Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment
Identifieur interne : 001A49 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001A48; suivant : 001A50Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment
Auteurs : Thorvaldur Thordarson ; Stephen SelfSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2003-01-16.
Abstract
The 1783–1784 Laki flood lava eruption in Iceland emitted ∼122 megatons (Mt) SO2 into the atmosphere and maintained a sulfuric aerosol veil that hung over the Northern Hemisphere for >5 months. The eruption columns extended to 9–13 km and released ∼95 Mt SO2 into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (i.e., the polar jet stream), enforcing a net eastward dispersion of the plumes which reacted with atmospheric moisture to produce ∼200 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols. Away from source, the Laki aerosols were delivered to the surface by subsiding air masses within anticyclones. We show that ∼175 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols were removed as acid precipitation and caused the extreme volcanic pollution (i.e., dry fog) that effected Europe and other regions in 1783. The remaining ∼25 Mt stayed aloft at tropopause level for >1 year. The summer of 1783 was characterized by extreme and unusual weather, including an unusually hot July in western Europe, most likely caused by perseverance of southerly air currents. The following winter was one of the most severe winters on record in Europe and North America. In these regions, the annual mean surface cooling that followed the Laki eruption was about −1.3°C and lasted for 2–3 years. We propose that the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosols from Laki disrupted the thermal balance of the Arctic regions for two summers and were the main mechanism for the associated climate perturbations. Eruptions of Laki magnitude have occurred in the recent past in Iceland and will occur again. If such an eruption were to occur today, one of the most likely immediate consequences would be disruption to air traffic over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2001JD002042
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:43E52E98CE270E41F4FA51890EC7EC72B5FDE878Le document en format XML
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Res.</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2003-01-16">2003-01-16</date><biblScope unit="volume">108</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="AAC 7-1">AAC 7-1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="AAC 7-29">AAC 7-29</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series><idno type="istex">43E52E98CE270E41F4FA51890EC7EC72B5FDE878</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2001JD002042</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2001JD002042</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The 1783–1784 Laki flood lava eruption in Iceland emitted ∼122 megatons (Mt) SO2 into the atmosphere and maintained a sulfuric aerosol veil that hung over the Northern Hemisphere for >5 months. The eruption columns extended to 9–13 km and released ∼95 Mt SO2 into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (i.e., the polar jet stream), enforcing a net eastward dispersion of the plumes which reacted with atmospheric moisture to produce ∼200 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols. Away from source, the Laki aerosols were delivered to the surface by subsiding air masses within anticyclones. We show that ∼175 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols were removed as acid precipitation and caused the extreme volcanic pollution (i.e., dry fog) that effected Europe and other regions in 1783. The remaining ∼25 Mt stayed aloft at tropopause level for >1 year. The summer of 1783 was characterized by extreme and unusual weather, including an unusually hot July in western Europe, most likely caused by perseverance of southerly air currents. The following winter was one of the most severe winters on record in Europe and North America. In these regions, the annual mean surface cooling that followed the Laki eruption was about −1.3°C and lasted for 2–3 years. We propose that the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosols from Laki disrupted the thermal balance of the Arctic regions for two summers and were the main mechanism for the associated climate perturbations. Eruptions of Laki magnitude have occurred in the recent past in Iceland and will occur again. If such an eruption were to occur today, one of the most likely immediate consequences would be disruption to air traffic over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Thorvaldur Thordarson</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA</json:string><json:string>Also at CSIRO Magmatic Ore Deposit Group, Division of Exploration and Mining, Perth, Australia.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Stephen Self</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA</json:string><json:string>Now at Volcano Dynamics Group, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>2001JD002042</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The 1783–1784 Laki flood lava eruption in Iceland emitted ∼122 megatons (Mt) SO2 into the atmosphere and maintained a sulfuric aerosol veil that hung over the Northern Hemisphere for >5 months. The eruption columns extended to 9–13 km and released ∼95 Mt SO2 into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (i.e., the polar jet stream), enforcing a net eastward dispersion of the plumes which reacted with atmospheric moisture to produce ∼200 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols. Away from source, the Laki aerosols were delivered to the surface by subsiding air masses within anticyclones. We show that ∼175 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols were removed as acid precipitation and caused the extreme volcanic pollution (i.e., dry fog) that effected Europe and other regions in 1783. The remaining ∼25 Mt stayed aloft at tropopause level for >1 year. The summer of 1783 was characterized by extreme and unusual weather, including an unusually hot July in western Europe, most likely caused by perseverance of southerly air currents. The following winter was one of the most severe winters on record in Europe and North America. In these regions, the annual mean surface cooling that followed the Laki eruption was about −1.3°C and lasted for 2–3 years. We propose that the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosols from Laki disrupted the thermal balance of the Arctic regions for two summers and were the main mechanism for the associated climate perturbations. Eruptions