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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis</title><author><name sortKey="Sawcer, Stephen" sort="Sawcer, Stephen" uniqKey="Sawcer S" first="Stephen" last="Sawcer">Stephen Sawcer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hellenthal, Garrett" sort="Hellenthal, Garrett" uniqKey="Hellenthal G" first="Garrett" last="Hellenthal">Garrett Hellenthal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirinen, Matti" sort="Pirinen, Matti" uniqKey="Pirinen M" first="Matti" last="Pirinen">Matti Pirinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spencer, Chris C A" sort="Spencer, Chris C A" uniqKey="Spencer C" first="Chris C. A." last="Spencer">Chris C. A. Spencer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A" sort="Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A" uniqKey="Patsopoulos N" first="Nikolaos A." last="Patsopoulos">Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moutsianas, Loukas" sort="Moutsianas, Loukas" uniqKey="Moutsianas L" first="Loukas" last="Moutsianas">Loukas Moutsianas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Dept Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dilthey, Alexander" sort="Dilthey, Alexander" uniqKey="Dilthey A" first="Alexander" last="Dilthey">Alexander Dilthey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Dept Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Zhan" sort="Su, Zhan" uniqKey="Su Z" first="Zhan" last="Su">Zhan Su</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, Colin" sort="Freeman, Colin" uniqKey="Freeman C" first="Colin" last="Freeman">Colin Freeman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Sarah E" sort="Hunt, Sarah E" uniqKey="Hunt S" first="Sarah E." last="Hunt">Sarah E. Hunt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edkins, Sarah" sort="Edkins, Sarah" uniqKey="Edkins S" first="Sarah" last="Edkins">Sarah Edkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gray, Emma" sort="Gray, Emma" uniqKey="Gray E" first="Emma" last="Gray">Emma Gray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Booth, David R" sort="Booth, David R" uniqKey="Booth D" first="David R." last="Booth">David R. Booth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Potter, Simon C" sort="Potter, Simon C" uniqKey="Potter S" first="Simon C." last="Potter">Simon C. Potter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goris, An" sort="Goris, An" uniqKey="Goris A" first="An" last="Goris">An Goris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Band, Gavin" sort="Band, Gavin" uniqKey="Band G" first="Gavin" last="Band">Gavin Band</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oturai, Annette Bang" sort="Oturai, Annette Bang" uniqKey="Oturai A" first="Annette Bang" last="Oturai">Annette Bang Oturai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strange, Amy" sort="Strange, Amy" uniqKey="Strange A" first="Amy" last="Strange">Amy Strange</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saarela, Janna" sort="Saarela, Janna" uniqKey="Saarela J" first="Janna" last="Saarela">Janna Saarela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bellenguez, Celine" sort="Bellenguez, Celine" uniqKey="Bellenguez C" first="Céline" last="Bellenguez">Céline Bellenguez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontaine, Bertrand" sort="Fontaine, Bertrand" uniqKey="Fontaine B" first="Bertrand" last="Fontaine">Bertrand Fontaine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">INSERM UMR S 975 CRICM, UPMC, Département de neurologie Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillman, Matthew" sort="Gillman, Matthew" uniqKey="Gillman M" first="Matthew" last="Gillman">Matthew Gillman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hemmer, Bernhard" sort="Hemmer, Bernhard" uniqKey="Hemmer B" first="Bernhard" last="Hemmer">Bernhard Hemmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gwilliam, Rhian" sort="Gwilliam, Rhian" uniqKey="Gwilliam R" first="Rhian" last="Gwilliam">Rhian Gwilliam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zipp, Frauke" sort="Zipp, Frauke" uniqKey="Zipp F" first="Frauke" last="Zipp">Frauke Zipp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Neurology, University Medicine Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jayakumar, Alagurevathi" sort="Jayakumar, Alagurevathi" uniqKey="Jayakumar A" first="Alagurevathi" last="Jayakumar">Alagurevathi Jayakumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Roland" sort="Martin, Roland" uniqKey="Martin R" first="Roland" last="Martin">Roland Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical MS Research (inims), Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leslie, Stephen" sort="Leslie, Stephen" uniqKey="Leslie S" first="Stephen" last="Leslie">Stephen Leslie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Stanley" sort="Hawkins, Stanley" uniqKey="Hawkins S" first="Stanley" last="Hawkins">Stanley Hawkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giannoulatou, Eleni" sort="Giannoulatou, Eleni" uniqKey="Giannoulatou E" first="Eleni" last="Giannoulatou">Eleni Giannoulatou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Lfonso, Sandra" sort="D