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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Impact of drug reconciliation at discharge and communication between hospital and community pharmacists on drug-related problems: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial</title><author><name sortKey="Pourrat, Xavier" sort="Pourrat, Xavier" uniqKey="Pourrat X" first="Xavier" last="Pourrat">Xavier Pourrat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Tours University Hospital, 2 boulevard Tonnelle, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roux, Clarisse" sort="Roux, Clarisse" uniqKey="Roux C" first="Clarisse" last="Roux">Clarisse Roux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Nîmes University Hospital, 4 Rue du Professeur Robert Debré, 30029 Nîmes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouzige, Brigitte" sort="Bouzige, Brigitte" uniqKey="Bouzige B" first="Brigitte" last="Bouzige">Brigitte Bouzige</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Pharm D, Pharmacie Bouzige, 32 Rue Pont, 30110 Les Salles du Gardon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garnier, Valerie" sort="Garnier, Valerie" uniqKey="Garnier V" first="Valérie" last="Garnier">Valérie Garnier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Pharm D, Pharmacien, Pharmacie Garnier, 1 Chemin des Prés, 30840 Meynes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Develay, Armelle" sort="Develay, Armelle" uniqKey="Develay A" first="Armelle" last="Develay">Armelle Develay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Nîmes University Hospital, 4 Rue du Professeur Robert Debré, 30029 Nîmes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allenet, Benoit" sort="Allenet, Benoit" uniqKey="Allenet B" first="Benoit" last="Allenet">Benoit Allenet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, CHU de Grenoble, Boulevard de la Chantourne, 38700 La Tronche, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">ThEMAS TIMC-IMAG (UMR CNRS 5525), School of Medicine and Pharmacy, J Fourier University, Grenoble, 621 Avenue Centrale, 38041 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraysse, Martial" sort="Fraysse, Martial" uniqKey="Fraysse M" first="Martial" last="Fraysse">Martial Fraysse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">Pharm D, 52 Rue du Commandant Jean Duhail, 94120 Fontenay-sous-Bois, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halimi, Jean Michel" sort="Halimi, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Halimi J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Halimi">Jean-Michel Halimi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Nephrology Department, Tours University Hospital, 2 boulevard Tonnelle, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Therapeutic Department, School of Medicine, François Rabelais University, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000 Tours, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grassin, Jacqueline" sort="Grassin, Jacqueline" uniqKey="Grassin J" first="Jacqueline" last="Grassin">Jacqueline Grassin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Tours University Hospital, 2 boulevard Tonnelle, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giraudeau, Bruno" sort="Giraudeau, Bruno" uniqKey="Giraudeau B" first="Bruno" last="Giraudeau">Bruno Giraudeau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">INSERM CIC 1415, CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours Cedex 09, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">INSERM CIC 1415, François Rabelais University, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000 Tours, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24981605</idno><idno type="pmc">4226949</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226949</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4226949</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1745-6215-15-260</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000170</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Impact of drug reconciliation at discharge and communication between hospital and community pharmacists on drug-related problems: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial</title><author><name sortKey="Pourrat, Xavier" sort="Pourrat, Xavier" uniqKey="Pourrat X" first="Xavier" last="Pourrat">Xavier Pourrat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Tours University Hospital, 2 boulevard Tonnelle, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roux, Clarisse" sort="Roux, Clarisse" uniqKey="Roux C" first="Clarisse" last="Roux">Clarisse Roux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Nîmes University Hospital, 4 Rue du Professeur Robert Debré, 30029 Nîmes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouzige, Brigitte" sort="Bouzige, Brigitte" uniqKey="Bouzige B" first="Brigitte" last="Bouzige">Brigitte Bouzige</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Pharm D, Pharmacie Bouzige, 32 Rue Pont, 30110 Les Salles du Gardon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garnier, Valerie" sort="Garnier, Valerie" uniqKey="Garnier V" first="Valérie" last="Garnier">Valérie Garnier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Pharm D, Pharmacien, Pharmacie Garnier, 1 Chemin des Prés, 30840 Meynes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Develay, Armelle" sort="Develay, Armelle" uniqKey="Develay A" first="Armelle" last="Develay">Armelle Develay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Nîmes University Hospital, 4 Rue du Professeur Robert Debré, 30029 Nîmes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allenet, Benoit" sort="Allenet, Benoit" uniqKey="Allenet B" first="Benoit" last="Allenet">Benoit Allenet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, CHU de Grenoble, Boulevard de la Chantourne, 38700 La Tronche, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">ThEMAS TIMC-IMAG (UMR