The MOBI-Kids Study Protocol: Challenges in Assessing Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Technologies and Possible Association with Brain Tumor Risk.
Identifieur interne : 003484 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 003483; suivant : 003485The MOBI-Kids Study Protocol: Challenges in Assessing Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Technologies and Possible Association with Brain Tumor Risk.
Auteurs : Siegal Sadetzki ; Chelsea Eastman Langer ; Revital Bruchim ; Michael Kundi ; Franco Merletti ; Roel Vermeulen ; Hans Kromhout ; Ae-Kyoung Lee ; Myron Maslanyj ; Malcolm R. Sim ; Masao Taki ; Joe Wiart ; Bruce Armstrong ; Elizabeth Milne ; Geza Benke ; Rosa Schattner ; Hans-Peter Hutter ; Adelheid Woehrer ; Daniel Krewski ; Charmaine Mohipp ; Franco Momoli ; Paul Ritvo ; John Spinelli ; Brigitte Lacour ; Dominique Delmas ; Thomas Remen ; Katja Radon ; Tobias Weinmann ; Swaantje Klostermann ; Sabine Heinrich ; Eleni Petridou ; Evdoxia Bouka ; Paraskevi Panagopoulou ; Rajesh Dikshit ; Rajini Nagrani ; Hadas Even-Nir ; Angela Chetrit ; Milena Maule ; Enrica Migliore ; Graziella Filippini ; Lucia Miligi ; Stefano Mattioli ; Naohito Yamaguchi ; Noriko Kojimahara ; Mina Ha ; Kyung-Hwa Choi ; Andrea T Mannetje ; Amanda Eng ; Alistair Woodward ; Gema Carretero ; Juan Alguacil ; Nuria Aragones ; Maria Morales Suare-Varela ; Geertje Goedhart ; A Antoinette Y N. Schouten-Van Meeteren ; A Ardine M J. Reedijk ; Elisabeth CardisSource :
- Frontiers in public health [ 2296-2565 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The rapid increase in mobile phone use in young people has generated concern about possible health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). MOBI-Kids, a multinational case-control study, investigates the potential effects of childhood and adolescent exposure to EMF from mobile communications technologies on brain tumor risk in 14 countries. The study, which aims to include approximately 1,000 brain tumor cases aged 10-24 years and two individually matched controls for each case, follows a common protocol and builds upon the methodological experience of the INTERPHONE study. The design and conduct of a study on EMF exposure and brain tumor risk in young people in a large number of countries is complex and poses methodological challenges. This manuscript discusses the design of MOBI-Kids and describes the challenges and approaches chosen to address them, including: (1) the choice of controls operated for suspected appendicitis, to reduce potential selection bias related to low response rates among population controls; (2) investigating a young study population spanning a relatively wide age range; (3) conducting a large, multinational epidemiological study, while adhering to increasingly stricter ethics requirements; (4) investigating a rare and potentially fatal disease; and (5) assessing exposure to EMF from communication technologies. Our experience in thus far developing and implementing the study protocol indicates that MOBI-Kids is feasible and will generate results that will contribute to the understanding of potential brain tumor risks associated with use of mobile phones and other wireless communications technologies among young people.
