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What Caused the UK's Largest Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) Mass Stranding Event?

Identifieur interne : 000058 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000057; suivant : 000059

What Caused the UK's Largest Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) Mass Stranding Event?

Auteurs : Paul D. Jepson [Royaume-Uni] ; Robert Deaville [Royaume-Uni] ; Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse [Mexique] ; James Barnett [Royaume-Uni] ; Andrew Brownlow [Royaume-Uni] ; Robert L. Brownell Jr. [États-Unis] ; Frances C. Clare [Royaume-Uni] ; Nick Davison [Royaume-Uni] ; Robin J. Law [Royaume-Uni] ; Jan Loveridge [Royaume-Uni] ; Shaheed K. Macgregor [Royaume-Uni] ; Steven Morris [Royaume-Uni] ; Sinéad Murphy [Royaume-Uni] ; Rod Penrose [Royaume-Uni] ; Matthew W. Perkins [Royaume-Uni] ; Eunice Pinn [Royaume-Uni] ; Henrike Seibel [Allemagne] ; Ursula Siebert [Allemagne] ; Eva Sierra ; Victor Simpson [Royaume-Uni] ; Mark L. Tasker [Royaume-Uni] ; Nick Tregenza [Royaume-Uni] ; Andrew A. Cunningham [Royaume-Uni] ; Antonio Fernández

Source :

RBID : PMC:3640001

Abstract

On 9 June 2008, the UK's largest mass stranding event (MSE) of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) occurred in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall. At least 26 dolphins died, and a similar number was refloated/herded back to sea. On necropsy, all dolphins were in good nutritive status with empty stomachs and no evidence of known infectious disease or acute physical injury. Auditory tissues were grossly normal (26/26) but had microscopic haemorrhages (5/5) and mild otitis media (1/5) in the freshest cases. Five lactating adult dolphins, one immature male, and one immature female tested were free of harmful algal toxins and had low chemical pollutant levels. Pathological evidence of mud/seawater inhalation (11/26), local tide cycle, and the relative lack of renal myoglobinuria (26/26) suggested MSE onset on a rising tide between 06∶30 and 08∶21 hrs (9 June). Potential causes excluded or considered highly unlikely included infectious disease, gas/fat embolism, boat strike, by-catch, predator attack, foraging unusually close to shore, chemical or algal toxin exposure, abnormal weather/climatic conditions, and high-intensity acoustic inputs from seismic airgun arrays or natural sources (e.g., earthquakes). International naval exercises did occur in close proximity to the MSE with the most intense part of the exercises (including mid-frequency sonars) occurring four days before the MSE and resuming with helicopter exercises on the morning of the MSE. The MSE may therefore have been a “two-stage process” where a group of normally pelagic dolphins entered Falmouth Bay and, after 3–4 days in/around the Bay, a second acoustic/disturbance event occurred causing them to strand en masse. This spatial and temporal association with the MSE, previous associations between naval activities and cetacean MSEs, and an absence of other identifiable factors known to cause cetacean MSEs, indicates naval activity to be the most probable cause of the Falmouth Bay MSE.


Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060953
PubMed: 23646103
PubMed Central: 3640001


Affiliations:


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PMC:3640001

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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">What Caused the UK's Largest Common Dolphin (
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<name sortKey="Acevedo Whitehouse, Karina" sort="Acevedo Whitehouse, Karina" uniqKey="Acevedo Whitehouse K" first="Karina" last="Acevedo-Whitehouse">Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse</name>
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<name sortKey="Barnett, James" sort="Barnett, James" uniqKey="Barnett J" first="James" last="Barnett">James Barnett</name>
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<addr-line>Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Truro, Polwhele, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom</addr-line>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">
<addr-line>Scottish Agricultural College, Inverness, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Law, Robin J" sort="Law, Robin J" uniqKey="Law R" first="Robin J." last="Law">Robin J. Law</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff6">
<addr-line>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft</wicri:regionArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Loveridge, Jan" sort="Loveridge, Jan" uniqKey="Loveridge J" first="Jan" last="Loveridge">Jan Loveridge</name>
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<addr-line>Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network, Five Acres, Allet, Truro, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network, Five Acres, Allet, Truro</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Macgregor, Shaheed K" sort="Macgregor, Shaheed K" uniqKey="Macgregor S" first="Shaheed K." last="Macgregor">Shaheed K. Macgregor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morris, Steven" sort="Morris, Steven" uniqKey="Morris S" first="Steven" last="Morris">Steven Morris</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff8">
<addr-line>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Dorset</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Murphy, Sinead" sort="Murphy, Sinead" uniqKey="Murphy S" first="Sinéad" last="Murphy">Sinéad Murphy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Penrose, Rod" sort="Penrose, Rod" uniqKey="Penrose R" first="Rod" last="Penrose">Rod Penrose</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">
<addr-line>Marine Environmental Monitoring, Penwalk, Llechryd, Cardigan, Ceredigion, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Marine Environmental Monitoring, Penwalk, Llechryd, Cardigan, Ceredigion</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ceredigion</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perkins, Matthew W" sort="Perkins, Matthew W" uniqKey="Perkins M" first="Matthew W." last="Perkins">Matthew W. Perkins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pinn, Eunice" sort="Pinn, Eunice" uniqKey="Pinn E" first="Eunice" last="Pinn">Eunice Pinn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<addr-line>Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Aberdeen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Seibel, Henrike" sort="Seibel, Henrike" uniqKey="Seibel H" first="Henrike" last="Seibel">Henrike Seibel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff11">
<addr-line>Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Büsum</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Büsum</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Büsum</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Siebert, Ursula" sort="Siebert, Ursula" uniqKey="Siebert U" first="Ursula" last="Siebert">Ursula Siebert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff11">
<addr-line>Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Büsum</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Büsum</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Büsum</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sierra, Eva" sort="Sierra, Eva" uniqKey="Sierra E" first="Eva" last="Sierra">Eva Sierra</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff12">
<addr-line>Histology and Pathology Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School Montana Cardones-Arucas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria-Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Gran Canaria-Spain</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simpson, Victor" sort="Simpson, Victor" uniqKey="Simpson V" first="Victor" last="Simpson">Victor Simpson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff13">
<addr-line>Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre, Chacewater, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre, Chacewater, Truro, Cornwall</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cornwall</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tasker, Mark L" sort="Tasker, Mark L" uniqKey="Tasker M" first="Mark L." last="Tasker">Mark L. Tasker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<addr-line>Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Aberdeen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tregenza, Nick" sort="Tregenza, Nick" uniqKey="Tregenza N" first="Nick" last="Tregenza">Nick Tregenza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">
<addr-line>Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network, Five Acres, Allet, Truro, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network, Five Acres, Allet, Truro</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Truro</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cunningham, Andrew A" sort="Cunningham, Andrew A" uniqKey="Cunningham A" first="Andrew A." last="Cunningham">Andrew A. Cunningham</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fernandez, Antonio" sort="Fernandez, Antonio" uniqKey="Fernandez A" first="Antonio" last="Fernández">Antonio Fernández</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff12">
<addr-line>Histology and Pathology Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School Montana Cardones-Arucas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria-Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Gran Canaria-Spain</wicri:noCountry>
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</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2013">2013</date>
</imprint>
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<textClass></textClass>
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</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>On 9 June 2008, the UK's largest mass stranding event (MSE) of short-beaked common dolphins (
<italic>Delphinus delphis</italic>