CNRS 5525), School of Medicine and Pharmacy, J Fourier University, Grenoble, 621 Avenue Centrale, 38041 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraysse, Martial" sort="Fraysse, Martial" uniqKey="Fraysse M" first="Martial" last="Fraysse">Martial Fraysse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">Pharm D, 52 Rue du Commandant Jean Duhail, 94120 Fontenay-sous-Bois, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halimi, Jean Michel" sort="Halimi, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Halimi J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Halimi">Jean-Michel Halimi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Nephrology Department, Tours University Hospital, 2 boulevard Tonnelle, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Therapeutic Department, School of Medicine, François Rabelais University, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000 Tours, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grassin, Jacqueline" sort="Grassin, Jacqueline" uniqKey="Grassin J" first="Jacqueline" last="Grassin">Jacqueline Grassin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Tours University Hospital, 2 boulevard Tonnelle, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giraudeau, Bruno" sort="Giraudeau, Bruno" uniqKey="Giraudeau B" first="Bruno" last="Giraudeau">Bruno Giraudeau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">INSERM CIC 1415, CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours Cedex 09, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">INSERM CIC 1415, François Rabelais University, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000 Tours, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Trials</title><idno type="eISSN">1745-6215</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Patients are at risk of drug-related problems (DRPs) at transition points during hospitalization. The community pharmacist (CP) is often the first healthcare professional patients visit after discharge. CPs lack sufficient information about the patient and so they may be unable to identify problems in medications, which may lead to dispensing the wrong drugs or dosage, and/or giving wrong information. We aim to assess the impact of a complex intervention comprising of medication reconciliation performed at discharge by a hospital pharmacist (HP) with communication between the HP and CP on DRPs during the seven days following discharge.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods/Design</title><p>The study is a cluster randomized crossover trial involving 46 care units (each unit corresponding to a cluster) in 22 French hospitals during two consecutive 14-day periods, randomly assigned as ‘experimental’ or ‘control’ (usual care) periods. We will recruit patients older than 18 years of age and visiting the same CP for at least three months. We will exclude patients with a hospital length of stay of more than 21 days, who do not return home or those in palliative care. During the experimental period, the HP will perform a medications reconciliation that will be communicated to the patient. The HP will inform the patient’s CP about the patient’s drug therapy (modification in home medication, acute drugs prescribed, nonprescription treatments, and/or lab results). The primary outcome will be a composite outcome of any kind of drug misuse during the seven days following discharge assessed at day seven (±2) post-discharge by a pharmacist in charge of the study who will contact both patients and CPs by phone. The secondary outcome will be unplanned hospitalizations assessed by phone contact at day 35 (±5) after discharge. We plan to recruit 1,176 patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>This study will assess the impact of a reconciliation of medications performed at patient discharge followed by communication between the HP and the patient’s CP. It will allow for identifying the type of patients in France for which the intervention is most relevant.</p></sec><sec><title>Trial registration</title><p>This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (number: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02006797">NCT02006797</ext-link>) on 5 December 2013.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Mil, Jw" uniqKey="Van Mil J">JW Van Mil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westerlund, Lo" uniqKey="Westerlund L">LO Westerlund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hersberger, Ke" uniqKey="Hersberger K">KE Hersberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schaefer, Ma" uniqKey="Schaefer M">MA Schaefer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Corneau, H" uniqKey="Corneau H">H Corneau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dorval, E" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Trials</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Trials</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Trials</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1745-6215</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24981605</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4226949</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1745-6215-15-260</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1745-6215-15-260</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Study Protocol</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Impact of drug reconciliation at discharge and communication between hospital and community pharmacists on drug-related problems: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Pourrat</surname><given-names>Xavier</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>x.pourrat@chu-tours.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Roux</surname><given-names>Clarisse</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>clarisse.roux@chu-nimes.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Bouzige</surname><given-names>Brigitte</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>Bouzige.brigitte@orange.