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00124
PubMed: 25295243
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pubmed:25295243Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The MOBI-Kids Study Protocol: Challenges in Assessing Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Technologies and Possible Association with Brain Tumor Risk.</title><author><name sortKey="Sadetzki, Siegal" sort="Sadetzki, Siegal" uniqKey="Sadetzki S" first="Siegal" last="Sadetzki">Siegal Sadetzki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langer, Chelsea Eastman" sort="Langer, Chelsea Eastman" uniqKey="Langer C" first="Chelsea Eastman" last="Langer">Chelsea Eastman Langer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Barcelona , Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruchim, Revital" sort="Bruchim, Revital" uniqKey="Bruchim R" first="Revital" last="Bruchim">Revital Bruchim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kundi, Michael" sort="Kundi, Michael" uniqKey="Kundi M" first="Michael" last="Kundi">Michael Kundi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Merletti, Franco" sort="Merletti, Franco" uniqKey="Merletti F" first="Franco" last="Merletti">Franco Merletti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vermeulen, Roel" sort="Vermeulen, Roel" uniqKey="Vermeulen R" first="Roel" last="Vermeulen">Roel Vermeulen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kromhout, Hans" sort="Kromhout, Hans" uniqKey="Kromhout H" first="Hans" last="Kromhout">Hans Kromhout</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ae Kyoung" sort="Lee, Ae Kyoung" uniqKey="Lee A" first="Ae-Kyoung" last="Lee">Ae-Kyoung Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI) , Daejeon , South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maslanyj, Myron" sort="Maslanyj, Myron" uniqKey="Maslanyj M" first="Myron" last="Maslanyj">Myron Maslanyj</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England , Chilton , UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sim, Malcolm R" sort="Sim, Malcolm R" uniqKey="Sim M" first="Malcolm R" last="Sim">Malcolm R. Sim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne , VIC , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taki, Masao" sort="Taki, Masao" uniqKey="Taki M" first="Masao" last="Taki">Masao Taki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Electrical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo , Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiart, Joe" sort="Wiart, Joe" uniqKey="Wiart J" first="Joe" last="Wiart">Joe Wiart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Whist Laboratory , Paris , France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Bruce" sort="Armstrong, Bruce" uniqKey="Armstrong B" first="Bruce" last="Armstrong">Bruce Armstrong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milne, Elizabeth" sort="Milne, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Milne E" first="Elizabeth" last="Milne">Elizabeth Milne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Telecom Institute for Child Health Research Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benke, Geza" sort="Benke, Geza" uniqKey="Benke G" first="Geza" last="Benke">Geza Benke</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne , VIC , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schattner, Rosa" sort="Schattner, Rosa" uniqKey="Schattner R" first="Rosa" last="Schattner">Rosa Schattner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne , VIC , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutter, Hans Peter" sort="Hutter, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Hutter H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Hutter">Hans-Peter Hutter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woehrer, Adelheid" sort="Woehrer, Adelheid" uniqKey="Woehrer A" first="Adelheid" last="Woehrer">Adelheid Woehrer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Institute of Neurology, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krewski, Daniel" sort="Krewski, Daniel" uniqKey="Krewski D" first="Daniel" last="Krewski">Daniel Krewski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohipp, Charmaine" sort="Mohipp, Charmaine" uniqKey="Mohipp C" first="Charmaine" last="Mohipp">Charmaine Mohipp</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momoli, Franco" sort="Momoli, Franco" uniqKey="Momoli F" first="Franco" last="Momoli">Franco Momoli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ritvo, Paul" sort="Ritvo, Paul" uniqKey="Ritvo P" first="Paul" last="Ritvo">Paul Ritvo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario , Ontario, ON , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spinelli, John" sort="Spinelli, John" uniqKey="Spinelli J" first="John" last="Spinelli">John Spinelli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lacour, Brigitte" sort="Lacour, Brigitte" uniqKey="Lacour B" first="Brigitte" last="Lacour">Brigitte Lacour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU , Nancy , France ; UMRS 1018, CESP, INSERM , Villejuif , France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delmas, Dominique" sort="Delmas, Dominique" uniqKey="Delmas D" first="Dominique" last="Delmas">Dominique Delmas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU , Nancy , France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Remen, Thomas" sort="Remen, Thomas" uniqKey="Remen T" first="Thomas" last="Remen">Thomas Remen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU , Nancy , France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Radon, Katja" sort="Radon, Katja" uniqKey="Radon K" first="Katja" last="Radon">Katja Radon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weinmann, Tobias" sort="Weinmann, Tobias" uniqKey="Weinmann T" first="Tobias" last="Weinmann">Tobias Weinmann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klostermann, Swaantje" sort="Klostermann, Swaantje" uniqKey="Klostermann S" first="Swaantje" last="Klostermann">Swaantje Klostermann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinrich, Sabine" sort="Heinrich, Sabine" uniqKey="Heinrich S" first="Sabine" last="Heinrich">Sabine Heinrich</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petridou, Eleni" sort="Petridou, Eleni" uniqKey="Petridou