Ionic electroactive polymer artificial muscles in space applications.
Identifieur interne : 003223 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 003222; suivant : 003224Ionic electroactive polymer artificial muscles in space applications.
Auteurs : Andres Punning [Estonie] ; Kwang J. Kim [États-Unis] ; Viljar Palmre [États-Unis] ; Frédéric Vidal [France] ; Cédric Plesse [France] ; Nicolas Festin [France] ; Ali Maziz [France] ; Kinji Asaka [Japon] ; Takushi Sugino [Japon] ; Gursel Alici [Australie] ; Geoff Spinks [Australie] ; Gordon Wallace [Australie] ; Indrek Must [Estonie] ; Inga P Ldsalu [Estonie] ; Veiko Vunder [Estonie] ; Rauno Temmer [Estonie] ; Karl Kruusam E [Estonie] ; Janno Torop [Estonie] ; Friedrich Kaasik [Estonie] ; Pille Rinne [Estonie] ; Urmas Johanson [Estonie] ; Anna-Liisa Peikolainen [Estonie] ; Tarmo Tamm [Estonie] ; Alvo Aabloo [Estonie]Source :
- Scientific reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2014.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Analyse de panne d'appareillage, Conception d'appareillage, Congélation, Environnement extraterrestre, Humains, Muscles (physiologie), Organes artificiels, Polymères (), Polymères (effets des radiations), Rayonnement cosmique, Rayons X, Rayons gamma, Rayons ultraviolets, Simulation d'environnement spatial (instrumentation), Techniques électrochimiques, Terre (planète), Test de matériaux, Vol spatial, Électrolytes (), Électrolytes (effets des radiations).
- MESH :
- effets des radiations : Polymères, Électrolytes.
- physiologie : Muscles.
- Analyse de panne d'appareillage, Conception d'appareillage, Congélation, Environnement extraterrestre, Humains, Organes artificiels, Polymères, Rayonnement cosmique, Rayons X, Rayons gamma, Rayons ultraviolets, Simulation d'environnement spatial, Techniques électrochimiques, Terre (planète), Test de matériaux, Vol spatial, Électrolytes.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Artificial Organs, Cosmic Radiation, Earth (Planet), Electrochemical Techniques, Electrolytes (chemistry), Electrolytes (radiation effects), Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, Extraterrestrial Environment, Freezing, Gamma Rays, Humans, Materials Testing, Muscles (physiology), Polymers (chemistry), Polymers (radiation effects), Space Flight, Space Simulation (instrumentation), Ultraviolet Rays, X-Rays.
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Electrolytes, Polymers.
- chemical , radiation effects : Electrolytes, Polymers.
- instrumentation : Space Simulation.
- physiology : Muscles.
- Artificial Organs, Cosmic Radiation, Earth (Planet), Electrochemical Techniques, Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, Extraterrestrial Environment, Freezing, Gamma Rays, Humans, Materials Testing, Space Flight, Ultraviolet Rays, X-Rays.
Abstract
A large-scale effort was carried out to test the performance of seven types of ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) actuators in space-hazardous environmental factors in laboratory conditions. The results substantiate that the IEAP materials are tolerant to long-term freezing and vacuum environments as well as ionizing Gamma-, X-ray, and UV radiation at the levels corresponding to low Earth orbit (LEO) conditions. The main aim of this material behaviour investigation is to understand and predict device service time for prolonged exposure to space environment.
