Establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas.
Identifieur interne : 000D02 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000D01; suivant : 000D03Establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas.
Auteurs : N R Faria [Royaume-Uni] ; J. Quick [Royaume-Uni] ; I M Claro [Brésil] ; J. Thézé [Royaume-Uni] ; J G De Jesus [Brésil] ; M. Giovanetti [Brésil] ; M U G. Kraemer [Royaume-Uni] ; S C Hill [Royaume-Uni] ; A. Black [États-Unis] ; A C Da Costa [Brésil] ; L C Franco [Brésil] ; S P Silva [Brésil] ; C-H Wu [Royaume-Uni] ; J. Raghwani [Royaume-Uni] ; S. Cauchemez [France] ; L. Du Plessis [Royaume-Uni] ; M P Verotti [Brésil] ; W K De Oliveira [Brésil] ; E H Carmo [Brésil] ; G E Coelho [Brésil] ; A C F S. Santelli [Brésil] ; L C Vinhal [Brésil] ; C M Henriques [Brésil] ; J T Simpson [Canada] ; M. Loose [Royaume-Uni] ; K G Andersen [États-Unis] ; N D Grubaugh [États-Unis] ; S. Somasekar [États-Unis] ; C Y Chiu [États-Unis] ; J E Mu Oz-Medina [Mexique] ; C R Gonzalez-Bonilla [Mexique] ; C F Arias [Mexique] ; L L Lewis-Ximenez [Brésil] ; S A Baylis [Allemagne] ; A O Chieppe [Brésil] ; S F Aguiar [Brésil] ; C A Fernandes [Brésil] ; P S Lemos [Brésil] ; B L S. Nascimento [Brésil] ; H A O. Monteiro [Brésil] ; I C Siqueira [Brésil] ; M G De Queiroz [Brésil] ; T R De Souza [Brésil] ; J F Bezerra [Brésil] ; M R Lemos [Brésil] ; G F Pereira [Brésil] ; D. Loudal [Brésil] ; L C Moura [Brésil] ; R. Dhalia [Brésil] ; R F França [Brésil] ; T. Magalhães [Brésil] ; E T Marques [Brésil] ; T. Jaenisch [Allemagne] ; G L Wallau [Brésil] ; M C De Lima [Brésil] ; V. Nascimento [Brésil] ; E M De Cerqueira [Brésil] ; M M De Lima [Brésil] ; D L Mascarenhas [Brésil] ; J P Moura Neto [Brésil] ; A S Levin [Brésil] ; T R Tozetto-Mendoza [Brésil] ; S N Fonseca [Brésil] ; M C Mendes-Correa [Brésil] ; F P Milagres [Brésil] ; A. Segurado [Brésil] ; E C Holmes [Australie] ; A. Rambaut [Royaume-Uni] ; T. Bedford [États-Unis] ; M R T. Nunes [Brésil] ; E C Sabino [Brésil] ; L C J. Alcantara [Brésil] ; N J Loman [Royaume-Uni] ; O G Pybus [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2017.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Amériques (épidémiologie), Analyse spatio-temporelle, Brésil (épidémiologie), Génome viral (génétique), Humains, Infection par le virus Zika (transmission), Infection par le virus Zika (virologie), Infection par le virus Zika (épidémiologie), Microcéphalie (virologie), Microcéphalie (épidémiologie), Nombre de reproduction de base, Phylogéographie, Variation génétique, Virus Zika (génétique), Virus Zika (isolement et purification), Épidémiologie moléculaire.
- MESH :
- génétique : Génome viral, Virus Zika.
- isolement et purification : Virus Zika.
- virologie : Infection par le virus Zika, Microcéphalie.
- épidémiologie : Amériques, Brésil, Infection par le virus Zika, Microcéphalie.
- Analyse spatio-temporelle, Humains, Nombre de reproduction de base, Phylogéographie, Variation génétique, Épidémiologie moléculaire.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Americas (epidemiology), Basic Reproduction Number, Brazil (epidemiology), Genetic Variation, Genome, Viral (genetics), Humans, Microcephaly (epidemiology), Microcephaly (virology), Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeography, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Zika Virus (genetics), Zika Virus (isolation & purification), Zika Virus Infection (epidemiology), Zika Virus Infection (transmission), Zika Virus Infection (virology).