E" first="Eleni" last="Petridou">Eleni Petridou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouka, Evdoxia" sort="Bouka, Evdoxia" uniqKey="Bouka E" first="Evdoxia" last="Bouka">Evdoxia Bouka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panagopoulou, Paraskevi" sort="Panagopoulou, Paraskevi" uniqKey="Panagopoulou P" first="Paraskevi" last="Panagopoulou">Paraskevi Panagopoulou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dikshit, Rajesh" sort="Dikshit, Rajesh" uniqKey="Dikshit R" first="Rajesh" last="Dikshit">Rajesh Dikshit</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre , Mumbai , India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nagrani, Rajini" sort="Nagrani, Rajini" uniqKey="Nagrani R" first="Rajini" last="Nagrani">Rajini Nagrani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre , Mumbai , India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Even Nir, Hadas" sort="Even Nir, Hadas" uniqKey="Even Nir H" first="Hadas" last="Even-Nir">Hadas Even-Nir</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chetrit, Angela" sort="Chetrit, Angela" uniqKey="Chetrit A" first="Angela" last="Chetrit">Angela Chetrit</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maule, Milena" sort="Maule, Milena" uniqKey="Maule M" first="Milena" last="Maule">Milena Maule</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Migliore, Enrica" sort="Migliore, Enrica" uniqKey="Migliore E" first="Enrica" last="Migliore">Enrica Migliore</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin , Turin , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Filippini, Graziella" sort="Filippini, Graziella" uniqKey="Filippini G" first="Graziella" last="Filippini">Graziella Filippini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Neuroepidemiology Research Unit, Instituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta , Milan , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miligi, Lucia" sort="Miligi, Lucia" uniqKey="Miligi L" first="Lucia" last="Miligi">Lucia Miligi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for the Study and Prevention of Cancer , Florence , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattioli, Stefano" sort="Mattioli, Stefano" uniqKey="Mattioli S" first="Stefano" last="Mattioli">Stefano Mattioli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamaguchi, Naohito" sort="Yamaguchi, Naohito" uniqKey="Yamaguchi N" first="Naohito" last="Yamaguchi">Naohito Yamaguchi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kojimahara, Noriko" sort="Kojimahara, Noriko" uniqKey="Kojimahara N" first="Noriko" last="Kojimahara">Noriko Kojimahara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, Mina" sort="Ha, Mina" uniqKey="Ha M" first="Mina" last="Ha">Mina Ha</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine , Cheonan , South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Kyung Hwa" sort="Choi, Kyung Hwa" uniqKey="Choi K" first="Kyung-Hwa" last="Choi">Kyung-Hwa Choi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Dankook University , Cheonan , South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mannetje, Andrea T" sort="Mannetje, Andrea T" uniqKey="Mannetje A" first="Andrea T" last="Mannetje">Andrea T Mannetje</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University , Wellington , New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eng, Amanda" sort="Eng, Amanda" uniqKey="Eng A" first="Amanda" last="Eng">Amanda Eng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University , Wellington , New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodward, Alistair" sort="Woodward, Alistair" uniqKey="Woodward A" first="Alistair" last="Woodward">Alistair Woodward</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Population Health, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carretero, Gema" sort="Carretero, Gema" uniqKey="Carretero G" first="Gema" last="Carretero">Gema Carretero</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Barcelona , Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alguacil, Juan" sort="Alguacil, Juan" uniqKey="Alguacil J" first="Juan" last="Alguacil">Juan Alguacil</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigación en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CYSMA), Universidad de Huelva , Huelva , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Huelva , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aragones, Nuria" sort="Aragones, Nuria" uniqKey="Aragones N" first="Nuria" last="Aragones">Nuria Aragones</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health , Madrid , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suare Varela, Maria Morales" sort="Suare Varela, Maria Morales" uniqKey="Suare Varela M" first="Maria Morales" last="Suare-Varela">Maria Morales Suare-Varela</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain ; Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universitat de Valencia , Valencia , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goedhart, Geertje" sort="Goedhart, Geertje" uniqKey="Goedhart G" first="Geertje" last="Goedhart">Geertje Goedhart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schouten Van Meeteren, A Antoinette Y N" sort="Schouten Van Meeteren, A Antoinette Y N" uniqKey="Schouten Van Meeteren A" first="A Antoinette Y N" last="Schouten-Van Meeteren">A Antoinette Y N. Schouten-Van Meeteren</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatric Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) , Den Haag , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reedijk, A Ardine M J" sort="Reedijk, A Ardine M J" uniqKey="Reedijk A" first="A Ardine M J" last="Reedijk">A Ardine M J. Reedijk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) , Den Haag , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardis, Elisabeth" sort="Cardis, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Cardis E" first="Elisabeth" last="Cardis">Elisabeth Cardis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Barcelona , Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25295243</idno><idno type="pmid">25295243</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fpubh.2014.00124</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003484</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003484</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">The MOBI-Kids Study Protocol: Challenges in Assessing Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Technologies and Possible Association with Brain Tumor Risk.