<underline>h</underline>
omolog (<italic>rvh</italic>
) T4SS is characterized primarily by duplication of several of its genes and scattered genomic distribution of all components in several conserved islets. Phylogeny estimation suggests a single event of ancestral acquirement of the <italic>rvh</italic>
T4SS, likely from a nonalphaproteobacterial origin. Bioinformatics analysis of over 30 <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
genome sequences illustrates a conserved core <italic>rvh</italic>
scaffold (lacking only a <italic>virB5</italic>
homolog), with lineage-specific diversification of several components (<italic>rvhB1</italic>
, <italic>rvhB2</italic>
, and <italic>rvhB9b</italic>
), likely a result of modifications to cell envelope structure. This coevolution of the <italic>rvh</italic>
T4SS and cell envelope morphology is probably driven by adaptations to various host cells, identifying the transporter as an important target for vaccine development. Despite the genetic intractability of <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
, recent advancements have been made in the characterization of several components of the <italic>rvh</italic>
T4SS, as well as its putative regulators and substrates. While current data favor a role in effector translocation, functions in DNA uptake and release and/or conjugation cannot at present be ruled out, especially considering that a mechanism for plasmid transfer in <italic>Rickettsia</italic>
spp. has yet to be proposed.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Infect Immun</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">iai</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Infection and Immunity</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0019-9567</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1098-5522</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology (ASM)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20176788</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2863512</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1384-09</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/IAI.01384-09</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Minireviews</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Phylogenomics Reveals a Diverse <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
Type IV Secretion System<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">▿</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">†</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">‡</xref>
</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gillespie</surname>
<given-names>Joseph J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brayton</surname>
<given-names>Kelly A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>Kelly P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quevedo Diaz</surname>
<given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">¶</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname>
<given-names>Wendy C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Azad</surname>
<given-names>Abdu F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sobral</surname>
<given-names>Bruno W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061,<label>1</label>
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,<label>2</label>
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040<label>3</label>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>
Corresponding author. Mailing address: HH Room 3-24, 660 West Redwood St., University of Maryland (Baltimore City), Baltimore, MD 21201. Phone: (410) 706-3337. Fax: (410) 706-0282. E-mail: <email>jgille@vbi.vt.edu</email>
</corresp>
<fn id="fn1"><label>¶</label>
<p>Present address: Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 84345.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>5</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>22</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on
/art/fm/atl/fn/p. </pmc-comment>
<volume>78</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1809</fpage>
<lpage>1823</lpage>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="zii00510001809.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>With an obligate intracellular lifestyle, <italic>Alphaproteobacteria</italic>
of the order <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
have inextricably coevolved with their various eukaryotic hosts, resulting in small, reductive genomes and strict dependency on host resources. Unsurprisingly, large portions of <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
genomes encode proteins involved in transport and secretion. One particular transporter that has garnered recent attention from researchers is the type IV secretion system (T4SS). Homologous to the well-studied archetypal <italic>vir</italic>
T4SS of <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</italic>
, the <underline><italic>R</italic>
</underline>
<italic>ickettsiales</italic>
<underline><italic>v</italic>
</underline>
<italic>ir</italic>
<underline>h</underline>
omolog (<italic>rvh</italic>
) T4SS is characterized primarily by duplication of several of its genes and scattered genomic distribution of all components in several conserved islets. Phylogeny estimation suggests a single event of ancestral acquirement of the <italic>rvh</italic>
T4SS, likely from a nonalphaproteobacterial origin. Bioinformatics analysis of over 30 <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
genome sequences illustrates a conserved core <italic>rvh</italic>
scaffold (lacking only a <italic>virB5</italic>
homolog), with lineage-specific diversification of several components (<italic>rvhB1</italic>
, <italic>rvhB2</italic>
, and <italic>rvhB9b</italic>
), likely a result of modifications to cell envelope structure. This coevolution of the <italic>rvh</italic>
T4SS and cell envelope morphology is probably driven by adaptations to various host cells, identifying the transporter as an important target for vaccine development. Despite the genetic intractability of <italic>Rickettsiales</italic>
, recent advancements have been made in the characterization of several components of the <italic>rvh</italic>
T4SS, as well as its putative regulators and substrates. While current data favor a role in effector translocation, functions in DNA uptake and release and/or conjugation cannot at present be ruled out, especially considering that a mechanism for plasmid transfer in <italic>Rickettsia</italic>
spp. has yet to be proposed.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
<notes><fn-group><fn><p><italic>Editor:</italic>
H. L. Andrews-Polymenis</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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