- MESH :
- epidemiology : Americas, Brazil, Microcephaly, Zika Virus Infection.
- genetics : Genome, Viral, Zika Virus.
- isolation & purification : Zika Virus.
- transmission : Zika Virus Infection.
- virology : Microcephaly, Zika Virus Infection.
- Basic Reproduction Number, Genetic Variation, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeography, Spatio-Temporal Analysis.
Abstract
Transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas was first confirmed in May 2015 in northeast Brazil. Brazil has had the highest number of reported ZIKV cases worldwide (more than 200,000 by 24 December 2016) and the most cases associated with microcephaly and other birth defects (2,366 confirmed by 31 December 2016). Since the initial detection of ZIKV in Brazil, more than 45 countries in the Americas have reported local ZIKV transmission, with 24 of these reporting severe ZIKV-associated disease. However, the origin and epidemic history of ZIKV in Brazil and the Americas remain poorly understood, despite the value of this information for interpreting observed trends in reported microcephaly. Here we address this issue by generating 54 complete or partial ZIKV genomes, mostly from Brazil, and reporting data generated by a mobile genomics laboratory that travelled across northeast Brazil in 2016. One sequence represents the earliest confirmed ZIKV infection in Brazil. Analyses of viral genomes with ecological and epidemiological data yield an estimate that ZIKV was present in northeast Brazil by February 2014 and is likely to have disseminated from there, nationally and internationally, before the first detection of ZIKV in the Americas. Estimated dates for the international spread of ZIKV from Brazil indicate the duration of pre-detection cryptic transmission in recipient regions. The role of northeast Brazil in the establishment of ZIKV in the Americas is further supported by geographic analysis of ZIKV transmission potential and by estimates of the basic reproduction number of the virus.
DOI: 10.1038/nature22401
PubMed: 28538727
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Brésil, Canada, France, Mexique, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Bade-Wurtemberg, Bahia, Californie, District de Karlsruhe, Midlands de l'Ouest, Nottinghamshire, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Oxfordshire, Pernambuco, Washington (État), Écosse, État de Rio de Janeiro, État de São Paulo, Île-de-France
- Birmingham, Heidelberg, Nottingham, Oxford, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, São Paulo, Édimbourg
- Université d'Oxford, Université d'Édimbourg, Université de Birmingham, Université de Nottingham, Université de Sydney, Université de São Paulo
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pubmed:28538727Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Vinhal, L C" sort="Vinhal, L C" uniqKey="Vinhal L" first="L C" last="Vinhal">L C Vinhal</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Henriques, C M" sort="Henriques, C M" uniqKey="Henriques C" first="C M" last="Henriques">C M Henriques</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Simpson, J T" sort="Simpson, J T" uniqKey="Simpson J" first="J T" last="Simpson">J T Simpson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Loose, M" sort="Loose, M" uniqKey="Loose M" first="M" last="Loose">M. Loose</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Grubaugh, N D" sort="Grubaugh, N D" uniqKey="Grubaugh N" first="N D" last="Grubaugh">N D Grubaugh</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Chiu, C Y" sort="Chiu, C Y" uniqKey="Chiu C" first="C Y" last="Chiu">C Y Chiu</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mu Oz Medina, J E" sort="Mu Oz Medina, J E" uniqKey="Mu Oz Medina J" first="J E" last="Mu Oz-Medina">J E Mu Oz-Medina</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ciudad de México</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Bonilla, C R" sort="Gonzalez Bonilla, C R" uniqKey="Gonzalez Bonilla C" first="C R" last="Gonzalez-Bonilla">C R Gonzalez-Bonilla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ciudad de México</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Arias, C F" sort="Arias, C F" uniqKey="Arias C" first="C F" last="Arias">C F Arias</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cuernavaca</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lewis Ximenez, L L" sort="Lewis Ximenez, L L" uniqKey="Lewis Ximenez L" first="L L" last="Lewis-Ximenez">L L Lewis-Ximenez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement>
<region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baylis, S A" sort="Baylis, S A" uniqKey="Baylis S" first="S A" last="Baylis">S A Baylis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Langen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Langen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Langen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chieppe, A O" sort="Chieppe, A O" uniqKey="Chieppe A" first="A O" last="Chieppe">A O Chieppe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement>
<region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aguiar, S F" sort="Aguiar, S F" uniqKey="Aguiar S" first="S F" last="Aguiar">S F Aguiar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement>
<region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fernandes, C A" sort="Fernandes, C A" uniqKey="Fernandes C" first="C A" last="Fernandes">C A Fernandes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement>