) occurred in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall. At least 26 dolphins died, and a similar number was refloated/herded back to sea. On necropsy, all dolphins were in good nutritive status with empty stomachs and no evidence of known infectious disease or acute physical injury. Auditory tissues were grossly normal (26/26) but had microscopic haemorrhages (5/5) and mild otitis media (1/5) in the freshest cases. Five lactating adult dolphins, one immature male, and one immature female tested were free of harmful algal toxins and had low chemical pollutant levels. Pathological evidence of mud/seawater inhalation (11/26), local tide cycle, and the relative lack of renal myoglobinuria (26/26) suggested MSE onset on a rising tide between 06∶30 and 08∶21 hrs (9 June). Potential causes excluded or considered highly unlikely included infectious disease, gas/fat embolism, boat strike, by-catch, predator attack, foraging unusually close to shore, chemical or algal toxin exposure, abnormal weather/climatic conditions, and high-intensity acoustic inputs from seismic airgun arrays or natural sources (e.g., earthquakes). International naval exercises did occur in close proximity to the MSE with the most intense part of the exercises (including mid-frequency sonars) occurring four days before the MSE and resuming with helicopter exercises on the morning of the MSE. The MSE may therefore have been a “two-stage process” where a group of normally pelagic dolphins entered Falmouth Bay and, after 3–4 days in/around the Bay, a second acoustic/disturbance event occurred causing them to strand
<italic>en masse</italic>
. This spatial and temporal association with the MSE, previous associations between naval activities and cetacean MSEs, and an absence of other identifiable factors known to cause cetacean MSEs, indicates naval activity to be the most probable cause of the Falmouth Bay MSE.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
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<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23646103</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3640001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-03412</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0060953</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2">
<subject>Biology</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Anatomy and Physiology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Histology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Marine Biology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Microbiology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Toxicology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Zoology</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2">
<subject>Chemistry</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Analytical Chemistry</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2">
<subject>Earth Sciences</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Environmental Sciences</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Marine and Aquatic Sciences</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2">
<subject>Veterinary Science</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Veterinary Epidemiology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Veterinary Microbiology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Veterinary Pathology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group>
<subject>Veterinary Toxicology</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>What Caused the UK's Largest Common Dolphin (
<italic>Delphinus delphis</italic>
) Mass Stranding Event?</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">UK's Largest Common Dolphin Mass Stranding Event</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jepson</surname>
<given-names>Paul D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Deaville</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Acevedo-Whitehouse</surname>
<given-names>Karina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barnett</surname>
<given-names>James</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brownlow</surname>
<given-names>Andrew</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brownell Jr.</surname>
<given-names>Robert L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Clare</surname>
<given-names>Frances C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Davison</surname>
<given-names>Nick</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Law</surname>
<given-names>Robin J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Loveridge</surname>
<given-names>Jan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Macgregor</surname>
<given-names>Shaheed K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morris</surname>
<given-names>Steven</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Murphy</surname>
<given-names>Sinéad</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Penrose</surname>
<given-names>Rod</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Perkins</surname>
<given-names>Matthew W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pinn</surname>
<given-names>Eunice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Seibel</surname>
<given-names>Henrike</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Siebert</surname>
<given-names>Ursula</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sierra</surname>
<given-names>Eva</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Simpson</surname>
<given-names>Victor</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tasker</surname>
<given-names>Mark L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tregenza</surname>
<given-names>Nick</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cunningham</surname>
<given-names>Andrew A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fernández</surname>
<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Truro, Polwhele, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Scottish Agricultural College, Inverness, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network, Five Acres, Allet, Truro, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Marine Environmental Monitoring, Penwalk, Llechryd, Cardigan, Ceredigion, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>Histology and Pathology Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School Montana Cardones-Arucas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria-Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre, Chacewater, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name>
<surname>Fahlman</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1">
<addr-line>Texas A & M University-Corpus Christi, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:
<email>paul.jepson@ioz.ac.uk</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>
<bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
