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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">An evaluation of the environmental and health effects of vehicle exhaust catalysts in the UK.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Hutchinson, Emma J" sort="Hutchinson, Emma J" uniqKey="Hutchinson E" first="Emma J" last="Hutchinson">Emma J. Hutchinson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearson, Peter J G" sort="Pearson, Peter J G" uniqKey="Pearson P" first="Peter J G" last="Pearson">Peter J G. Pearson</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">14754566</idno>
<idno type="pmc">1241821</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241821</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:1241821</idno>
<date when="2004">2004</date>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">An evaluation of the environmental and health effects of vehicle exhaust catalysts in the UK.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Hutchinson, Emma J" sort="Hutchinson, Emma J" uniqKey="Hutchinson E" first="Emma J" last="Hutchinson">Emma J. Hutchinson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearson, Peter J G" sort="Pearson, Peter J G" uniqKey="Pearson P" first="Peter J G" last="Pearson">Peter J G. Pearson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Environmental Health Perspectives</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0091-6765</idno>
<imprint><date when="2004">2004</date>
</imprint>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Since 1993, all new gasoline-engine automobiles in the United Kingdom have been supplied with three-way vehicle exhaust catalytic converters (VECs) containing platinum, palladium, and rhodium, to comply with European Commission Stage I limits on emissions of regulated pollutants: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. We conducted a physical and economic evaluation of the environmental and health benefits from a reduction in emissions through this mandated environmental technology against the costs, with reference to urban areas in Great Britain. We made both an ex post assessment--based on available data to 1998--and an ex ante assessment--projected to 2005, the year when full penetration of VECs into the fleet is expected. Substantial health benefits in excess of the costs of VECs were indicated: By 1998 the estimated net societal health benefits were approximately 500 million British pounds, and by 2005 they were estimated to rise to as much as 2 billion British pounds. We also found through environmental surveys that although lead in road dust has fallen by 50% in urban areas, platinum accumulations near roads have risen significantly, up to 90-fold higher than natural background levels. This rapid accumulation of platinum suggests further monitoring is warranted, although as yet there is no evidence of adverse health effects.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Environ Health Perspect</journal-id>
<journal-title>Environmental Health Perspectives</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0091-6765</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">14754566</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1241821</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>An evaluation of the environmental and health effects of vehicle exhaust catalysts in the UK.</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hutchinson</surname>
<given-names>Emma J</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pearson</surname>
<given-names>Peter J G</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff>Environmental Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. emma.hutchinson@lshtm.ac.uk</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>2</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>112</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>132</fpage>
<lpage>141</lpage>
<abstract><p>Since 1993, all new gasoline-engine automobiles in the United Kingdom have been supplied with three-way vehicle exhaust catalytic converters (VECs) containing platinum, palladium, and rhodium, to comply with European Commission Stage I limits on emissions of regulated pollutants: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. We conducted a physical and economic evaluation of the environmental and health benefits from a reduction in emissions through this mandated environmental technology against the costs, with reference to urban areas in Great Britain. We made both an ex post assessment--based on available data to 1998--and an ex ante assessment--projected to 2005, the year when full penetration of VECs into the fleet is expected. Substantial health benefits in excess of the costs of VECs were indicated: By 1998 the estimated net societal health benefits were approximately 500 million British pounds, and by 2005 they were estimated to rise to as much as 2 billion British pounds. We also found through environmental surveys that although lead in road dust has fallen by 50% in urban areas, platinum accumulations near roads have risen significantly, up to 90-fold higher than natural background levels. This rapid accumulation of platinum suggests further monitoring is warranted, although as yet there is no evidence of adverse health effects.</p>
</abstract>
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</front>
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</record>
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