<region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lemos, P S" sort="Lemos, P S" uniqKey="Lemos P" first="P S" last="Lemos">P S Lemos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ananindeua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nascimento, B L S" sort="Nascimento, B L S" uniqKey="Nascimento B" first="B L S" last="Nascimento">B L S. Nascimento</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ananindeua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monteiro, H A O" sort="Monteiro, H A O" uniqKey="Monteiro H" first="H A O" last="Monteiro">H A O. Monteiro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ananindeua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siqueira, I C" sort="Siqueira, I C" uniqKey="Siqueira I" first="I C" last="Siqueira">I C Siqueira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Queiroz, M G" sort="De Queiroz, M G" uniqKey="De Queiroz M" first="M G" last="De Queiroz">M G De Queiroz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Natal</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Souza, T R" sort="De Souza, T R" uniqKey="De Souza T" first="T R" last="De Souza">T R De Souza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Natal</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bezerra, J F" sort="Bezerra, J F" uniqKey="Bezerra J" first="J F" last="Bezerra">J F Bezerra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Natal</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lemos, M R" sort="Lemos, M R" uniqKey="Lemos M" first="M R" last="Lemos">M R Lemos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>João Pessoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pereira, G F" sort="Pereira, G F" uniqKey="Pereira G" first="G F" last="Pereira">G F Pereira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>João Pessoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loudal, D" sort="Loudal, D" uniqKey="Loudal D" first="D" last="Loudal">D. Loudal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>João Pessoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moura, L C" sort="Moura, L C" uniqKey="Moura L" first="L C" last="Moura">L C Moura</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>João Pessoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dhalia, R" sort="Dhalia, R" uniqKey="Dhalia R" first="R" last="Dhalia">R. Dhalia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franca, R F" sort="Franca, R F" uniqKey="Franca R" first="R F" last="França">R F França</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Magalhaes, T" sort="Magalhaes, T" uniqKey="Magalhaes T" first="T" last="Magalhães">T. Magalhães</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marques, E T" sort="Marques, E T" uniqKey="Marques E" first="E T" last="Marques">E T Marques</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jaenisch, T" sort="Jaenisch, T" uniqKey="Jaenisch T" first="T" last="Jaenisch">T. Jaenisch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region>
<settlement type="city">Heidelberg</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wallau, G L" sort="Wallau, G L" uniqKey="Wallau G" first="G L" last="Wallau">G L Wallau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Lima, M C" sort="De Lima, M C" uniqKey="De Lima M" first="M C" last="De Lima">M C De Lima</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Maceió</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nascimento, V" sort="Nascimento, V" uniqKey="Nascimento V" first="V" last="Nascimento">V. Nascimento</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Maceió</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Cerqueira, E M" sort="De Cerqueira, E M" uniqKey="De Cerqueira E" first="E M" last="De Cerqueira">E M De Cerqueira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Maceió</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Lima, M M" sort="De Lima, M M" uniqKey="De Lima M" first="M M" last="De Lima">M M De Lima</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mascarenhas, D L" sort="Mascarenhas, D L" uniqKey="Mascarenhas D" first="D L" last="Mascarenhas">D L Mascarenhas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Neto, J P Moura" sort="Neto, J P Moura" uniqKey="Neto J" first="J P Moura" last="Neto">J P Moura Neto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Manaus</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levin, A S" sort="Levin, A S" uniqKey="Levin A" first="A S" last="Levin">A S Levin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
<settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tozetto Mendoza, T R" sort="Tozetto Mendoza, T R" uniqKey="Tozetto Mendoza T" first="T R" last="Tozetto-Mendoza">T R Tozetto-Mendoza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
<settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fonseca, S N" sort="Fonseca, S N" uniqKey="Fonseca S" first="S N" last="Fonseca">S N Fonseca</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital São Francisco, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hospital São Francisco, Ribeirão Preto</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ribeirão Preto</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mendes Correa, M C" sort="Mendes Correa, M C" uniqKey="Mendes Correa M" first="M C" last="Mendes-Correa">M C Mendes-Correa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
<settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Milagres, F P" sort="Milagres, F P" uniqKey="Milagres F" first="F P" last="Milagres">F P Milagres</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Palmas</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Segurado, A" sort="Segurado, A" uniqKey="Segurado A" first="A" last="Segurado">A. Segurado</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
<settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, E C" sort="Holmes, E C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="E C" last="Holmes">E C Holmes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
<settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" sort="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="A" last="Rambaut">A. Rambaut</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement>
<region type="country">Écosse</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bedford, T" sort="Bedford, T" uniqKey="Bedford T" first="T" last="Bedford">T. Bedford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nunes, M R T" sort="Nunes, M R T" uniqKey="Nunes M" first="M R T" last="Nunes">M R T. Nunes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ananindeua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sabino, E C" sort="Sabino, E C" uniqKey="Sabino E" first="E C" last="Sabino">E C Sabino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Quick, J" sort="Quick, J" uniqKey="Quick J" first="J" last="Quick">J. Quick</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wu, C H" sort="Wu, C H" uniqKey="Wu C" first="C-H" last="Wu">C-H Wu</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="De Oliveira, W K" sort="De Oliveira, W K" uniqKey="De Oliveira W" first="W K" last="De Oliveira">W K De Oliveira</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Vinhal, L C" sort="Vinhal, L C" uniqKey="Vinhal L" first="L C" last="Vinhal">L C Vinhal</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Henriques, C M" sort="Henriques, C M" uniqKey="Henriques C" first="C M" last="Henriques">C M Henriques</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Simpson, J T" sort="Simpson, J T" uniqKey="Simpson J" first="J T" last="Simpson">J T Simpson</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Loose, M" sort="Loose, M" uniqKey="Loose M" first="M" last="Loose">M. Loose</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Grubaugh, N D" sort="Grubaugh, N D" uniqKey="Grubaugh N" first="N D" last="Grubaugh">N D Grubaugh</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Somasekar, S" sort="Somasekar, S" uniqKey="Somasekar S" first="S" last="Somasekar">S. Somasekar</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Chiu, C Y" sort="Chiu, C Y" uniqKey="Chiu C" first="C Y" last="Chiu">C Y Chiu</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mu Oz Medina, J E" sort="Mu Oz Medina, J E" uniqKey="Mu Oz Medina J" first="J E" last="Mu Oz-Medina">J E Mu Oz-Medina</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Bonilla, C R" sort="Gonzalez Bonilla, C R" uniqKey="Gonzalez Bonilla C" first="C R" last="Gonzalez-Bonilla">C R Gonzalez-Bonilla</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Chieppe, A O" sort="Chieppe, A O" uniqKey="Chieppe A" first="A O" last="Chieppe">A O Chieppe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Aguiar, S F" sort="Aguiar, S F" uniqKey="Aguiar S" first="S F" last="Aguiar">S F Aguiar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement>
<region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Fernandes, C A" sort="Fernandes, C A" uniqKey="Fernandes C" first="C A" last="Fernandes">C A Fernandes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement>
<region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Lemos, P S" sort="Lemos, P S" uniqKey="Lemos P" first="P S" last="Lemos">P S Lemos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ananindeua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nascimento, B L S" sort="Nascimento, B L S" uniqKey="Nascimento B" first="B L S" last="Nascimento">B L S. Nascimento</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ananindeua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monteiro, H A O" sort="Monteiro, H A O" uniqKey="Monteiro H" first="H A O" last="Monteiro">H A O. Monteiro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ananindeua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siqueira, I C" sort="Siqueira, I C" uniqKey="Siqueira I" first="I C" last="Siqueira">I C Siqueira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Queiroz, M G" sort="De Queiroz, M G" uniqKey="De Queiroz M" first="M G" last="De Queiroz">M G De Queiroz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Souza, T R" sort="De Souza, T R" uniqKey="De Souza T" first="T R" last="De Souza">T R De Souza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bezerra, J F" sort="Bezerra, J F" uniqKey="Bezerra J" first="J F" last="Bezerra">J F Bezerra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Natal</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lemos, M R" sort="Lemos, M R" uniqKey="Lemos M" first="M R" last="Lemos">M R Lemos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>João Pessoa</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pereira, G F" sort="Pereira, G F" uniqKey="Pereira G" first="G F" last="Pereira">G F Pereira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>João Pessoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loudal, D" sort="Loudal, D" uniqKey="Loudal D" first="D" last="Loudal">D. Loudal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>João Pessoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moura, L C" sort="Moura, L C" uniqKey="Moura L" first="L C" last="Moura">L C Moura</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>João Pessoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dhalia, R" sort="Dhalia, R" uniqKey="Dhalia R" first="R" last="Dhalia">R. Dhalia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franca, R F" sort="Franca, R F" uniqKey="Franca R" first="R F" last="França">R F França</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Magalhaes, T" sort="Magalhaes, T" uniqKey="Magalhaes T" first="T" last="Magalhães">T. Magalhães</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marques, E T" sort="Marques, E T" uniqKey="Marques E" first="E T" last="Marques">E T Marques</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jaenisch, T" sort="Jaenisch, T" uniqKey="Jaenisch T" first="T" last="Jaenisch">T. Jaenisch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region>