of Laki magnitude have occurred in the recent past in Iceland and will occur again. If such an eruption were to occur today, one of the most likely immediate consequences would be disruption to air traffic over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>592 x 807 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1700</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>23627</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>134415</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>29</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>273</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>108</volume><publisherId><json:string>JGRD</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>29</total><last>AAC 7-29</last><first>AAC 7-1</first></pages><issn><json:string>0148-0227</json:string></issn><issue>D1</issue><subject><json:item><value>Aerosol and Clouds</value></json:item><json:item><value>ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Aerosols and particles</value></json:item><json:item><value>Volcanic effects</value></json:item><json:item><value>Pollution: urban and regional</value></json:item><json:item><value>ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</value></json:item><json:item><value>Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology</value></json:item><json:item><value>NATURAL HAZARDS</value></json:item><json:item><value>Atmospheric</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Aerosols</value></json:item><json:item><value>PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Aerosols</value></json:item><json:item><value>VOLCANOLOGY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Volcanology: Ash deposits</value></json:item><json:item><value>Eruption mechanisms and flow emplacement</value></json:item><json:item><value>Atmospheric effects</value></json:item><json:item><value>Aerosol and Clouds</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>2156-2202</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</json:string></doi></host><publicationDate>2003</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2003</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1029/2001JD002042</json:string></doi><id>43E52E98CE270E41F4FA51890EC7EC72B5FDE878</id><score>0.08248901</score><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/43E52E98CE270E41F4FA51890EC7EC72B5FDE878/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/43E52E98CE270E41F4FA51890EC7EC72B5FDE878/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/43E52E98CE270E41F4FA51890EC7EC72B5FDE878/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><p>Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.</p></availability><date>2003</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Thorvaldur</forename><surname>Thordarson</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Also at CSIRO Magmatic Ore Deposit Group, Division of Exploration and Mining, Perth, Australia.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Stephen</forename><surname>Self</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Now at Volcano Dynamics Group, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. 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The eruption columns extended to 9–13 km and released ∼95 Mt SO2 into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (i.e., the polar jet stream), enforcing a net eastward dispersion of the plumes which reacted with atmospheric moisture to produce ∼200 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols. Away from source, the Laki aerosols were delivered to the surface by subsiding air masses within anticyclones. We show that ∼175 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols were removed as acid precipitation and caused the extreme volcanic pollution (i.e., dry fog) that effected Europe and other regions in 1783. The remaining ∼25 Mt stayed aloft at tropopause level for >1 year. The summer of 1783 was characterized by extreme and unusual weather, including an unusually hot July in western Europe, most likely caused by perseverance of southerly air currents. The following winter was one of the most severe winters on record in Europe and North America. In these regions, the annual mean surface cooling that followed the Laki eruption was about −1.3°C and lasted for 2–3 years. We propose that the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosols from Laki disrupted the thermal balance of the Arctic regions for two summers and were the main mechanism for the associated climate perturbations. Eruptions of Laki magnitude have occurred in the recent past in Iceland and will occur again. 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Geophys. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>108</vol>(<issue>D1</issue>), 4011, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2001JD002042">10.1029/2001JD002042</accessionId>, <pubYear year="2003">2003</pubYear>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><objectNameGroup><objectName elementName="appendix">Appendix</objectName></objectNameGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRD.JGRD9582.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="12"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="2"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment</title><title type="short">EFFECTS OF THE 1783–1784 LAKI ERUPTION</title><title type="shortAuthors">Thordarson and Self</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrd9582-cr-0001" affiliationRef="#jgrd9582-aff-0001 #jgrd9582-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Thorvaldur</givenNames> <familyName>Thordarson</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrd9582-cr-0002" affiliationRef="#jgrd9582-aff-0001 #jgrd9582-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>Stephen</givenNames> <familyName>Self</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="jgrd9582-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology</orgDiv><orgName>University of Hawaii at Manoa</orgName><address><city>Honolulu</city><countryPart>Hawaii</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation type="organization" xml:id="jgrd9582-aff-0002"><unparsedAffiliation>Also at CSIRO Magmatic Ore Deposit Group, Division of Exploration and Mining, Perth, Australia.