Environmental and Occupational Interventions for Primary Prevention of Cancer: A Cross-Sectorial Policy Framework
Identifieur interne : 002D68 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002D67; suivant : 002D69Environmental and Occupational Interventions for Primary Prevention of Cancer: A Cross-Sectorial Policy Framework
Auteurs : Carolina Espina [Suisse, France] ; Miquel Porta [Espagne] ; Joachim Schüz [France] ; Ildefonso Hernández Aguado [Espagne] ; Robert V. Percival [États-Unis] ; Carlos Dora [Suisse] ; Terry Slevin [Australie] ; Julietta Rodriguez Guzman [Colombie, États-Unis] ; Tim Meredith [Suisse] ; Philip J. Landrigan [États-Unis] ; Maria Neira [Suisse]Source :
- Environmental Health Perspectives [ 0091-6765 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Background: Nearly 13 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths occur worldwide each year; 63% of cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. A substantial proportion of all cancers are attributable to carcinogenic exposures in the environment and the workplace.
Objective: We aimed to develop an evidence-based global vision and strategy for the primary prevention of environmental and occupational cancer.
Methods: We identified relevant studies through PubMed by using combinations of the search terms “environmental,” “occupational,” “exposure,” “cancer,” “primary prevention,” and “interventions.” To supplement the literature review, we convened an international conference titled “Environmental and Occupational Determinants of Cancer: Interventions for Primary Prevention” under the auspices of the World Health Organization, in Asturias, Spain, on 17–18 March 2011.
Discussion: Many cancers of environmental and occupational origin could be prevented. Prevention is most effectively achieved through primary prevention policies that reduce or eliminate involuntary exposures to proven and probable carcinogens. Such strategies can be implemented in a straightforward and cost-effective way based on current knowledge, and they have the added benefit of synergistically reducing risks for other noncommunicable diseases by reducing exposures to shared risk factors.
Conclusions: Opportunities exist to revitalize comprehensive global cancer control policies by incorporating primary interventions against environmental and occupational carcinogens.
Url:
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205897
PubMed: 23384642
PubMed Central: 3620754
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Percival</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Environmental Law Program, University of Maryland Carey School of Law, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Environmental Law Program, University of Maryland Carey School of Law, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dora, Carlos" sort="Dora, Carlos" uniqKey="Dora C" first="Carlos" last="Dora">Carlos Dora</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slevin, Terry" sort="Slevin, Terry" uniqKey="Slevin T" first="Terry" last="Slevin">Terry Slevin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guzman, Julietta Rodriguez" sort="Guzman, Julietta Rodriguez" uniqKey="Guzman J" first="Julietta Rodriguez" last="Guzman">Julietta Rodriguez Guzman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Occupational Health Program, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Occupational Health Program, El Bosque University, Bogota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Department of Sustainable Development and Environment, Pan-American Health Organization/ WHO, Washington DC, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Sustainable Development and Environment, Pan-American Health Organization/ WHO, Washington DC</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meredith, Tim" sort="Meredith, Tim" uniqKey="Meredith T" first="Tim" last="Meredith">Tim Meredith</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landrigan, Philip J" sort="Landrigan, Philip J" uniqKey="Landrigan P" first="Philip J." last="Landrigan">Philip J. Landrigan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neira, Maria" sort="Neira, Maria" uniqKey="Neira M" first="Maria" last="Neira">Maria Neira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23384642</idno><idno type="pmc">3620754</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3620754</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3620754</idno><idno type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1205897</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002F19</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002F19</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002D68</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002D68</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Environmental and Occupational Interventions for Primary Prevention of Cancer: A Cross-Sectorial Policy Framework</title><author><name sortKey="Espina, Carolina" sort="Espina, Carolina" uniqKey="Espina C" first="Carolina" last="Espina">Carolina Espina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Porta, Miquel" sort="Porta, Miquel" uniqKey="Porta M" first="Miquel" last="Porta">Miquel Porta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM–Hospital del Mar–prbb), Barcelona, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM–Hospital del Mar–prbb), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Networking Centre of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Networking Centre of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuz, Joachim" sort="Schuz, Joachim" uniqKey="Schuz J" first="Joachim" last="Schüz">Joachim Schüz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aguado, Ildefonso Hernandez" sort="Aguado, Ildefonso Hernandez" uniqKey="Aguado I" first="Ildefonso Hernández" last="Aguado">Ildefonso Hernández Aguado</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Networking Centre of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Networking Centre of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Department of Public Health, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Percival, Robert V" sort="Percival, Robert V" uniqKey="Percival R" first="Robert V." last="Percival">Robert V. Percival</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Environmental Law Program, University of Maryland Carey School of Law, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Environmental Law Program, University of Maryland Carey School of Law, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dora, Carlos" sort="Dora, Carlos" uniqKey="Dora C" first="Carlos" last="Dora">Carlos Dora</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slevin, Terry" sort="Slevin, Terry" uniqKey="Slevin T" first="Terry" last="Slevin">Terry Slevin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guzman, Julietta Rodriguez" sort="Guzman, Julietta Rodriguez" uniqKey="Guzman J" first="Julietta Rodriguez" last="Guzman">Julietta Rodriguez Guzman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Occupational Health Program, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Occupational Health Program, El Bosque University, Bogota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Department of Sustainable Development and Environment, Pan-American Health Organization/ WHO, Washington DC, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Sustainable Development and Environment, Pan-American Health Organization/ WHO, Washington DC</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meredith, Tim" sort="Meredith, Tim" uniqKey="Meredith T" first="Tim" last="Meredith">Tim Meredith</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landrigan, Philip J" sort="Landrigan, Philip J" uniqKey="Landrigan P" first="Philip J." last="Landrigan">Philip J. Landrigan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neira, Maria" sort="Neira, Maria" uniqKey="Neira M" first="Maria" last="Neira">Maria Neira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environmental Health Perspectives</title><idno type="ISSN">0091-6765</idno><idno type="eISSN">1552-9924</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Background: Nearly 13 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths occur worldwide each year; 63% of cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. A substantial proportion of all cancers are attributable to carcinogenic exposures in the environment and the workplace.