<settlement type="city">Heidelberg</settlement>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wallau, G L" sort="Wallau, G L" uniqKey="Wallau G" first="G L" last="Wallau">G L Wallau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Pernambuco</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Lima, M C" sort="De Lima, M C" uniqKey="De Lima M" first="M C" last="De Lima">M C De Lima</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Maceió</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nascimento, V" sort="Nascimento, V" uniqKey="Nascimento V" first="V" last="Nascimento">V. Nascimento</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Maceió</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Cerqueira, E M" sort="De Cerqueira, E M" uniqKey="De Cerqueira E" first="E M" last="De Cerqueira">E M De Cerqueira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Maceió</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Lima, M M" sort="De Lima, M M" uniqKey="De Lima M" first="M M" last="De Lima">M M De Lima</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mascarenhas, D L" sort="Mascarenhas, D L" uniqKey="Mascarenhas D" first="D L" last="Mascarenhas">D L Mascarenhas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Neto, J P Moura" sort="Neto, J P Moura" uniqKey="Neto J" first="J P Moura" last="Neto">J P Moura Neto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Manaus</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levin, A S" sort="Levin, A S" uniqKey="Levin A" first="A S" last="Levin">A S Levin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
<settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
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<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tozetto Mendoza, T R" sort="Tozetto Mendoza, T R" uniqKey="Tozetto Mendoza T" first="T R" last="Tozetto-Mendoza">T R Tozetto-Mendoza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
<settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fonseca, S N" sort="Fonseca, S N" uniqKey="Fonseca S" first="S N" last="Fonseca">S N Fonseca</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital São Francisco, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hospital São Francisco, Ribeirão Preto</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ribeirão Preto</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mendes Correa, M C" sort="Mendes Correa, M C" uniqKey="Mendes Correa M" first="M C" last="Mendes-Correa">M C Mendes-Correa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
<settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Milagres, F P" sort="Milagres, F P" uniqKey="Milagres F" first="F P" last="Milagres">F P Milagres</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Palmas</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Segurado, A" sort="Segurado, A" uniqKey="Segurado A" first="A" last="Segurado">A. Segurado</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
<settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, E C" sort="Holmes, E C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="E C" last="Holmes">E C Holmes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
<settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" sort="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="A" last="Rambaut">A. Rambaut</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement>
<region type="country">Écosse</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bedford, T" sort="Bedford, T" uniqKey="Bedford T" first="T" last="Bedford">T. Bedford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nunes, M R T" sort="Nunes, M R T" uniqKey="Nunes M" first="M R T" last="Nunes">M R T. Nunes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ananindeua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sabino, E C" sort="Sabino, E C" uniqKey="Sabino E" first="E C" last="Sabino">E C Sabino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
<settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alcantara, L C J" sort="Alcantara, L C J" uniqKey="Alcantara L" first="L C J" last="Alcantara">L C J. Alcantara</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loman, N J" sort="Loman, N J" uniqKey="Loman N" first="N J" last="Loman">N J Loman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
<settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pybus, O G" sort="Pybus, O G" uniqKey="Pybus O" first="O G" last="Pybus">O G Pybus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Nature</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno>
<imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<term>Basic Reproduction Number</term>
<term>Brazil (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Genetic Variation</term>
<term>Genome, Viral (genetics)</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Microcephaly (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Microcephaly (virology)</term>
<term>Molecular Epidemiology</term>
<term>Phylogeography</term>
<term>Spatio-Temporal Analysis</term>
<term>Zika Virus (genetics)</term>
<term>Zika Virus (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>Zika Virus Infection (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Zika Virus Infection (transmission)</term>
<term>Zika Virus Infection (virology)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Amériques (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Analyse spatio-temporelle</term>