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Garnier</surname><given-names>Valérie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><email>pharmacie-garnier@wanadoo.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>Develay</surname><given-names>Armelle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>armelle.develay@chu-nimes.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A6"><name><surname>Allenet</surname><given-names>Benoit</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I9">9</xref><email>BAllenet@chu-grenoble.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A7"><name><surname>Fraysse</surname><given-names>Martial</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6">6</xref><email>martial.fraysse@wanadoo.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A8"><name><surname>Halimi</surname><given-names>Jean-Michel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I10">10</xref><email>jean-michel.halimi@univ-tours.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A9"><name><surname>Grassin</surname><given-names>Jacqueline</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>j.grassin@chu-tours.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A10"><name><surname>Giraudeau</surname><given-names>Bruno</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I11">11</xref><email>bruno.giraudeau@univ-tours.fr</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Tours University Hospital, 2 boulevard Tonnelle, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, Nîmes University Hospital, 4 Rue du Professeur Robert Debré, 30029 Nîmes, France</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>Pharm D, Pharmacie Bouzige, 32 Rue Pont, 30110 Les Salles du Gardon, France</aff><aff id="I4"><label>4</label>Pharm D, Pharmacien, Pharmacie Garnier, 1 Chemin des Prés, 30840 Meynes, France</aff><aff id="I5"><label>5</label>Pharmacy Department, Pharm D, CHU de Grenoble, Boulevard de la Chantourne, 38700 La Tronche, France</aff><aff id="I6"><label>6</label>Pharm D, 52 Rue du Commandant Jean Duhail, 94120 Fontenay-sous-Bois, France</aff><aff id="I7"><label>7</label>Nephrology Department, Tours University Hospital, 2 boulevard Tonnelle, 37044 Tours cedex 09, France</aff><aff id="I8"><label>8</label>INSERM CIC 1415, CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours Cedex 09, France</aff><aff id="I9"><label>9</label>ThEMAS TIMC-IMAG (UMR CNRS 5525), School of Medicine and Pharmacy, J Fourier University, Grenoble, 621 Avenue Centrale, 38041 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France</aff><aff id="I10"><label>10</label>Therapeutic Department, School of Medicine, François Rabelais University, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000 Tours, France</aff><aff id="I11"><label>11</label>INSERM CIC 1415, François Rabelais University, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37000 Tours, France</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><fpage>260</fpage><lpage>260</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Pourrat et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Pourrat et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/15/1/260"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Patients are at risk of drug-related problems (DRPs) at transition points during hospitalization. The community pharmacist (CP) is often the first healthcare professional patients visit after discharge. CPs lack sufficient information about the patient and so they may be unable to identify problems in medications, which may lead to dispensing the wrong drugs or dosage, and/or giving wrong information. We aim to assess the impact of a complex intervention comprising of medication reconciliation performed at discharge by a hospital pharmacist (HP) with communication between the HP and CP on DRPs during the seven days following discharge.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods/Design</title><p>The study is a cluster randomized crossover trial involving 46 care units (each unit corresponding to a cluster) in 22 French hospitals during two consecutive 14-day periods, randomly assigned as ‘experimental’ or ‘control’ (usual care) periods. We will recruit patients older than 18 years of age and visiting the same CP for at least three months. We will exclude patients with a hospital length of stay of more than 21 days, who do not return home or those in palliative care. During the experimental period, the HP will perform a medications reconciliation that will be communicated to the patient. The HP will inform the patient’s CP about the patient’s drug therapy (modification in home medication, acute drugs prescribed, nonprescription treatments, and/or lab results). The primary outcome will be a composite outcome of any kind of drug misuse during the seven days following discharge assessed at day seven (±2) post-discharge by a pharmacist in charge of the study who will contact both patients and CPs by phone. The secondary outcome will be unplanned hospitalizations assessed by phone contact at day 35 (±5) after discharge. We plan to recruit 1,176 patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>This study will assess the impact of a reconciliation of medications performed at patient discharge followed by communication between the HP and the patient’s CP. It will allow for identifying the type of patients in France for which the intervention is most relevant.</p></sec><sec><title>Trial registration</title><p>This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (number: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02006797">NCT02006797</ext-link>) on 5 December 2013.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Community pharmacist</kwd><kwd>hospital pharmacist</kwd><kwd>drug-related problem</kwd><kwd>communication</kwd><kwd>cluster randomized crossover trial</kwd><kwd>hospital discharge</kwd><kwd>drug reconciliation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>Drug-related problems (DRPs) are defined as an ‘event or circumstance involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes’