Lfonso, Sandra" uniqKey="D Lfonso S" first="Sandra" last="D Lfonso">Sandra D Lfonso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blackburn, Hannah" sort="Blackburn, Hannah" uniqKey="Blackburn H" first="Hannah" last="Blackburn">Hannah Blackburn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boneschi, Filippo Martinelli" sort="Boneschi, Filippo Martinelli" uniqKey="Boneschi F" first="Filippo Martinelli" last="Boneschi">Filippo Martinelli Boneschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liddle, Jennifer" sort="Liddle, Jennifer" uniqKey="Liddle J" first="Jennifer" last="Liddle">Jennifer Liddle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harbo, Hanne F" sort="Harbo, Hanne F" uniqKey="Harbo H" first="Hanne F." last="Harbo">Hanne F. Harbo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez, Marc L" sort="Perez, Marc L" uniqKey="Perez M" first="Marc L." last="Perez">Marc L. Perez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spurkland, Anne" sort="Spurkland, Anne" uniqKey="Spurkland A" first="Anne" last="Spurkland">Anne Spurkland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Institute of Basal Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waller, Matthew J" sort="Waller, Matthew J" uniqKey="Waller M" first="Matthew J" last="Waller">Matthew J. Waller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mycko, Marcin P" sort="Mycko, Marcin P" uniqKey="Mycko M" first="Marcin P." last="Mycko">Marcin P. Mycko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricketts, Michelle" sort="Ricketts, Michelle" uniqKey="Ricketts M" first="Michelle" last="Ricketts">Michelle Ricketts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comabella, Manuel" sort="Comabella, Manuel" uniqKey="Comabella M" first="Manuel" last="Comabella">Manuel Comabella</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Clinical Neuroinmunology Unit, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (CEM-Cat), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond, Naomi" sort="Hammond, Naomi" uniqKey="Hammond N" first="Naomi" last="Hammond">Naomi Hammond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kockum, Ingrid" sort="Kockum, Ingrid" uniqKey="Kockum I" first="Ingrid" last="Kockum">Ingrid Kockum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccann, Owen T" sort="Mccann, Owen T" uniqKey="Mccann O" first="Owen T." last="Mccann">Owen T. Mccann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ban, Maria" sort="Ban, Maria" uniqKey="Ban M" first="Maria" last="Ban">Maria Ban</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whittaker, Pamela" sort="Whittaker, Pamela" uniqKey="Whittaker P" first="Pamela" last="Whittaker">Pamela Whittaker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemppinen, Anu" sort="Kemppinen, Anu" uniqKey="Kemppinen A" first="Anu" last="Kemppinen">Anu Kemppinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weston, Paul" sort="Weston, Paul" uniqKey="Weston P" first="Paul" last="Weston">Paul Weston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Clive" sort="Hawkins, Clive" uniqKey="Hawkins C" first="Clive" last="Hawkins">Clive Hawkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Keele University Medical School, Stoke-on-Trent, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widaa, Sara" sort="Widaa, Sara" uniqKey="Widaa S" first="Sara" last="Widaa">Sara Widaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zajicek, John" sort="Zajicek, John" uniqKey="Zajicek J" first="John" last="Zajicek">John Zajicek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Clinical Neurology Research Group, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dronov, Serge" sort="Dronov, Serge" uniqKey="Dronov S" first="Serge" last="Dronov">Serge Dronov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, Neil" sort="Robertson, Neil" uniqKey="Robertson N" first="Neil" last="Robertson">Neil Robertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bumpstead, Suzannah J" sort="Bumpstead, Suzannah J" uniqKey="Bumpstead S" first="Suzannah J." last="Bumpstead">Suzannah J. Bumpstead</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barcellos, Lisa F" sort="Barcellos, Lisa F" uniqKey="Barcellos L" first="Lisa F." last="Barcellos">Lisa F. Barcellos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ravindrarajah, Rathi" sort="Ravindrarajah, Rathi" uniqKey="Ravindrarajah R" first="Rathi" last="Ravindrarajah">Rathi Ravindrarajah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abraham, Roby" sort="Abraham, Roby" uniqKey="Abraham R" first="Roby" last="Abraham">Roby Abraham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Keele University Medical School, Stoke-on-Trent, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alfredsson, Lars" sort="Alfredsson, Lars" uniqKey="Alfredsson L" first="Lars" last="Alfredsson">Lars Alfredsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ardlie, Kristin" sort="Ardlie, Kristin" uniqKey="Ardlie K" first="Kristin" last="Ardlie">Kristin Ardlie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aubin, Cristin" sort="Aubin, Cristin" uniqKey="Aubin C" first="Cristin" last="Aubin">Cristin Aubin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Amie" sort="Baker, Amie" uniqKey="Baker