</title><author><name sortKey="Sadetzki, Siegal" sort="Sadetzki, Siegal" uniqKey="Sadetzki S" first="Siegal" last="Sadetzki">Siegal Sadetzki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langer, Chelsea Eastman" sort="Langer, Chelsea Eastman" uniqKey="Langer C" first="Chelsea Eastman" last="Langer">Chelsea Eastman Langer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Barcelona , Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruchim, Revital" sort="Bruchim, Revital" uniqKey="Bruchim R" first="Revital" last="Bruchim">Revital Bruchim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kundi, Michael" sort="Kundi, Michael" uniqKey="Kundi M" first="Michael" last="Kundi">Michael Kundi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Merletti, Franco" sort="Merletti, Franco" uniqKey="Merletti F" first="Franco" last="Merletti">Franco Merletti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vermeulen, Roel" sort="Vermeulen, Roel" uniqKey="Vermeulen R" first="Roel" last="Vermeulen">Roel Vermeulen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kromhout, Hans" sort="Kromhout, Hans" uniqKey="Kromhout H" first="Hans" last="Kromhout">Hans Kromhout</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ae Kyoung" sort="Lee, Ae Kyoung" uniqKey="Lee A" first="Ae-Kyoung" last="Lee">Ae-Kyoung Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI) , Daejeon , South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maslanyj, Myron" sort="Maslanyj, Myron" uniqKey="Maslanyj M" first="Myron" last="Maslanyj">Myron Maslanyj</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England , Chilton , UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sim, Malcolm R" sort="Sim, Malcolm R" uniqKey="Sim M" first="Malcolm R" last="Sim">Malcolm R. Sim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne , VIC , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taki, Masao" sort="Taki, Masao" uniqKey="Taki M" first="Masao" last="Taki">Masao Taki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Electrical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo , Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiart, Joe" sort="Wiart, Joe" uniqKey="Wiart J" first="Joe" last="Wiart">Joe Wiart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Whist Laboratory , Paris , France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Bruce" sort="Armstrong, Bruce" uniqKey="Armstrong B" first="Bruce" last="Armstrong">Bruce Armstrong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milne, Elizabeth" sort="Milne, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Milne E" first="Elizabeth" last="Milne">Elizabeth Milne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Telecom Institute for Child Health Research Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benke, Geza" sort="Benke, Geza" uniqKey="Benke G" first="Geza" last="Benke">Geza Benke</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne , VIC , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schattner, Rosa" sort="Schattner, Rosa" uniqKey="Schattner R" first="Rosa" last="Schattner">Rosa Schattner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne , VIC , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutter, Hans Peter" sort="Hutter, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Hutter H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Hutter">Hans-Peter Hutter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woehrer, Adelheid" sort="Woehrer, Adelheid" uniqKey="Woehrer A" first="Adelheid" last="Woehrer">Adelheid Woehrer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Institute of Neurology, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krewski, Daniel" sort="Krewski, Daniel" uniqKey="Krewski D" first="Daniel" last="Krewski">Daniel Krewski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohipp, Charmaine" sort="Mohipp, Charmaine" uniqKey="Mohipp C" first="Charmaine" last="Mohipp">Charmaine Mohipp</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momoli, Franco" sort="Momoli, Franco" uniqKey="Momoli F" first="Franco" last="Momoli">Franco Momoli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ritvo, Paul" sort="Ritvo, Paul" uniqKey="Ritvo P" first="Paul" last="Ritvo">Paul Ritvo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario , Ontario, ON , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spinelli, John" sort="Spinelli, John" uniqKey="Spinelli J" first="John" last="Spinelli">John Spinelli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC , Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lacour, Brigitte" sort="Lacour, Brigitte" uniqKey="Lacour B" first="Brigitte" last="Lacour">Brigitte Lacour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU , Nancy , France ; UMRS 1018, CESP, INSERM , Villejuif , France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delmas, Dominique" sort="Delmas, Dominique" uniqKey="Delmas D" first="Dominique" last="Delmas">Dominique Delmas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU , Nancy , France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Remen, Thomas" sort="Remen, Thomas" uniqKey="Remen T" first="Thomas" last="Remen">Thomas Remen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU , Nancy , France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Radon, Katja" sort="Radon, Katja" uniqKey="Radon K" first="Katja" last="Radon">Katja Radon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weinmann, Tobias" sort="Weinmann, Tobias" uniqKey="Weinmann T" first="Tobias" last="Weinmann">Tobias Weinmann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klostermann, Swaantje" sort="Klostermann, Swaantje" uniqKey="Klostermann S" first="Swaantje" last="Klostermann">Swaantje Klostermann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinrich, Sabine" sort="Heinrich, Sabine" uniqKey="Heinrich S" first="Sabine" last="Heinrich">Sabine Heinrich</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petridou, Eleni" sort="Petridou, Eleni" uniqKey="Petridou