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. These problems are the cause of about 11% of the iatrogenic problems and could be avoided.</p><p>In France, the national survey of all serious adverse events associated with care (ENEIS) showed that 1.3% of hospitalizations (between 100,000 and 120,000 a year) are due to a serious drug-related iatrogenic event and are therefore avoidable
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Furthermore, more than half occur after a new prescription at admission or during discharge. In fact, the French health authority, through an accreditation procedure, requires hospitals to ensure treatment continuity from admission to discharge
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>].</p><p>An estimated 7 to 30% of patients present a DRP at hospital admission
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. A reconciliation of medications supported by efficient communication between the hospital staff and community pharmacists (CPs), in addition to a standard patient interview and a general practitioner’s examination of prescriptions, was found to be effective in identifying medication discrepancies for inpatients
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]. Approximately 25 to 87% of patients experience DRPs after hospital discharge
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. Drug reconciliation before discharge was also found to be effective and could decrease DRPs by 50% when performed by a medical and/or pharmaceutical team; pharmaceutical teams were more effective in this process than medical or nursing teams
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>].</p><p>Medication reconciliation is defined as the formal process of checking the complete, accurate list of a patient’s previous medication and comparing it with the prescriptions after a transition of care (on admission, after transfer to another medical unit, and at discharge)
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]. The process has been recommended since 2005 by the Joint Commission on Accreditation to prevent errors. Countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, and France are involved in the World Health Organization (WHO) High 5’s procedure and particularly in medication reconciliation at admission
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]. Discrepancies between hospital treatment and home medication must be discussed with the prescriber and modifications made if necessary
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]. In fact, non-intentional discrepancies (NIDs) or intentional discrepancies (IDs) may be observed. An ID is a voluntary change in the patient’s medication (unnecessary drugs, route or dose change, or conformation to the hospital formulary). NIDs (wrong route or dose, missing treatment, or added drug) are considered medication errors. Among NIDs, 40 to 59% are potential causes of adverse events and 33% actually lead to adverse events
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>].</p><p>Several experiments have been conducted in North America or Europe to increase the quality of information at discharge, considering that well-informed patients and/or caregivers can manage the drug treatment on their own. However, few studies have focused on the role of the CP at discharge, both in the reconciliation process and/or the information needed to reduce DRPs (such as the medical discharge letter)
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>].</p><p>The primary objective of this study is to investigate a hospital pharmacist (HP) performing a reconciliation of medications with the patient at discharge, followed by communication between the HP and the CP, and their impact on the incidence of DRPs in patients during the seven days after discharge. The potential harmfulness of DRPs will be appraised by an expert committee. Secondary objectives are patient satisfaction and subgroup analyses.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods/Design</title><sec><title>Design</title><p>This study will be a cluster randomized crossover controlled trial. The clusters will be hospital units, each involved during two consecutive 14-day periods (one when the assessed intervention will apply and the other as the control period). For each unit, the order of the two periods will be randomized (intervention followed by control, or vice versa).</p><p>We planned the study as a cluster trial because of methodological issues. Indeed, randomization of patients would have implied fully informing them of the study, thus increasing the risk of group contamination. Conversely, randomizing clusters allows for patients to receive partial information; patients included in the usual care group will be unaware that some patients will have a reconciliation procedure performed at discharge. Therefore, we planned the study as a crossover trial because: 1) the risk of cross-contamination is minimal (residual effect on a short period is null); 2) even if a residual effect exists, it is a superiority test that would lead to minimizing the intervention effect; 3) the crossover trial allows for increasing the statistical power and thereby balancing the power lost with the cluster design