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation type="organization" xml:id="jgrd9582-aff-0003"><unparsedAffiliation>Now at Volcano Dynamics Group, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><supportingInformation></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="jgrd9582-para-0001" label="1">The 1783–1784 Laki flood lava eruption in Iceland emitted ∼122 megatons (Mt) SO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere and maintained a sulfuric aerosol veil that hung over the Northern Hemisphere for >5 months. The eruption columns extended to 9–13 km and released ∼95 Mt SO<sub>2</sub> into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (i.e., the polar jet stream), enforcing a net eastward dispersion of the plumes which reacted with atmospheric moisture to produce ∼200 Mt of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> aerosols. Away from source, the Laki aerosols were delivered to the surface by subsiding air masses within anticyclones. We show that ∼175 Mt of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> aerosols were removed as acid precipitation and caused the extreme volcanic pollution (i.e., dry fog) that effected Europe and other regions in 1783. The remaining ∼25 Mt stayed aloft at tropopause level for >1 year. The summer of 1783 was characterized by extreme and unusual weather, including an unusually hot July in western Europe, most likely caused by perseverance of southerly air currents. The following winter was one of the most severe winters on record in Europe and North America. In these regions, the annual mean surface cooling that followed the Laki eruption was about −1.3°C and lasted for 2–3 years. We propose that the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosols from Laki disrupted the thermal balance of the Arctic regions for two summers and were the main mechanism for the associated climate perturbations. Eruptions of Laki magnitude have occurred in the recent past in Iceland and will occur again. If such an eruption were to occur today, one of the most likely immediate consequences would be disruption to air traffic over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>EFFECTS OF THE 1783–1784 LAKI ERUPTION</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Thorvaldur</namePart><namePart type="family">Thordarson</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Also at CSIRO Magmatic Ore Deposit Group, Division of Exploration and Mining, Perth, Australia.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stephen</namePart><namePart type="family">Self</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Now at Volcano Dynamics Group, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2003-01-16</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2001-12-27</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2002-04-08</dateValid><edition>Thordarson, Th., and S. Self, Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4011, doi:10.1029/2001JD002042, 2003.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2003</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">12</extent><extent unit="tables">2</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>The 1783–1784 Laki flood lava eruption in Iceland emitted ∼122 megatons (Mt) SO2 into the atmosphere and maintained a sulfuric aerosol veil that hung over the Northern Hemisphere for >5 months. The eruption columns extended to 9–13 km and released ∼95 Mt SO2 into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (i.e., the polar jet stream), enforcing a net eastward dispersion of the plumes which reacted with atmospheric moisture to produce ∼200 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols. Away from source, the Laki aerosols were delivered to the surface by subsiding air masses within anticyclones. We show that ∼175 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols were removed as acid precipitation and caused the extreme volcanic pollution (i.e., dry fog) that effected Europe and other regions in 1783. The remaining ∼25 Mt stayed aloft at tropopause level for >1 year. The summer of 1783 was characterized by extreme and unusual weather, including an unusually hot July in western Europe, most likely caused by perseverance of southerly air currents. The following winter was one of the most severe winters on record in Europe and North America. In these regions, the annual mean surface cooling that followed the Laki eruption was about −1.3°C and lasted for 2–3 years. We propose that the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosols from Laki disrupted the thermal balance of the Arctic regions for two summers and were the main mechanism for the associated climate perturbations. Eruptions of Laki magnitude have occurred in the recent past in Iceland and will occur again. If such an eruption were to occur today, one of the most likely immediate consequences would be disruption to air traffic over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/subset/AAC">Aerosol and Clouds</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0300">ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0305">Aerosols and particles</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0370">Volcanic effects</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0345">Pollution: urban and regional</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3344">Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4301">Atmospheric</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4800">OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4801">Aerosols</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4906">Aerosols</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8400">VOLCANOLOGY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8409">Volcanology: Ash deposits</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8414">Eruption mechanisms and flow emplacement</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/8409">Atmospheric effects</topic></subject><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Aerosol and Clouds</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0148-0227</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2156-2202</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">JGREA2</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JGRD</identifier><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>108</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>D1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>AAC 7-1</start><end>AAC 7-29</end><total>29</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">43E52E98CE270E41F4FA51890EC7EC72B5FDE878</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2001JD002042</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2001JD002042</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><json:item><type>multicat</type><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/43E52E98CE270E41F4FA51890EC7EC72B5FDE878/enrichments/multicat</uri></json:item></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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