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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">From ‘third pole’ to north pole: a Himalayan origin for the arctic fox</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xiaoming" sort="Wang, Xiaoming" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xiaoming" last="Wang">Xiaoming Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Vertebrate Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</institution>,<addr-line>900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology</addr-line>,<institution>Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>,<addr-line>Beijing 100044</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>School of Earth Sciences and Engineering</addr-line>,<institution>Nanjing University</institution>,<addr-line>Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>University of Southern California</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90089</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Division of Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>American Museum of Natural History</institution>,<addr-line>Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tseng, Zhijie Jack" sort="Tseng, Zhijie Jack" uniqKey="Tseng Z" first="Zhijie Jack" last="Tseng">Zhijie Jack Tseng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Vertebrate Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</institution>,<addr-line>900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>University of Southern California</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90089</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Division of Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>American Museum of Natural History</institution>,<addr-line>Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Qiang" sort="Li, Qiang" uniqKey="Li Q" first="Qiang" last="Li">Qiang Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Vertebrate Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</institution>,<addr-line>900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology</addr-line>,<institution>Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>,<addr-line>Beijing 100044</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takeuchi, Gary T" sort="Takeuchi, Gary T" uniqKey="Takeuchi G" first="Gary T." last="Takeuchi">Gary T. Takeuchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><institution>The George C. Page Museum</institution>,<addr-line>5801 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90036</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Guangpu" sort="Xie, Guangpu" uniqKey="Xie G" first="Guangpu" last="Xie">Guangpu Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><institution>Gansu Provincial Museum</institution>,<addr-line>Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24920475</idno><idno type="pmc">4071559</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4071559</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4071559</idno><idno type="doi">10.1098/rspb.2014.0893</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000054</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000054</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">From ‘third pole’ to north pole: a Himalayan origin for the arctic fox</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xiaoming" sort="Wang, Xiaoming" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xiaoming" last="Wang">Xiaoming Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Vertebrate Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</institution>,<addr-line>900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology</addr-line>,<institution>Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>,<addr-line>Beijing 100044</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>School of Earth Sciences and Engineering</addr-line>,<institution>Nanjing University</institution>,<addr-line>Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>University of Southern California</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90089</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Division of Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>American Museum of Natural History</institution>,<addr-line>Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tseng, Zhijie Jack" sort="Tseng, Zhijie Jack" uniqKey="Tseng Z" first="Zhijie Jack" last="Tseng">Zhijie Jack Tseng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Vertebrate Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</institution>,<addr-line>900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>University of Southern California</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90089</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Division of Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>American Museum of Natural History</institution>,<addr-line>Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Qiang" sort="Li, Qiang" uniqKey="Li Q" first="Qiang" last="Li">Qiang Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Vertebrate Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</institution>,<addr-line>900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology</addr-line>,<institution>Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>,<addr-line>Beijing 100044</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takeuchi, Gary T" sort="Takeuchi, Gary T" uniqKey="Takeuchi G" first="Gary T." last="Takeuchi">Gary T. Takeuchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><institution>The George C. Page Museum</institution>,<addr-line>5801 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90036</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Guangpu" sort="Xie, Guangpu" uniqKey="Xie G" first="Guangpu" last="Xie">Guangpu Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><institution>Gansu Provincial Museum</institution>,<addr-line>Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">0962-8452</idno><idno type="eISSN">1471-2954</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The ‘third pole’ of the world is a fitting metaphor for the Himalayan–Tibetan Plateau, in allusion to its vast frozen terrain, rivalling the Arctic and Antarctic, at high altitude but low latitude. Living Tibetan and arctic mammals share adaptations to freezing temperatures such as long and thick winter fur in arctic muskox and Tibetan yak, and for carnivorans, a more predatory niche. Here, we report, to our knowledge, the first evolutionary link between an Early Pliocene (3.60–5.08 Myr ago) fox, <italic>Vulpes qiuzhudingi</italic> new species, from the Himalaya (Zanda Basin) and Kunlun Mountain (Kunlun Pass Basin) and the modern arctic fox <italic>Vulpes lagopus</italic> in the polar region. A highly hypercarnivorous dentition of the new fox bears a striking resemblance to that of <italic>V. lagopus</italic> and substantially predates the previous oldest records of the arctic fox by 3–4 Myr. The low latitude, high-altitude Tibetan Plateau is separated from the nearest modern arctic fox geographical range by at least 2000 km. The apparent connection between an ancestral high-elevation species and its modern polar descendant is consistent with our ‘Out-of-Tibet’ hypothesis postulating that high-altitude Tibet was a training ground for cold-environment adaptations well before the start of the Ice Age.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Biol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Biol. Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RSPB</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">royprsb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0962-8452</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2954</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Royal Society</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24920475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4071559</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rspb.2014.0893</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rspb20140893</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1001</subject><subject>144</subject><subject>70</subject><subject>181</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>From ‘third pole’ to north pole: a Himalayan origin for the arctic fox</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">Arctic fox from Himalaya</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Xiaoming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tseng</surname><given-names>Zhijie Jack</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Qiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Takeuchi</surname><given-names>Gary T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>Guangpu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Vertebrate Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</institution>,<addr-line>900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology</addr-line>,<institution>Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>,<addr-line>Beijing 100044</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></aff><aff id="af3"><label>3</label><addr-line>School of Earth Sciences and Engineering</addr-line>,<institution>Nanjing University</institution>,<addr-line>Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></aff><aff id="af4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>University of Southern California</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90089</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Division of Paleontology</addr-line>,<institution>American Museum of Natural History</institution>,<addr-line>Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af6"><label>6</label><institution>The George C. Page Museum</institution>,<addr-line>5801 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90036</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af7"><label>7</label><institution>Gansu Provincial Museum</institution>,<addr-line>Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050</addr-line>,<country>People's Republic of China</country></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">e-mail: <email>xwang@nhm.org</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>22</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>281</volume><issue>1787</issue><elocation-id>20140893</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="rspb20140893.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The ‘third pole’ of the world is a fitting metaphor for the Himalayan–Tibetan Plateau, in allusion to its vast frozen terrain, rivalling the Arctic and Antarctic, at high altitude but low latitude. Living Tibetan and arctic mammals share adaptations to freezing temperatures such as long and thick winter fur in arctic muskox and Tibetan yak, and for carnivorans, a more predatory niche. Here, we report, to our knowledge, the first evolutionary link between an Early Pliocene (3.60–5.08 Myr ago) fox, <italic>Vulpes qiuzhudingi</italic> new species, from the Himalaya (Zanda Basin) and Kunlun Mountain (Kunlun Pass Basin) and the modern arctic fox <italic>Vulpes lagopus</italic> in the polar region. A highly hypercarnivorous dentition of the new fox bears a striking resemblance to that of <italic>V. lagopus</italic> and substantially predates the previous oldest records of the arctic fox by 3–4 Myr. The low latitude, high-altitude Tibetan Plateau is separated from the nearest modern arctic fox geographical range by at least 2000 km. The apparent connection between an ancestral high-elevation species and its modern polar descendant is consistent with our ‘Out-of-Tibet’ hypothesis postulating that high-altitude Tibet was a training ground for cold-environment adaptations well before the start of the Ice Age.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Himalaya</kwd><kwd>Tibet</kwd><kwd>arctic fox</kwd><kwd>Canidae</kwd><kwd>Pliocene</kwd><kwd>zoogeography</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>July 22, 2014</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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