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]; and 4) a crossover design offers better balance between groups, which is of importance in our study due to the high heterogeneity in units.</p></sec><sec><title>Setting and participants</title><p>In total, 22 French HPs working in hospitals all over the French country have agreed to participate. Each HP selected two units (one surgical, one medical) in their hospital. Units for which a pharmaceutical reconciliation procedure at admission or discharge was already in place were not eligible. The medical heads of the units also agreed to participate. We will exclude patients with a length of stay of more than 21 days (as there can be too many therapeutic modifications during the stay), who do not return home, who are in palliative care and/or near the end of life, and who are not able to understand the topic.</p><p>CPs working in the area around the hospital will participate by the inclusion of their patients in the study. They will be informed of the study in three ways: a professional journal supported by the pharmacist unions, a professional journal supported by the national council of the order of pharmacists, and a letter sent by the study scientific committee distributed by wholesale drug distributors.</p></sec><sec><title>Outcomes</title><p>The primary outcome is a composite one comprising of any problem or dysfunction observed during the seven days after discharge. More specifically, we will consider any of the following problems: 1) the drug is not the correct one (name, form, route, or dose); 2) the patient does not take what was prescribed and/or takes treatments that should have been stopped; and 3) the patient could not obtain the medication when visiting the pharmacy, which causes a gap in the continuity and duration of therapy.</p><p>The primary outcome will be assessed at day seven (±2) after discharge, by a pharmacist specifically recruited for the study. This pharmacist will contact both patients and CPs by phone to assess the possible incidence of a DRP after discharge.</p><p>For each DRP, an expert committee composed of physicians (one nephrologist, one cardiologist, one gastroenterologist, and a clinical pharmacist) will assess the potential medical impact of the DRP in terms of its severity (from 0: no problem, to 3: life-threatening) using Bayliff’s scale
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. The severity of the identified DRP will be one of the secondary outcomes.</p><p>Other secondary outcomes will be: 1) the number of non-planned hospitalizations during the 35 days after discharge (assessed by phone by the pharmacist recruited for the study); and 2) patients and CP satisfaction (assessed at day seven with a four-item Likert scale by phone). We will also assess the time taken by the HP to perform the intervention (medication reconciliation and communication to CP) and the proportion of drug prescriptions modified by the HP at discharge. DRP will be studied in following five subgroups: 1/less or over or equal to 75-years-old, 2/less or over or equal to 4 drugs prescribed 3/expensive or not-expensive medication 4/surgery or medical-unit and 5/planned or non-planned hospitalization.</p></sec><sec><title>Intervention</title><p>The flow of the intervention is outlined in Figure
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>. In the experimental group, the HP will be in charge of the discharge reconciliation and its communication to the CP. To standardize this nonpharmacological intervention over the different hospitals
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>], HPs will receive training in the reconciliation procedure by an experienced clinical pharmacist who is accredited by the French Society of Clinical Pharmacy (SFPC).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>REPHVIM study - flow of the intervention.</bold> CP, community pharmacists.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1745-6215-15-260-1"></graphic></fig><p>The intervention consists of: 1) identifying the patient’s regular CP, 2) completing a short document including the reason for hospitalization, therapeutic modifications in terms of the home medication, and lab results necessary to understand and/or accept the prescription (estimated glomerular filtration rate, Na and K levels, coagulation results, and so on), 3) controlling the discharge prescription and, if needed, discussing it with the physician and recording it on the SFPC card
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>], 4) explaining the treatment to the patient and the modifications made, 5) phoning the CP to explain the patient’s inclusion in the study, the discharge time, and the modifications in treatment, and 6) sending the CP the prescription sheet via a secure email before patient discharge. The CP will then receive visits from the patient or caregiver as usual. For the control group, pharmaceutical care will be performed as usual, with no reconciliation procedure at discharge and no contact with the CP. REPHVIM study is outlined in Figure
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>.</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>REPHVIM Study - synopsis of the study.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1745-6215-15-260-2"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Blinding</title><p>Because of the nature of the assessed intervention, blinding will not be possible for patients or care providers (HPs and CPs). Also, we did not include a blinded outcome assessor because blinding could be easily broken when contacting patients and CPs. Therefore, the present study is fully open, without reliable blinding. The only blinded outcome is a secondary one; the expert committee in charge of assessing the potential medical impact of the DRP will be blinded.</p></sec><sec><title>Sample size calculation</title><p>This study is a superiority trial with a binary decision criterion. We hypothesized a DRP rate of 45% in the experimental group as compared to 60% in the control group
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]. Considering a 90% power and a 5% two-sided alpha level, we would need 235 patients per group with a trial of two parallel, individually randomized groups. We used a sample size calculation software (nQuery Advisor -2005- Version 6.0 Los Angeles, CA. Copyright © 2005 by Janet D. Elashoff). In addition, because the trial is a cluster randomized crossover trial, we assessed both intraclass and interclass correlations