<term>Brésil (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Génome viral (génétique)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Infection par le virus Zika (transmission)</term>
<term>Infection par le virus Zika (virologie)</term>
<term>Infection par le virus Zika (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Microcéphalie (virologie)</term>
<term>Microcéphalie (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Nombre de reproduction de base</term>
<term>Phylogéographie</term>
<term>Variation génétique</term>
<term>Virus Zika (génétique)</term>
<term>Virus Zika (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Épidémiologie moléculaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Americas</term>
<term>Brazil</term>
<term>Microcephaly</term>
<term>Zika Virus Infection</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Genome, Viral</term>
<term>Zika Virus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Génome viral</term>
<term>Virus Zika</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Zika Virus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus Zika</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Zika Virus Infection</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infection par le virus Zika</term>
<term>Microcéphalie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Microcephaly</term>
<term>Zika Virus Infection</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Amériques</term>
<term>Brésil</term>
<term>Infection par le virus Zika</term>
<term>Microcéphalie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Basic Reproduction Number</term>
<term>Genetic Variation</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Molecular Epidemiology</term>
<term>Phylogeography</term>
<term>Spatio-Temporal Analysis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse spatio-temporelle</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Nombre de reproduction de base</term>
<term>Phylogéographie</term>
<term>Variation génétique</term>
<term>Épidémiologie moléculaire</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas was first confirmed in May 2015 in northeast Brazil. Brazil has had the highest number of reported ZIKV cases worldwide (more than 200,000 by 24 December 2016) and the most cases associated with microcephaly and other birth defects (2,366 confirmed by 31 December 2016). Since the initial detection of ZIKV in Brazil, more than 45 countries in the Americas have reported local ZIKV transmission, with 24 of these reporting severe ZIKV-associated disease. However, the origin and epidemic history of ZIKV in Brazil and the Americas remain poorly understood, despite the value of this information for interpreting observed trends in reported microcephaly. Here we address this issue by generating 54 complete or partial ZIKV genomes, mostly from Brazil, and reporting data generated by a mobile genomics laboratory that travelled across northeast Brazil in 2016. One sequence represents the earliest confirmed ZIKV infection in Brazil. Analyses of viral genomes with ecological and epidemiological data yield an estimate that ZIKV was present in northeast Brazil by February 2014 and is likely to have disseminated from there, nationally and internationally, before the first detection of ZIKV in the Americas. Estimated dates for the international spread of ZIKV from Brazil indicate the duration of pre-detection cryptic transmission in recipient regions. The role of northeast Brazil in the establishment of ZIKV in the Americas is further supported by geographic analysis of ZIKV transmission potential and by estimates of the basic reproduction number of the virus.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28538727</PMID>
<DateCreated><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>24</Day>
</DateCreated>
<DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>06</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>27</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>546</Volume>
<Issue>7658</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>06</Month>
<Day>15</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Nature</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>406-410</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nature22401</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>Transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas was first confirmed in May 2015 in northeast Brazil. Brazil has had the highest number of reported ZIKV cases worldwide (more than 200,000 by 24 December 2016) and the most cases associated with microcephaly and other birth defects (2,366 confirmed by 31 December 2016). Since the initial detection of ZIKV in Brazil, more than 45 countries in the Americas have reported local ZIKV transmission, with 24 of these reporting severe ZIKV-associated disease. However, the origin and epidemic history of ZIKV in Brazil and the Americas remain poorly understood, despite the value of this information for interpreting observed trends in reported microcephaly. Here we address this issue by generating 54 complete or partial ZIKV genomes, mostly from Brazil, and reporting data generated by a mobile genomics laboratory that travelled across northeast Brazil in 2016. One sequence represents the earliest confirmed ZIKV infection in Brazil. Analyses of viral genomes with ecological and epidemiological data yield an estimate that ZIKV was present in northeast Brazil by February 2014 and is likely to have disseminated from there, nationally and internationally, before the first detection of ZIKV in the Americas. Estimated dates for the international spread of ZIKV from Brazil indicate the duration of pre-detection cryptic transmission in recipient regions. The role of northeast Brazil in the establishment of ZIKV in the Americas is further supported by geographic analysis of ZIKV transmission potential and by estimates of the basic reproduction number of the virus.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Faria</LastName>