All acoustic and nonacoustic data relating to the naval exercises in this investigation was provided exclusively by the Royal Navy (UK Ministry of Defence). This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p>Conceived and designed the experiments: PDJ RD KAW ND RJL S. Morris S. Murphy HS US ES AAC AF. Performed the experiments: PDJ RD KAW JB FCC ND RJL SKM S. Morris S. Murphy RP MWP HS US ES VS AF. Analyzed the data: PDJ RD KAW JB AB RLB FCC ND RJL JL SKM S. Morris S. Murphy RP MWP EP HS US ES VS MLT NT AAC AF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PDJ RD KAW JB ND RJL SKM S. Morris S. Murphy RP MWP HS US ES VS AF. Wrote the paper: PDJ RD KAW JB AB RLB FCC ND RJL JL S. Morris S. Murphy RP MWP EP HS US ES VS MLT NT AAC AF.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e60953</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>17</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>4</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Jepson et al</copyright-holder>
<license>
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>On 9 June 2008, the UK's largest mass stranding event (MSE) of short-beaked common dolphins (
<italic>Delphinus delphis</italic>
) occurred in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall. At least 26 dolphins died, and a similar number was refloated/herded back to sea. On necropsy, all dolphins were in good nutritive status with empty stomachs and no evidence of known infectious disease or acute physical injury. Auditory tissues were grossly normal (26/26) but had microscopic haemorrhages (5/5) and mild otitis media (1/5) in the freshest cases. Five lactating adult dolphins, one immature male, and one immature female tested were free of harmful algal toxins and had low chemical pollutant levels. Pathological evidence of mud/seawater inhalation (11/26), local tide cycle, and the relative lack of renal myoglobinuria (26/26) suggested MSE onset on a rising tide between 06∶30 and 08∶21 hrs (9 June). Potential causes excluded or considered highly unlikely included infectious disease, gas/fat embolism, boat strike, by-catch, predator attack, foraging unusually close to shore, chemical or algal toxin exposure, abnormal weather/climatic conditions, and high-intensity acoustic inputs from seismic airgun arrays or natural sources (e.g., earthquakes). International naval exercises did occur in close proximity to the MSE with the most intense part of the exercises (including mid-frequency sonars) occurring four days before the MSE and resuming with helicopter exercises on the morning of the MSE. The MSE may therefore have been a “two-stage process” where a group of normally pelagic dolphins entered Falmouth Bay and, after 3–4 days in/around the Bay, a second acoustic/disturbance event occurred causing them to strand
<italic>en masse</italic>
. This spatial and temporal association with the MSE, previous associations between naval activities and cetacean MSEs, and an absence of other identifiable factors known to cause cetacean MSEs, indicates naval activity to be the most probable cause of the Falmouth Bay MSE.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement>This investigation was funded by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs under under a variation to contract number CR0364. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<page-count count="18"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Mexique</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Californie</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Londres</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree>
<noCountry>
<name sortKey="Fernandez, Antonio" sort="Fernandez, Antonio" uniqKey="Fernandez A" first="Antonio" last="Fernández">Antonio Fernández</name>
<name sortKey="Sierra, Eva" sort="Sierra, Eva" uniqKey="Sierra E" first="Eva" last="Sierra">Eva Sierra</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="Royaume-Uni">
<region name="Angleterre">
<name sortKey="Jepson, Paul D" sort="Jepson, Paul D" uniqKey="Jepson P" first="Paul D." last="Jepson">Paul D. Jepson</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Barnett, James" sort="Barnett, James" uniqKey="Barnett J" first="James" last="Barnett">James Barnett</name>
<name sortKey="Brownlow, Andrew" sort="Brownlow, Andrew" uniqKey="Brownlow A" first="Andrew" last="Brownlow">Andrew Brownlow</name>
<name sortKey="Clare, Frances C" sort="Clare, Frances C" uniqKey="Clare F" first="Frances C." last="Clare">Frances C. Clare</name>
<name sortKey="Cunningham, Andrew A" sort="Cunningham, Andrew A" uniqKey="Cunningham A" first="Andrew A." last="Cunningham">Andrew A. Cunningham</name>
<name sortKey="Davison, Nick" sort="Davison, Nick" uniqKey="Davison N" first="Nick" last="Davison">Nick Davison</name>
<name sortKey="Davison, Nick" sort="Davison, Nick" uniqKey="Davison N" first="Nick" last="Davison">Nick Davison</name>
<name sortKey="Deaville, Robert" sort="Deaville, Robert" uniqKey="Deaville R" first="Robert" last="Deaville">Robert Deaville</name>
<name sortKey="Law, Robin J" sort="Law, Robin J" uniqKey="Law R" first="Robin J." last="Law">Robin J. Law</name>
<name sortKey="Loveridge, Jan" sort="Loveridge, Jan" uniqKey="Loveridge J" first="Jan" last="Loveridge">Jan Loveridge</name>
<name sortKey="Macgregor, Shaheed K" sort="Macgregor, Shaheed K" uniqKey="Macgregor S" first="Shaheed K." last="Macgregor">Shaheed K. Macgregor</name>
<name sortKey="Morris, Steven" sort="Morris, Steven" uniqKey="Morris S" first="Steven" last="Morris">Steven Morris</name>
<name sortKey="Murphy, Sinead" sort="Murphy, Sinead" uniqKey="Murphy S" first="Sinéad" last="Murphy">Sinéad Murphy</name>
<name sortKey="Penrose, Rod" sort="Penrose, Rod" uniqKey="Penrose R" first="Rod" last="Penrose">Rod Penrose</name>
<name sortKey="Perkins, Matthew W" sort="Perkins, Matthew W" uniqKey="Perkins M" first="Matthew W." last="Perkins">Matthew W. Perkins</name>
<name sortKey="Pinn, Eunice" sort="Pinn, Eunice" uniqKey="Pinn E" first="Eunice" last="Pinn">Eunice Pinn</name>
<name sortKey="Simpson, Victor" sort="Simpson, Victor" uniqKey="Simpson V" first="Victor" last="Simpson">Victor Simpson</name>
<name sortKey="Tasker, Mark L" sort="Tasker, Mark L" uniqKey="Tasker M" first="Mark L." last="Tasker">Mark L. Tasker</name>
<name sortKey="Tregenza, Nick" sort="Tregenza, Nick" uniqKey="Tregenza N" first="Nick" last="Tregenza">Nick Tregenza</name>
</country>
<country name="Mexique">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Acevedo Whitehouse, Karina" sort="Acevedo Whitehouse, Karina" uniqKey="Acevedo Whitehouse K" first="Karina" last="Acevedo-Whitehouse">Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis">
<region name="Californie">
<name sortKey="Brownell Jr, Robert L" sort="Brownell Jr, Robert L" uniqKey="Brownell Jr R" first="Robert L." last="Brownell Jr.">Robert L. Brownell Jr.</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="Allemagne">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Seibel, Henrike" sort="Seibel, Henrike" uniqKey="Seibel H" first="Henrike" last="Seibel">Henrike Seibel</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Siebert, Ursula" sort="Siebert, Ursula" uniqKey="Siebert U" first="Ursula" last="Siebert">Ursula Siebert</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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