Spatially Explicit Trends in the Global Conservation Status of Vertebrates
Identifieur interne : 000373 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000372; suivant : 000374Spatially Explicit Trends in the Global Conservation Status of Vertebrates
Auteurs : Ana S. L. Rodrigues [France] ; Thomas M. Brooks [Suisse, Philippines, Australie] ; Stuart H. M. Butchart [Royaume-Uni] ; Janice Chanson [Suisse] ; Neil Cox [Suisse, États-Unis] ; Michael Hoffmann [Suisse, Royaume-Uni] ; Simon N. Stuart [Suisse, États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, Émirats arabes unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The world's governments have committed to preventing the extinction of threatened species and improving their conservation status by 2020. However, biodiversity is not evenly distributed across space, and neither are the drivers of its decline, and so different regions face very different challenges. Here, we quantify the contribution of regions and countries towards recent global trends in vertebrate conservation status (as measured by the Red List Index), to guide action towards the 2020 target. We found that>50% of the global deterioration in the conservation status of birds, mammals and amphibians is concentrated in <1% of the surface area, 39/1098 ecoregions (4%) and eight/195 countries (4%) – Australia, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, and the United States. These countries hold a third of global diversity in these vertebrate groups, partially explaining why they concentrate most of the losses. Yet, other megadiverse countries – most notably Brazil (responsible for 10% of species but just 1% of deterioration), plus India and Madagascar – performed better in conserving their share of global vertebrate diversity. Very few countries, mostly island nations (e.g. Cook Islands, Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Tonga), have achieved net improvements. Per capita wealth does not explain these patterns, with two of the richest countries – United States and Australia – fairing conspicuously poorly. Different countries were affected by different combinations of threats. Reducing global rates of biodiversity loss will require investment in the regions and countries with the highest responsibility for the world's biodiversity, focusing on conserving those species and areas most in peril and on reducing the drivers with the highest impacts.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113934
PubMed: 25426636
PubMed Central: 4245261
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The world's governments have committed to preventing the extinction of threatened species and improving their conservation status by 2020. However, biodiversity is not evenly distributed across space, and neither are the drivers of its decline, and so different regions face very different challenges. Here, we quantify the contribution of regions and countries towards recent global trends in vertebrate conservation status (as measured by the Red List Index), to guide action towards the 2020 target. We found that>50% of the global deterioration in the conservation status of birds, mammals and amphibians is concentrated in <1% of the surface area, 39/1098 ecoregions (4%) and eight/195 countries (4%) – Australia, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, and the United States. These countries hold a third of global diversity in these vertebrate groups, partially explaining why they concentrate most of the losses. Yet, other megadiverse countries – most notably Brazil (responsible for 10% of species but just 1% of deterioration), plus India and Madagascar – performed better in conserving their share of global vertebrate diversity. Very few countries, mostly island nations (e.g. Cook Islands, Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Tonga), have achieved net improvements. Per capita wealth does not explain these patterns, with two of the richest countries – United States and Australia – fairing conspicuously poorly. Different countries were affected by different combinations of threats. Reducing global rates of biodiversity loss will require investment in the regions and countries with the highest responsibility for the world's biodiversity, focusing on conserving those species and areas most in peril and on reducing the drivers with the highest impacts.</p>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25426636</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4245261</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-14-18787</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0113934</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ecological Metrics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Extinction Risk</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Biodiversity</subject>
<subject>Global Change Ecology</subject>
<subject>Macroecology</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Veterinary Science</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animal Types</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Wildlife</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Zoology</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Spatially Explicit Trends in the Global Conservation Status of Vertebrates</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Spatially Explicit Trends in Global Conservation Status</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rodrigues</surname>
<given-names>Ana S. L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brooks</surname>
<given-names>Thomas M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Butchart</surname>
<given-names>Stuart H. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chanson</surname>
<given-names>Janice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cox</surname>
<given-names>Neil</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hoffmann</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stuart</surname>
<given-names>Simon N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Centre d′Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>IUCN, 28 rue Mauverney, CH-1196, Gland, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Ste 500, Arlington, VA, 22202, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8"><label>8</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9"><label>9</label>
<addr-line>Al Ain Zoo, P.O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Moreira</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Portugal</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>ana.rodrigues@cefe.cnrs.fr</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: ASLR TMB SHMB MH SNS. Analyzed the data: ASLR JC MH NC. Wrote the paper: ASLR TMB SHMB JC NC MH SNS.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<elocation-id>e113934</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Rodrigues et al</copyright-holder>
<license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>The world's governments have committed to preventing the extinction of threatened species and improving their conservation status by 2020. However, biodiversity is not evenly distributed across space, and neither are the drivers of its decline, and so different regions face very different challenges. Here, we quantify the contribution of regions and countries towards recent global trends in vertebrate conservation status (as measured by the Red List Index), to guide action towards the 2020 target. We found that>50% of the global deterioration in the conservation status of birds, mammals and amphibians is concentrated in <1% of the surface area, 39/1098 ecoregions (4%) and eight/195 countries (4%) – Australia, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, and the United States. These countries hold a third of global diversity in these vertebrate groups, partially explaining why they concentrate most of the losses. Yet, other megadiverse countries – most notably Brazil (responsible for 10% of species but just 1% of deterioration), plus India and Madagascar – performed better in conserving their share of global vertebrate diversity. Very few countries, mostly island nations (e.g. Cook Islands, Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Tonga), have achieved net improvements. Per capita wealth does not explain these patterns, with two of the richest countries – United States and Australia – fairing conspicuously poorly. Different countries were affected by different combinations of threats. Reducing global rates of biodiversity loss will require investment in the regions and countries with the highest responsibility for the world's biodiversity, focusing on conserving those species and areas most in peril and on reducing the drivers with the highest impacts.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>This analysis is based on data compiled under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species for bird, mammals and amphibians, an effort involving thousands of individuals over decades. This compilation was funded by a diversity of donors (full list in reference 7), and in particular by: Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.moore.org/">http://www.moore.org/</ext-link>
); Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cepf.net">http://www.cepf.net</ext-link>
); Conservation International (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.conservation.org">http://www.conservation.org</ext-link>
); NatureServe (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.natureserve.org">www.natureserve.org</ext-link>
); BirdLife′s Founder Patrons (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/major-donors-and-supporters">http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/major-donors-and-supporters</ext-link>
); Aage V. Jensen Charity Foundation (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.avjf.dk">www.avjf.dk</ext-link>
). A.S.L.R. was funded by the French National Research Agency (project MORSE: ANR 11 CEPL 006 01). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><page-count count="17"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>The authors confirm that, for approved reasons, some access restrictions apply to the data underlying the findings. The relevant data necessary to replicate our results are owned by a third party and not by any of the authors. Data on mammals and amphibians can be downloaded from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives">http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives</ext-link>
. Data on birds should be requested using the form at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/info/spcdownload">http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/info/spcdownload</ext-link>
. Data on the changes in species' Red List status and the main threats driving those changes are published in Table S6 of reference [7] (doi:10.1126/science.1194442).</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>The authors confirm that, for approved reasons, some access restrictions apply to the data underlying the findings. The relevant data necessary to replicate our results are owned by a third party and not by any of the authors. Data on mammals and amphibians can be downloaded from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives">http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives</ext-link>
. Data on birds should be requested using the form at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/info/spcdownload">http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/info/spcdownload</ext-link>
. Data on the changes in species' Red List status and the main threats driving those changes are published in Table S6 of reference [7] (doi:10.1126/science.1194442).</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
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