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. We therefore applied an inflation factor equal to:</p><p><disp-formula id="bmcM1"><label>(1)</label><mml:math id="M1" name="1745-6215-15-260-i1" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.25em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.25em"></mml:mspace><mml:mfenced open="(" close=")"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">P</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.25em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo>–</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">ρ</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Pη</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula></p><p>where <italic>P</italic> is the number of patients in a cluster, <italic>ρ</italic> is the intraclass correlation coefficient and <italic>η</italic> is the interclass correlation coefficient. We considered a high value for the intraclass correlation coefficient because the outcome is a process, and because of the incidence of about 50%
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. Naturally, <italic>η</italic> is expected to be lower than <italic>ρ</italic>, and we chose the value of <italic>η</italic> to be half that of <italic>ρ</italic> as advised
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. We will use a value of 0.2 for <italic>ρ</italic> and 0.1 for <italic>η</italic>.</p><p>Because we identified 46 units, we planned to recruit 10.2 patients in each unit for each period. We plan to perform a sensitivity analysis excluding patients without data at day seven after discharge, and so we fixed the number of patients to be recruited in each period to 14. In the end, we expect to recruit 14 patients in each of the 46 units in each period, for 1,176 patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>The primary analysis will be conducted within the framework of a hierarchical model, inspired by the work of Turner <italic>et al</italic>.
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. Under this model, two levels of correlation are considered: intra-cluster correlation and cross-correlation period. Secondary outcomes will also be analyzed with hierarchical models. Subgroup analyzes will consider patient characteristics (age and pathology), drugs classes, nature of the unit (surgery or medical), number of home treatments, day of discharge (weekday or weekend), whether it is an expensive drug (more than 150€ per unit) is prescribed, and whether some medications require temperature control.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding source and regulatory aspects</title><p>This study is sponsored by the French Ministry of Health (PREPS 2012 number 12-10-0054). The CHRU of Tours is the promoter and is in charge of all the administrative measures. The local ethics committee (CPP TOURS - Region Centre - Ouest 1) approved the study for all centers. Indeed, French legislation requires just one ethic committee’s approval for all centers. We were asked by the CPP TOURS - Region Centre - Ouest 1 to provide a signed commitment from all the heads of the involved care units. In Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref> we report the list of those units. Also as authorized by French law, the requirement for patient written consent was not necessary and only information about the study was to be given to patient
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. In fact the patient can always refuse to participate. The French committees for data handling (CCTIRS and CNIL) approved the study. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT02006797 on 5 December 2013, Relation between hospital and community pharmacists and drug-related problems (REPHVIM)).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Centers and names of the units which agreed to participate to the study</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>Hospital</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Unit 1</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Unit 2</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Unit 3</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Unit 4</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CH ALES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Medical<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHU ANGERS<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Infectious diseases<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery 2<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery 1<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CH BETHUNE<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Nephrology & rheumatology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CH BLOIS<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Cardiology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHU BREST<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Gastro-enterology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Urology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHU CLERMONT-FERRAND<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Medical<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Gastro-enterology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CH COLMAR<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Medical<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Orthopedic<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CH COMPIEGNE<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Cardiology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Orthopedic<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHU GRENOBLE<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Geriatric<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CH LE HAVRE<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Rheumatology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">AP-HM (MARSEILLE)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Medical<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CH METZ<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Medical<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CH LE MANS<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Rheumatology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CH NEVERS<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Medical<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHU NICE<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Gastro-enterology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHU NIMES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Cardiology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Urology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHU POITIERS<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Cardiology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Orthopedic<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Neurology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Vascular surgery<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHRU STRASBOURG<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Oncology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHU TOULOUSE<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Rheumatology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Vascular surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">HIA BEGIN<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Infectious diseases<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Abdominal surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">CHU TOURS<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Cardiology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Vascular surgery<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left">CHU REIMS</td><td align="left">Unit 1</td><td align="left">Unit 2</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec><sec><title>Dissemination</title><p>The scientific committee will be in charge of the publications to report the results of the present study. Reports will follow the CONSORT statement and its extensions (for both cluster randomized trials and nonpharmacological interventions), as well as the TIDER checklist.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>This study will investigate the effect of HP reconciling medications with the patient at discharge and communicating with the patient’s CP on preventing DRPs. The subgroups study will evaluate the patients for which the process would be efficient. The French Society of Clinical Pharmacy is expected to write recommendations and promote communication between HPs and CPs. We expect a decrease in DRPs from 60 to 45%.</p><p>The success of the study depends on the ability of the HP to enroll patients in the study. The units have been chosen for their possibility of having more than one discharge a day. Most are surgery units (orthopedic, urology, or general surgery) and medical units (nephrology, gastroenterology, internal medicine, and so on) with a large number of beds (more than 20) and a mean length of stay from 5 to 11 days. Patients in the intervention group need to spend only a few minutes of discussion with the HP. This intervention will need to be performed as soon as possible once discharge is planned. Indeed, at discharge, patients are usually stressed with transport and other administrative issues, so they may be less receptive to discuss their treatment.</p><p>To optimize and standardize the intervention assessed, the scientific committee has established a training program for HPs. Also, quality documents have been written to ensure performance of the same intervention. Outcome assessments will be performed centrally by two pharmacists (pharmacists in charge of the study) specially recruited for the study, which will favor homogeneity in the phone interviews.</p></sec><sec><title>Trial status</title><p>At this time, 44 units have been recruited since 21 January 2014 and 340 patients have been included.</p></sec><sec><title>Abbreviations</title><p>CP: Community pharmacist; CH: Hospital (Centre Hospitalier); CHU: University hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) DRP, Drug-related problem; eDFG: Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; ENEIS: National Study on Iatrogenic Event Avoidable; GP: General practitioner; HP: Hospital pharmacist; ID: Intentional discrepancy; NID: Non intentional discrepancy; PCS: Pharmacist in charge of the study; PREPS: Research program on the performance of care system; SFPC: French society of clinical pharmacy.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>XP: writing the protocol, submitting protocol to DGOS, acquiring the funds, enrolling the hospitals, link with SFPC, planning the study, responsible for the scientific committee. CR: test the eCRF, check the procedure for reconciliation, checking the study process. BB: co-writing the protocol, member of the scientific committee, link with the CP union. VG: co-writing the protocol, member of the scientific committee, link with the CP union. AD: co-writing the protocol, member of the scientific committee, link with SFPC. BA: co-writing the protocol, member of the scientific committee, test the eCRF. MF: co-writing the protocol, member of the scientific committee, link with the National Council of the Order of Pharmacists. JMH: co-writing the protocol, member of the scientific committee, responsible for medical experts committee. JG: co-writing and correcting the protocol, member of the scientific committee, past vice-president of SFPC. BG: writing and correcting the protocol, responsible for methodology, head of the clinical research department (responsible for clinical research associate, teams in charge of eCRF and data manager). 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