</p><p>Objective: We aimed to develop an evidence-based global vision and strategy for the primary prevention of environmental and occupational cancer.</p><p>Methods: We identified relevant studies through PubMed by using combinations of the search terms “environmental,” “occupational,” “exposure,” “cancer,” “primary prevention,” and “interventions.” To supplement the literature review, we convened an international conference titled “Environmental and Occupational Determinants of Cancer: Interventions for Primary Prevention” under the auspices of the World Health Organization, in Asturias, Spain, on 17–18 March 2011.</p><p>Discussion: Many cancers of environmental and occupational origin could be prevented. Prevention is most effectively achieved through primary prevention policies that reduce or eliminate involuntary exposures to proven and probable carcinogens. Such strategies can be implemented in a straightforward and cost-effective way based on current knowledge, and they have the added benefit of synergistically reducing risks for other noncommunicable diseases by reducing exposures to shared risk factors.</p><p>Conclusions: Opportunities exist to revitalize comprehensive global cancer control policies by incorporating primary interventions against environmental and occupational carcinogens.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adami, Ho" uniqKey="Adami H">HO Adami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Day, Ne" uniqKey="Day N">NE Day</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trichopoulos, D" uniqKey="Trichopoulos D">D Trichopoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willett, Wc" uniqKey="Willett W">WC Willett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Asaria, P" uniqKey="Asaria P">P Asaria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chisholm, D" uniqKey="Chisholm D">D Chisholm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mathers, C" uniqKey="Mathers C">C Mathers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ezzati, M" uniqKey="Ezzati M">M Ezzati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beaglehole, R" uniqKey="Beaglehole R">R. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Environ Health Perspect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Environ. Health Perspect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Environ. Health Perspect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EHP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Environmental Health Perspectives</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0091-6765</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1552-9924</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23384642</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3620754</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ehp.1205897</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1205897</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Environmental and Occupational Interventions for Primary Prevention of Cancer: A Cross-Sectorial Policy Framework</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Espina</surname><given-names>Carolina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Porta</surname><given-names>Miquel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schüz</surname><given-names>Joachim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aguado</surname><given-names>Ildefonso Hernández</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Percival</surname><given-names>Robert V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dora</surname><given-names>Carlos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slevin</surname><given-names>Terry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guzman</surname><given-names>Julietta Rodriguez</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meredith</surname><given-names>Tim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Landrigan</surname><given-names>Philip J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Neira</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM–Hospital del Mar–prbb), Barcelona, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Networking Centre of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label><addr-line>Department of Public Health, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label><addr-line>Environmental Law Program, University of Maryland Carey School of Law, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label><addr-line>Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label><addr-line>Occupational Health Program, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff10"><label>10</label><addr-line>Department of Sustainable Development and Environment, Pan-American Health Organization/ WHO, Washington DC, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff11"><label>11</label><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA</addr-line></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Address correspondence to M. Neira, Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland. Telephone: 41 22 791 5526. Blackberry: 41 79 468 2587. E-mail: <email>neiram@who.int</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>121</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>420</fpage><lpage>426</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>31</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" license-type="public-domain"><license-p>Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. </license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Background: Nearly 13 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths occur worldwide each year; 63% of cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. A substantial proportion of all cancers are attributable to carcinogenic exposures in the environment and the workplace.</p><p>Objective: We aimed to develop an evidence-based global vision and strategy for the primary prevention of environmental and occupational cancer.</p><p>Methods: We identified relevant studies through PubMed by using combinations of the search terms “environmental,” “occupational,” “exposure,” “cancer,” “primary prevention,” and “interventions.” To supplement the literature review, we convened an international conference titled “Environmental and Occupational Determinants of Cancer: Interventions for Primary Prevention” under the auspices of the World Health Organization, in Asturias, Spain, on 17–18 March 2011.</p><p>Discussion: Many cancers of environmental and occupational origin could be prevented. Prevention is most effectively achieved through primary prevention policies that reduce or eliminate involuntary exposures to proven and probable carcinogens. Such strategies can be implemented in a straightforward and cost-effective way based on current knowledge, and they have the added benefit of synergistically reducing risks for other noncommunicable diseases by reducing exposures to shared risk factors.</p><p>Conclusions: Opportunities exist to revitalize comprehensive global cancer control policies by incorporating primary interventions against environmental and occupational carcinogens.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>cancer</kwd><kwd>environmental health</kwd><kwd>occupational</kwd><kwd>policy</kwd><kwd>primary prevention</kwd><kwd>public health</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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