A" first="Amie" last="Baker">Amie Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Katharine" sort="Baker, Katharine" uniqKey="Baker K" first="Katharine" last="Baker">Katharine Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baranzini, Sergio E" sort="Baranzini, Sergio E" uniqKey="Baranzini S" first="Sergio E." last="Baranzini">Sergio E. Baranzini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergamaschi, Laura" sort="Bergamaschi, Laura" uniqKey="Bergamaschi L" first="Laura" last="Bergamaschi">Laura Bergamaschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergamaschi, Roberto" sort="Bergamaschi, Roberto" uniqKey="Bergamaschi R" first="Roberto" last="Bergamaschi">Roberto Bergamaschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Neurological Institute C. Mondino, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernstein, Allan" sort="Bernstein, Allan" uniqKey="Bernstein A" first="Allan" last="Bernstein">Allan Bernstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berthele, Achim" sort="Berthele, Achim" uniqKey="Berthele A" first="Achim" last="Berthele">Achim Berthele</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boggild, Mike" sort="Boggild, Mike" uniqKey="Boggild M" first="Mike" last="Boggild">Mike Boggild</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradfield, Jonathan P" sort="Bradfield, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Bradfield J" first="Jonathan P." last="Bradfield">Jonathan P. Bradfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brassat, David" sort="Brassat, David" uniqKey="Brassat D" first="David" last="Brassat">David Brassat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">INSERM U 563 et Pôle Neurosciences, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broadley, Simon A" sort="Broadley, Simon A" uniqKey="Broadley S" first="Simon A." last="Broadley">Simon A. Broadley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">School of Medicine, Griffith University, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buck, Dorothea" sort="Buck, Dorothea" uniqKey="Buck D" first="Dorothea" last="Buck">Dorothea Buck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butzkueven, Helmut" sort="Butzkueven, Helmut" uniqKey="Butzkueven H" first="Helmut" last="Butzkueven">Helmut Butzkueven</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Medicine, RMH Cluster, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capra, Ruggero" sort="Capra, Ruggero" uniqKey="Capra R" first="Ruggero" last="Capra">Ruggero Capra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Ospedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carroll, William M" sort="Carroll, William M" uniqKey="Carroll W" first="William M." last="Carroll">William M. Carroll</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavalla, Paola" sort="Cavalla, Paola" uniqKey="Cavalla P" first="Paola" last="Cavalla">Paola Cavalla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, A.O.U. San Giovanni Battista,Turin, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Celius, Elisabeth G" sort="Celius, Elisabeth G" uniqKey="Celius E" first="Elisabeth G." last="Celius">Elisabeth G. Celius</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cepok, Sabine" sort="Cepok, Sabine" uniqKey="Cepok S" first="Sabine" last="Cepok">Sabine Cepok</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiavacci, Rosetta" sort="Chiavacci, Rosetta" uniqKey="Chiavacci R" first="Rosetta" last="Chiavacci">Rosetta Chiavacci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clerget Darpoux, Francoise" sort="Clerget Darpoux, Francoise" uniqKey="Clerget Darpoux F" first="Françoise" last="Clerget-Darpoux">Françoise Clerget-Darpoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">INSERM U535, Univ Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clysters, Katleen" sort="Clysters, Katleen" uniqKey="Clysters K" first="Katleen" last="Clysters">Katleen Clysters</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comi, Giancarlo" sort="Comi, Giancarlo" uniqKey="Comi G" first="Giancarlo" last="Comi">Giancarlo Comi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cossburn, Mark" sort="Cossburn, Mark" uniqKey="Cossburn M" first="Mark" last="Cossburn">Mark Cossburn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cournu Rebeix, Isabelle" sort="Cournu Rebeix, Isabelle" uniqKey="Cournu Rebeix I" first="Isabelle" last="Cournu-Rebeix">Isabelle Cournu-Rebeix</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">INSERM UMR S 975 CRICM, UPMC, Département de neurologie Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Mathew B" sort="Cox, Mathew B" uniqKey="Cox M" first="Mathew B." last="Cox">Mathew B. Cox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cozen, Wendy" sort="Cozen, Wendy" uniqKey="Cozen W" first="Wendy" last="Cozen">Wendy Cozen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St. NOR 4453, Los Angeles, CA 90033</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cree, Bruce A C" sort="Cree, Bruce A C" uniqKey="Cree B" first="Bruce A. C." last="Cree">Bruce A. C. Cree</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cross, Anne H" sort="Cross, Anne H" uniqKey="Cross A" first="Anne