E" first="Eleni" last="Petridou">Eleni Petridou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouka, Evdoxia" sort="Bouka, Evdoxia" uniqKey="Bouka E" first="Evdoxia" last="Bouka">Evdoxia Bouka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panagopoulou, Paraskevi" sort="Panagopoulou, Paraskevi" uniqKey="Panagopoulou P" first="Paraskevi" last="Panagopoulou">Paraskevi Panagopoulou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dikshit, Rajesh" sort="Dikshit, Rajesh" uniqKey="Dikshit R" first="Rajesh" last="Dikshit">Rajesh Dikshit</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre , Mumbai , India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nagrani, Rajini" sort="Nagrani, Rajini" uniqKey="Nagrani R" first="Rajini" last="Nagrani">Rajini Nagrani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre , Mumbai , India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Even Nir, Hadas" sort="Even Nir, Hadas" uniqKey="Even Nir H" first="Hadas" last="Even-Nir">Hadas Even-Nir</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chetrit, Angela" sort="Chetrit, Angela" uniqKey="Chetrit A" first="Angela" last="Chetrit">Angela Chetrit</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maule, Milena" sort="Maule, Milena" uniqKey="Maule M" first="Milena" last="Maule">Milena Maule</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Migliore, Enrica" sort="Migliore, Enrica" uniqKey="Migliore E" first="Enrica" last="Migliore">Enrica Migliore</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin , Turin , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Filippini, Graziella" sort="Filippini, Graziella" uniqKey="Filippini G" first="Graziella" last="Filippini">Graziella Filippini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Neuroepidemiology Research Unit, Instituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta , Milan , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miligi, Lucia" sort="Miligi, Lucia" uniqKey="Miligi L" first="Lucia" last="Miligi">Lucia Miligi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for the Study and Prevention of Cancer , Florence , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattioli, Stefano" sort="Mattioli, Stefano" uniqKey="Mattioli S" first="Stefano" last="Mattioli">Stefano Mattioli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamaguchi, Naohito" sort="Yamaguchi, Naohito" uniqKey="Yamaguchi N" first="Naohito" last="Yamaguchi">Naohito Yamaguchi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kojimahara, Noriko" sort="Kojimahara, Noriko" uniqKey="Kojimahara N" first="Noriko" last="Kojimahara">Noriko Kojimahara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, Mina" sort="Ha, Mina" uniqKey="Ha M" first="Mina" last="Ha">Mina Ha</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine , Cheonan , South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Kyung Hwa" sort="Choi, Kyung Hwa" uniqKey="Choi K" first="Kyung-Hwa" last="Choi">Kyung-Hwa Choi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Dankook University , Cheonan , South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mannetje, Andrea T" sort="Mannetje, Andrea T" uniqKey="Mannetje A" first="Andrea T" last="Mannetje">Andrea T Mannetje</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University , Wellington , New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eng, Amanda" sort="Eng, Amanda" uniqKey="Eng A" first="Amanda" last="Eng">Amanda Eng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University , Wellington , New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodward, Alistair" sort="Woodward, Alistair" uniqKey="Woodward A" first="Alistair" last="Woodward">Alistair Woodward</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Population Health, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carretero, Gema" sort="Carretero, Gema" uniqKey="Carretero G" first="Gema" last="Carretero">Gema Carretero</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Barcelona , Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alguacil, Juan" sort="Alguacil, Juan" uniqKey="Alguacil J" first="Juan" last="Alguacil">Juan Alguacil</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigación en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CYSMA), Universidad de Huelva , Huelva , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Huelva , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aragones, Nuria" sort="Aragones, Nuria" uniqKey="Aragones N" first="Nuria" last="Aragones">Nuria Aragones</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health , Madrid , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suare Varela, Maria Morales" sort="Suare Varela, Maria Morales" uniqKey="Suare Varela M" first="Maria Morales" last="Suare-Varela">Maria Morales Suare-Varela</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain ; Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universitat de Valencia , Valencia , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goedhart, Geertje" sort="Goedhart, Geertje" uniqKey="Goedhart G" first="Geertje" last="Goedhart">Geertje Goedhart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schouten Van Meeteren, A Antoinette Y N" sort="Schouten Van Meeteren, A Antoinette Y N" uniqKey="Schouten Van Meeteren A" first="A Antoinette Y N" last="Schouten-Van Meeteren">A Antoinette Y N. Schouten-Van Meeteren</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatric Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) , Den Haag , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reedijk, A Ardine M J" sort="Reedijk, A Ardine M J" uniqKey="Reedijk A" first="A Ardine M J" last="Reedijk">A Ardine M J. Reedijk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) , Den Haag , Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardis, Elisabeth" sort="Cardis, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Cardis E" first="Elisabeth" last="Cardis">Elisabeth Cardis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Barcelona , Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in public health</title><idno type="ISSN">2296-2565</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The rapid increase in mobile phone use in young people