<ForeName>N R</ForeName>
<Initials>NR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Quick</LastName>
<ForeName>J</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>I M</ForeName>
<Initials>IM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>J</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>J G</ForeName>
<Initials>JG</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>MUG</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>SC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>AC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>L C</ForeName>
<Initials>LC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>C-H</ForeName>
<Initials>CH</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, UK.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris, France.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Coordenação dos Laboratórios de Saúde (CGLAB/DEVIT/SVS), Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Coordenação Geral de Vigilância e Resposta às Emergências em Saúde Pública (CGVR/DEVIT), Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>EH</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>G E</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Coordenação Geral dos Programas de Controle e Prevenção da Malária e das Doenças Transmitidas pelo Aedes, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Buenos Aires, Argentina.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>A C F S</ForeName>
<Initials>ACFS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Coordenação Geral dos Programas de Controle e Prevenção da Malária e das Doenças Transmitidas pelo Aedes, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Coordenação Geral dos Programas de Controle e Prevenção da Malária e das Doenças Transmitidas pelo Aedes, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>J T</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>KG</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.</Affiliation>
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<Initials>ND</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine &Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>C Y</ForeName>
<Initials>CY</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine &Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>J E</ForeName>
<Initials>JE</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>C R</ForeName>
<Initials>CR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arias</LastName>
<ForeName>C F</ForeName>
<Initials>CF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lewis-Ximenez</LastName>
<ForeName>L L</ForeName>
<Initials>LL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baylis</LastName>
<ForeName>S A</ForeName>
<Initials>SA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chieppe</LastName>
<ForeName>A O</ForeName>
<Initials>AO</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aguiar</LastName>
<ForeName>S F</ForeName>
<Initials>SF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>C A</ForeName>
<Initials>CA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>P S</ForeName>
<Initials>PS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>B L S</ForeName>
<Initials>BLS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>H A O</ForeName>
<Initials>HAO</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>I C</ForeName>
<Initials>IC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>M G</ForeName>
<Initials>MG</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>T R</ForeName>
<Initials>TR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universidade Potiguar do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>J F</ForeName>
<Initials>JF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculdade Natalense de Ensino e Cultura, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lemos</LastName>
<ForeName>M R</ForeName>
<Initials>MR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>G F</ForeName>
<Initials>GF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>D</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>L C</ForeName>
<Initials>LC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>R</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>R F</ForeName>
<Initials>RF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>T</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Immunology &Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>E T</ForeName>
<Initials>ET</Initials>
<Suffix>Jr</Suffix>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>T</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>G L</ForeName>
<Initials>GL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>M C</ForeName>
<Initials>MC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nascimento</LastName>
<ForeName>V</ForeName>
<Initials>V</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Cerqueira</LastName>
<ForeName>E M</ForeName>
<Initials>EM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Lima</LastName>
<ForeName>M M</ForeName>
<Initials>MM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mascarenhas</LastName>
<ForeName>D L</ForeName>
<Initials>DL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Neto</LastName>
<ForeName>J P Moura</ForeName>
<Initials>JPM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Levin</LastName>
<ForeName>A S</ForeName>
<Initials>AS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tozetto-Mendoza</LastName>
<ForeName>T R</ForeName>
<Initials>TR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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