DOI: 10.1038/srep06913
PubMed: 25372857
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xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Kwang J" sort="Kim, Kwang J" uniqKey="Kim K" first="Kwang J" last="Kim">Kwang J. Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Active Materials and Smart Living (AMSL) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Active Materials and Smart Living (AMSL) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmre, Viljar" sort="Palmre, Viljar" uniqKey="Palmre V" first="Viljar" last="Palmre">Viljar Palmre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Active Materials and Smart Living (AMSL) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Active Materials and Smart Living (AMSL) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vidal, Frederic" sort="Vidal, Frederic" uniqKey="Vidal F" first="Frédéric" last="Vidal">Frédéric Vidal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Plesse, Cedric" sort="Plesse, Cedric" uniqKey="Plesse C" first="Cédric" last="Plesse">Cédric Plesse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Festin, Nicolas" sort="Festin, Nicolas" uniqKey="Festin N" first="Nicolas" last="Festin">Nicolas Festin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maziz, Ali" sort="Maziz, Ali" uniqKey="Maziz A" first="Ali" last="Maziz">Ali Maziz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asaka, Kinji" sort="Asaka, Kinji" uniqKey="Asaka K" first="Kinji" last="Asaka">Kinji Asaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Osaka, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Osaka</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sugino, Takushi" sort="Sugino, Takushi" uniqKey="Sugino T" first="Takushi" last="Sugino">Takushi Sugino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Osaka, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Osaka</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alici, Gursel" sort="Alici, Gursel" uniqKey="Alici G" first="Gursel" last="Alici">Gursel Alici</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia [2] ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), University of Wollongong, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>1] School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia [2] ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), University of Wollongong</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spinks, Geoff" sort="Spinks, Geoff" uniqKey="Spinks G" first="Geoff" last="Spinks">Geoff Spinks</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia [2] ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), University of Wollongong, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>1] School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia [2] ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), University of Wollongong</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Gordon" sort="Wallace, Gordon" uniqKey="Wallace G" first="Gordon" last="Wallace">Gordon Wallace</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), University of Wollongong, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), University of Wollongong</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Must, Indrek" sort="Must, Indrek" uniqKey="Must I" first="Indrek" last="Must">Indrek Must</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Ldsalu, Inga" sort="P Ldsalu, Inga" uniqKey="P Ldsalu I" first="Inga" last="P Ldsalu">Inga P Ldsalu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vunder, Veiko" sort="Vunder, Veiko" uniqKey="Vunder V" first="Veiko" last="Vunder">Veiko Vunder</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Temmer, Rauno" sort="Temmer, Rauno" uniqKey="Temmer R" first="Rauno" last="Temmer">Rauno Temmer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kruusam E, Karl" sort="Kruusam E, Karl" uniqKey="Kruusam E K" first="Karl" last="Kruusam E">Karl Kruusam E</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torop, Janno" sort="Torop, Janno" uniqKey="Torop J" first="Janno" last="Torop">Janno Torop</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaasik, Friedrich" sort="Kaasik, Friedrich" uniqKey="Kaasik F" first="Friedrich" last="Kaasik">Friedrich Kaasik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rinne, Pille" sort="Rinne, Pille" uniqKey="Rinne P" first="Pille" last="Rinne">Pille Rinne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johanson, Urmas" sort="Johanson, Urmas" uniqKey="Johanson U" first="Urmas" last="Johanson">Urmas Johanson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peikolainen, Anna Liisa" sort="Peikolainen, Anna Liisa" uniqKey="Peikolainen A" first="Anna-Liisa" last="Peikolainen">Anna-Liisa Peikolainen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tamm, Tarmo" sort="Tamm, Tarmo" uniqKey="Tamm T" first="Tarmo" last="Tamm">Tarmo Tamm</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aabloo, Alvo" sort="Aabloo, Alvo" uniqKey="Aabloo A" first="Alvo" last="Aabloo">Alvo Aabloo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Artificial Organs</term><term>Cosmic Radiation</term><term>Earth (Planet)</term><term>Electrochemical Techniques</term><term>Electrolytes (chemistry)</term><term>Electrolytes (radiation effects)</term><term>Equipment Design</term><term>Equipment Failure Analysis</term><term>Extraterrestrial Environment</term><term>Freezing</term><term>Gamma Rays</term><term>Humans</term><term>Materials Testing</term><term>Muscles (physiology)</term><term>Polymers (chemistry)</term><term>Polymers (radiation effects)</term><term>Space Flight</term><term>Space Simulation (instrumentation)</term><term>Ultraviolet Rays</term><term>X-Rays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de panne d'appareillage</term><term>Conception d'appareillage</term><term>Congélation</term><term>Environnement extraterrestre</term><term>Humains</term><term>Muscles (physiologie)</term><term>Organes artificiels</term><term>Polymères ()</term><term>Polymères (effets des radiations)</term><term>Rayonnement cosmique</term><term>Rayons X</term><term>Rayons gamma</term><term>Rayons ultraviolets</term><term>Simulation d'environnement spatial (instrumentation)</term><term>Techniques électrochimiques</term><term>Terre (planète)</term><term>Test de matériaux</term><term>Vol spatial</term><term>Électrolytes ()</term><term>Électrolytes (effets des radiations)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Electrolytes</term><term>Polymers</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="radiation effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Electrolytes</term><term>Polymers</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets des radiations" xml:lang="fr"><term>Polymères</term><term>Électrolytes</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="instrumentation" xml:lang="en"><term>Space Simulation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Muscles</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Muscles</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Artificial Organs</term><term>Cosmic Radiation</term><term>Earth (Planet)</term><term>Electrochemical Techniques</term><term>Equipment Design</term><term>Equipment Failure Analysis</term><term>Extraterrestrial Environment</term><term>Freezing</term><term>Gamma Rays</term><term>Humans</term><term>Materials Testing</term><term>Space Flight</term><term>Ultraviolet Rays</term><term>X-Rays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de panne d'appareillage</term><term>Conception d'appareillage</term><term>Congélation</term><term>Environnement extraterrestre</term><term>Humains</term><term>Organes artificiels</term><term>Polymères</term><term>Rayonnement cosmique</term><term>Rayons X</term><term>Rayons gamma</term><term>Rayons ultraviolets</term><term>Simulation d'environnement spatial</term><term>Techniques électrochimiques</term><term>Terre (planète)</term><term>Test de matériaux</term><term>Vol spatial</term><term>Électrolytes</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A large-scale effort was carried out to test the performance of seven types of ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) actuators in space-hazardous environmental factors in laboratory conditions. The results substantiate that the IEAP materials are tolerant to long-term freezing and vacuum environments as well as ionizing Gamma-, X-ray, and UV radiation at the levels corresponding to low Earth orbit (LEO) conditions. The main aim of this material behaviour investigation is to understand and predict device service time for prolonged exposure to space environment.