has generated concern about possible health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). MOBI-Kids, a multinational case-control study, investigates the potential effects of childhood and adolescent exposure to EMF from mobile communications technologies on brain tumor risk in 14 countries. The study, which aims to include approximately 1,000 brain tumor cases aged 10-24 years and two individually matched controls for each case, follows a common protocol and builds upon the methodological experience of the INTERPHONE study. The design and conduct of a study on EMF exposure and brain tumor risk in young people in a large number of countries is complex and poses methodological challenges. This manuscript discusses the design of MOBI-Kids and describes the challenges and approaches chosen to address them, including: (1) the choice of controls operated for suspected appendicitis, to reduce potential selection bias related to low response rates among population controls; (2) investigating a young study population spanning a relatively wide age range; (3) conducting a large, multinational epidemiological study, while adhering to increasingly stricter ethics requirements; (4) investigating a rare and potentially fatal disease; and (5) assessing exposure to EMF from communication technologies. Our experience in thus far developing and implementing the study protocol indicates that MOBI-Kids is feasible and will generate results that will contribute to the understanding of potential brain tumor risks associated with use of mobile phones and other wireless communications technologies among young people.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25295243</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2014</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>08</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>08</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2296-2565</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>2</Volume><PubDate><Year>2014</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Frontiers in public health</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Front Public Health</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The MOBI-Kids Study Protocol: Challenges in Assessing Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Technologies and Possible Association with Brain Tumor Risk.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>124</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fpubh.2014.00124</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The rapid increase in mobile phone use in young people has generated concern about possible health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). MOBI-Kids, a multinational case-control study, investigates the potential effects of childhood and adolescent exposure to EMF from mobile communications technologies on brain tumor risk in 14 countries. The study, which aims to include approximately 1,000 brain tumor cases aged 10-24 years and two individually matched controls for each case, follows a common protocol and builds upon the methodological experience of the INTERPHONE study. The design and conduct of a study on EMF exposure and brain tumor risk in young people in a large number of countries is complex and poses methodological challenges. This manuscript discusses the design of MOBI-Kids and describes the challenges and approaches chosen to address them, including: (1) the choice of controls operated for suspected appendicitis, to reduce potential selection bias related to low response rates among population controls; (2) investigating a young study population spanning a relatively wide age range; (3) conducting a large, multinational epidemiological study, while adhering to increasingly stricter ethics requirements; (4) investigating a rare and potentially fatal disease; and (5) assessing exposure to EMF from communication technologies. Our experience in thus far developing and implementing the study protocol indicates that MOBI-Kids is feasible and will generate results that will contribute to the understanding of potential brain tumor risks associated with use of mobile phones and other wireless communications technologies among young people.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sadetzki</LastName><ForeName>Siegal</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Langer</LastName><ForeName>Chelsea Eastman</ForeName><Initials>CE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Barcelona , Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bruchim</LastName><ForeName>Revital</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kundi</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Merletti</LastName><ForeName>Franco</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin , Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vermeulen</LastName><ForeName>Roel</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kromhout</LastName><ForeName>Hans</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Ae-Kyoung</ForeName><Initials>AK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI) , Daejeon , South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maslanyj</LastName><ForeName>Myron</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England , Chilton , UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sim</LastName><ForeName>Malcolm R</ForeName><Initials>MR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne , VIC , Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Taki</LastName><ForeName>Masao</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Electrical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo , Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wiart</LastName><ForeName>Joe</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Whist Laboratory , Paris , France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Armstrong</LastName><ForeName>Bruce</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Milne</LastName><ForeName>Elizabeth</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Telecom Institute for Child Health Research Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Benke</LastName><ForeName>Geza</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne , VIC , Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schattner</LastName><ForeName>Rosa</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne , VIC , Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hutter</LastName><ForeName>Hans-Peter</ForeName><Initials>HP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Woehrer</LastName><ForeName>Adelheid</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Institute of Neurology, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Krewski</LastName><ForeName>Daniel</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mohipp</LastName><ForeName>Charmaine</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Momoli</LastName><ForeName>Franco</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ritvo</LastName><ForeName>Paul</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario , Ontario, ON , Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Spinelli</LastName><ForeName>John</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC , Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lacour</LastName><ForeName>Brigitte</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU , Nancy , France ; UMRS 1018, CESP, INSERM , Villejuif , France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Delmas</LastName><ForeName>Dominique</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU , Nancy , France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Remen</LastName><ForeName>Thomas</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU , Nancy , France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Radon</LastName><ForeName>Katja</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Weinmann</LastName><ForeName>Tobias</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Klostermann</LastName><ForeName>Swaantje</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Heinrich</LastName><ForeName>Sabine</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU) , Munich , Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Petridou</LastName><ForeName>Eleni</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bouka</LastName><ForeName>Evdoxia</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Panagopoulou</LastName><ForeName>Paraskevi</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dikshit</LastName><ForeName>Rajesh</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre , Mumbai , India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nagrani</LastName><ForeName>Rajini</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre , Mumbai , India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Even-Nir</LastName><ForeName>Hadas</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chetrit</LastName><ForeName>Angela</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maule</LastName><ForeName>Milena</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin , Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Migliore</LastName><ForeName>Enrica</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin , Turin , Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Filippini</LastName><ForeName>Graziella</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Neuroepidemiology Research Unit, Instituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta , Milan , Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Miligi</LastName><ForeName>Lucia</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unit of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for the Study and Prevention of Cancer , Florence , Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mattioli</LastName><ForeName>Stefano</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yamaguchi</LastName><ForeName>Naohito</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kojimahara</LastName><ForeName>Noriko</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo , Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ha</LastName><ForeName>Mina</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine , Cheonan , South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Choi</LastName><ForeName>Kyung-Hwa</ForeName><Initials>KH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Dankook University , Cheonan , South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mannetje</LastName><ForeName>Andrea 't</ForeName><Initials>A'</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University , Wellington , New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eng</LastName><ForeName>Amanda</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University , Wellington , New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Woodward</LastName><ForeName>Alistair</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Population Health, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carretero</LastName><ForeName>Gema</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Barcelona , Spain ; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alguacil</LastName><ForeName>Juan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Investigación en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CYSMA), Universidad de Huelva , Huelva , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Huelva , Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aragones</LastName><ForeName>Nuria</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health , Madrid , Spain ; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Suare-Varela</LastName><ForeName>Maria Morales</ForeName><Initials>MM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain ; Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universitat de Valencia , Valencia , Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goedhart</LastName><ForeName>Geertje</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schouten-van Meeteren</LastName><ForeName>A Antoinette Y N</ForeName><Initials>AA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Paediatric Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) , Den Haag , Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reedijk</LastName><ForeName>A Ardine M J</ForeName><Initials>AA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) , Den Haag , Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author 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