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25372857</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2014</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>06</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>15</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>12</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2045-2322</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>4</Volume><PubDate><Year>2014</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>05</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Scientific reports</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Sci Rep</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Ionic electroactive polymer artificial muscles in space applications.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>6913</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/srep06913</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>A large-scale effort was carried out to test the performance of seven types of ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) actuators in space-hazardous environmental factors in laboratory conditions. The results substantiate that the IEAP materials are tolerant to long-term freezing and vacuum environments as well as ionizing Gamma-, X-ray, and UV radiation at the levels corresponding to low Earth orbit (LEO) conditions. The main aim of this material behaviour investigation is to understand and predict device service time for prolonged exposure to space environment.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Punning</LastName><ForeName>Andres</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kim</LastName><ForeName>Kwang J</ForeName><Initials>KJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Active Materials and Smart Living (AMSL) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Palmre</LastName><ForeName>Viljar</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Active Materials and Smart Living (AMSL) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vidal</LastName><ForeName>Frédéric</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Plesse</LastName><ForeName>Cédric</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Festin</LastName><ForeName>Nicolas</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maziz</LastName><ForeName>Ali</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matèriaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Asaka</LastName><ForeName>Kinji</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Osaka, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sugino</LastName><ForeName>Takushi</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Osaka, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alici</LastName><ForeName>Gursel</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia [2] ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), University of Wollongong, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Spinks</LastName><ForeName>Geoff</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia [2] ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), University of Wollongong, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wallace</LastName><ForeName>Gordon</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), University of Wollongong, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Must</LastName><ForeName>Indrek</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Põldsalu</LastName><ForeName>Inga</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vunder</LastName><ForeName>Veiko</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Temmer</LastName><ForeName>Rauno</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kruusamäe</LastName><ForeName>Karl</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Torop</LastName><ForeName>Janno</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kaasik</LastName><ForeName>Friedrich</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rinne</LastName><ForeName>Pille</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Johanson</LastName><ForeName>Urmas</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peikolainen</LastName><ForeName>Anna-Liisa</ForeName><Initials>AL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tamm</LastName><ForeName>Tarmo</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aabloo</LastName><ForeName>Alvo</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2014</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>05</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Sci Rep</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101563288</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2045-2322</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D004573">Electrolytes</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011108">Polymers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1540-5</RefSource><PMID Version="1">11090345</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Science. 1982 Oct 29;218(4571):467-9</RefSource><PMID Version="1">17808541</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Bioinspir Biomim. 2011 Dec;6(4):045006</RefSource><PMID Version="1">22126909</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2013 Jun 28;15(24):9605-14</RefSource><PMID Version="1">23673406</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001187" MajorTopicYN="Y">Artificial Organs</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003359" MajorTopicYN="N">Cosmic Radiation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018534" MajorTopicYN="N">Earth (Planet)</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055664" MajorTopicYN="N">Electrochemical Techniques</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004573" MajorTopicYN="N">Electrolytes</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000528" MajorTopicYN="N">radiation effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004867" MajorTopicYN="N">Equipment Design</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019544" MajorTopicYN="N">Equipment Failure Analysis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005118" MajorTopicYN="N">Extraterrestrial Environment</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005615" MajorTopicYN="N">Freezing</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005720" MajorTopicYN="N">Gamma Rays</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008422" MajorTopicYN="N">Materials Testing</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009132" MajorTopicYN="N">Muscles</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011108" MajorTopicYN="N">Polymers</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000528" MajorTopicYN="N">radiation effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013026" MajorTopicYN="N">Space Flight</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018561" MajorTopicYN="N">Space Simulation</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000295" MajorTopicYN="Y">instrumentation</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014466" MajorTopicYN="N">Ultraviolet Rays</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014965" MajorTopicYN="N">X-Rays</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate 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