H." last="Cross">Anne H. Cross</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cusi, Daniele" sort="Cusi, Daniele" uniqKey="Cusi D" first="Daniele" last="Cusi">Daniele Cusi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, AO San Paolo, University of Milan, c/o Filarete Foundation - Viale Ortles 22/4 - 20139 Milano, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daly, Mark J" sort="Daly, Mark J" uniqKey="Daly M" first="Mark J." last="Daly">Mark J. Daly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Emma" sort="Davis, Emma" uniqKey="Davis E" first="Emma" last="Davis">Emma Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">The UK DNA Banking Network, Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Bakker, Paul I W" sort="De Bakker, Paul I W" uniqKey="De Bakker P" first="Paul I. W." last="De Bakker">Paul I. W. De Bakker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Debouverie, Marc" sort="Debouverie, Marc" uniqKey="Debouverie M" first="Marc" last="Debouverie">Marc Debouverie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Central, Nancy, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Ooghe, Marie Beatrice" sort="D Ooghe, Marie Beatrice" uniqKey="D Ooghe M" first="Marie Beatrice" last="D Ooghe">Marie Beatrice D Ooghe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">National Multiple Sclerosis Center, 1820 Melsbroek, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dixon, Katherine" sort="Dixon, Katherine" uniqKey="Dixon K" first="Katherine" last="Dixon">Katherine Dixon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">The UK DNA Banking Network, Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dobosi, Rita" sort="Dobosi, Rita" uniqKey="Dobosi R" first="Rita" last="Dobosi">Rita Dobosi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubois, Benedicte" sort="Dubois, Benedicte" uniqKey="Dubois B" first="Bénédicte" last="Dubois">Bénédicte Dubois</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellinghaus, David" sort="Ellinghaus, David" uniqKey="Ellinghaus D" first="David" last="Ellinghaus">David Ellinghaus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elovaara, Irina" sort="Elovaara, Irina" uniqKey="Elovaara I" first="Irina" last="Elovaara">Irina Elovaara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esposito, Federica" sort="Esposito, Federica" uniqKey="Esposito F" first="Federica" last="Esposito">Federica Esposito</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontenille, Claire" sort="Fontenille, Claire" uniqKey="Fontenille C" first="Claire" last="Fontenille">Claire Fontenille</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">INSERM UMR S 975 CRICM, UPMC, Département de neurologie Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foote, Simon" sort="Foote, Simon" uniqKey="Foote S" first="Simon" last="Foote">Simon Foote</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Menzies Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7000</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Andre" sort="Franke, Andre" uniqKey="Franke A" first="Andre" last="Franke">Andre Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galimberti, Daniela" sort="Galimberti, Daniela" uniqKey="Galimberti D" first="Daniela" last="Galimberti">Daniela Galimberti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Department of Neurological Sciences, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghezzi, Angelo" sort="Ghezzi, Angelo" uniqKey="Ghezzi A" first="Angelo" last="Ghezzi">Angelo Ghezzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla, Ospedale di Gallarate, Gallarate (VA), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glessner, Joseph" sort="Glessner, Joseph" uniqKey="Glessner J" first="Joseph" last="Glessner">Joseph Glessner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez, Refujia" sort="Gomez, Refujia" uniqKey="Gomez R" first="Refujia" last="Gomez">Refujia Gomez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gout, Olivier" sort="Gout, Olivier" uniqKey="Gout O" first="Olivier" last="Gout">Olivier Gout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Service de Neurologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, Colin" sort="Graham, Colin" uniqKey="Graham C" first="Colin" last="Graham">Colin Graham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland,UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Struan F A" sort="Grant, Struan F A" uniqKey="Grant S" first="Struan F. A." last="Grant">Struan F. A. Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerini, Franca Rosa" sort="Guerini, Franca Rosa" uniqKey="Guerini F" first="Franca Rosa" last="Guerini">Franca Rosa Guerini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, S. Maria Nascente, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, Per" sort="Hall, Per" uniqKey="Hall P" first="Per" last="Hall">Per Hall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamsten, Anders" sort="Hamsten, Anders" uniqKey="Hamsten A" first="Anders" last="Hamsten">Anders Hamsten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartung, Hans Peter" sort="Hartung, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Hartung H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Hartung">Hans-Peter Hartung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heard, Rob N" sort="Heard, Rob N" uniqKey="Heard R" first="Rob N." last="Heard">Rob N. Heard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heath, Simon" sort="Heath, Simon" uniqKey="Heath S" first="Simon" last="Heath">Simon Heath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Centre National de Genotypage, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, CO 5721, 91057 Evry Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hobart, Jeremy" sort="Hobart, Jeremy" uniqKey="Hobart J" first="Jeremy" last="Hobart">Jeremy Hobart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Clinical Neurology Research Group, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoshi, Muna" sort="Hoshi, Muna" uniqKey="Hoshi M" first="Muna" last="Hoshi">Muna Hoshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Infante Duarte, Carmen" sort="Infante Duarte, Carmen" uniqKey="Infante Duarte C" first="Carmen" last="Infante-Duarte">Carmen Infante-Duarte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ingram, Gillian" sort="Ingram, Gillian" uniqKey="Ingram G" first="Gillian" last="Ingram">Gillian Ingram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ingram, Wendy" sort="Ingram, Wendy" uniqKey="Ingram W" first="Wendy" last="Ingram">Wendy Ingram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Clinical Neurology Research Group, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Islam, Talat" sort="Islam, Talat" uniqKey="Islam T" first="Talat" last="Islam">Talat Islam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St. NOR 4453, Los Angeles, CA 90033</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jagodic, Maja" sort="Jagodic, Maja" uniqKey="Jagodic M" first="Maja" last="Jagodic">Maja Jagodic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kabesch, Michael" sort="Kabesch, Michael" uniqKey="Kabesch M" first="Michael" last="Kabesch">Michael Kabesch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Clinic for Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kermode, Allan G" sort="Kermode, Allan G" uniqKey="Kermode A" first="Allan G." last="Kermode">Allan G. Kermode</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kilpatrick, Trevor J" sort="Kilpatrick, Trevor J" uniqKey="Kilpatrick T" first="Trevor J." last="Kilpatrick">Trevor J. Kilpatrick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3050</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Cecilia" sort="Kim, Cecilia" uniqKey="Kim C" first="Cecilia" last="Kim">Cecilia Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klopp, Norman" sort="Klopp, Norman" uniqKey="Klopp N" first="Norman" last="Klopp">Norman Klopp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koivisto, Keijo" sort="Koivisto, Keijo" uniqKey="Koivisto K" first="Keijo" last="Koivisto">Keijo Koivisto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Larsson, Malin" sort="Larsson, Malin" uniqKey="Larsson M" first="Malin" last="Larsson">Malin Larsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lathrop, Mark" sort="Lathrop, Mark" uniqKey="Lathrop M" first="Mark" last="Lathrop">Mark Lathrop</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Centre National de Genotypage, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, CO 5721, 91057 Evry Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lechner Scott, Jeannette S" sort="Lechner Scott, Jeannette S" uniqKey="Lechner Scott J" first="Jeannette S." last="Lechner-Scott">Jeannette S. Lechner-Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leone, Maurizio A" sort="Leone, Maurizio A" uniqKey="Leone M" first="Maurizio A." last="Leone">Maurizio A. Leone</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">SCDU Neurology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lepp, Virpi" sort="Lepp, Virpi" uniqKey="Lepp V" first="Virpi" last="Lepp">Virpi Lepp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liljedahl, Ulrika" sort="Liljedahl, Ulrika" uniqKey="Liljedahl U" first="Ulrika" last="Liljedahl">Ulrika Liljedahl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Entrance 70, 3rd Floor, Res Dept 2, Univeristy Hospital, S-75185, Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bomfim, Izaura Lima" sort="Bomfim, Izaura Lima" uniqKey="Bomfim I" first="Izaura Lima" last="Bomfim">Izaura Lima Bomfim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lincoln, Robin R" sort="Lincoln, Robin R" uniqKey="Lincoln R" first="Robin R." last="Lincoln">Robin R. Lincoln</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Link, Jenny" sort="Link, Jenny" uniqKey="Link J" first="Jenny" last="Link">Jenny Link</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jianjun" sort="Liu, Jianjun" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jianjun" last="Liu">Jianjun Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Human Genetics and Cancer Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lorentzen, Slaug R" sort="Lorentzen, Slaug R" uniqKey="Lorentzen " first=" Slaug R." last="Lorentzen"> Slaug R. Lorentzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lupoli, Sara" sort="Lupoli, Sara" uniqKey="Lupoli S" first="Sara" last="Lupoli">Sara Lupoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, AO San Paolo, University of Milan, c/o Filarete Foundation - Viale Ortles 22/4 - 20139 Milano, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macciardi, Fabio" sort="Macciardi, Fabio" uniqKey="Macciardi F" first="Fabio" last="Macciardi">Fabio Macciardi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, AO San Paolo, University of Milan, c/o Filarete Foundation - Viale Ortles 22/4 - 20139 Milano, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Dept of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine (UCI), 5251 California Av, S.te 240, Irvine CA, 92617 - USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mack, Thomas" sort="Mack, Thomas" uniqKey="Mack T" first="Thomas" last="Mack">Thomas Mack</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St. NOR 4453, Los Angeles, CA 90033</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marriott, Mark" sort="Marriott, Mark" uniqKey="Marriott M" first="Mark" last="Marriott">Mark Marriott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3050</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinelli, Vittorio" sort="Martinelli, Vittorio" uniqKey="Martinelli V" first="Vittorio" last="Martinelli">Vittorio Martinelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mason, Deborah" sort="Mason, Deborah" uniqKey="Mason D" first="Deborah" last="Mason">Deborah Mason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccauley, Jacob L" sort="Mccauley, Jacob L" uniqKey="Mccauley J" first="Jacob L." last="Mccauley">Jacob L. Mccauley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and The Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mentch, Frank" sort="Mentch, Frank" uniqKey="Mentch F" first="Frank" last="Mentch">Frank Mentch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mero, Inger Lise" sort="Mero, Inger Lise" uniqKey="Mero I" first="Inger-Lise" last="Mero">Inger-Lise Mero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihalova, Tania" sort="Mihalova, Tania" uniqKey="Mihalova T" first="Tania" last="Mihalova">Tania Mihalova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Keele University Medical School, Stoke-on-Trent, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montalban, Xavier" sort="Montalban, Xavier" uniqKey="Montalban X" first="Xavier" last="Montalban">Xavier Montalban</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Clinical Neuroinmunology Unit, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (CEM-Cat), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mottershead, John" sort="Mottershead, John" uniqKey="Mottershead J" first="John" last="Mottershead">John Mottershead</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Greater Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">The Department of Neurology, Dunedin Public Hospital, Otago, NZ</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myhr, Kjell Morten" sort="Myhr, Kjell Morten" uniqKey="Myhr K" first="Kjell-Morten" last="Myhr">Kjell-Morten Myhr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">The Multiple Sclerosis National Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naldi, Paola" sort="Naldi, Paola" uniqKey="Naldi P" first="Paola" last="Naldi">Paola Naldi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">SCDU Neurology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ollier, William" sort="Ollier, William" uniqKey="Ollier W" first="William" last="Ollier">William Ollier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">The UK DNA Banking Network, Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Alison" sort="Page, Alison" uniqKey="Page A" first="Alison" last="Page">Alison Page</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Neurology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palotie, Aarno" sort="Palotie, Aarno" uniqKey="Palotie A" first="Aarno" last="Palotie">Aarno Palotie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pelletier, Jean" sort="Pelletier, Jean" uniqKey="Pelletier J" first="Jean" last="Pelletier">Jean Pelletier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques,Service de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piccio, Laura" sort="Piccio, Laura" uniqKey="Piccio L" first="Laura" last="Piccio">Laura Piccio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pickersgill, Trevor" sort="Pickersgill, Trevor" uniqKey="Pickersgill T" first="Trevor" last="Pickersgill">Trevor Pickersgill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piehl, Fredrik" sort="Piehl, Fredrik" uniqKey="Piehl F" first="Fredrik" last="Piehl">Fredrik Piehl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pobywajlo, Susan" sort="Pobywajlo, Susan" uniqKey="Pobywajlo S" first="Susan" last="Pobywajlo">Susan Pobywajlo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quach, Hong L" sort="Quach, Hong L" uniqKey="Quach H" first="Hong L." last="Quach">Hong L. Quach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramsay, Patricia P" sort="Ramsay, Patricia P" uniqKey="Ramsay P" first="Patricia P." last="Ramsay">Patricia P. Ramsay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reunanen, Mauri" sort="Reunanen, Mauri" uniqKey="Reunanen M" first="Mauri" last="Reunanen">Mauri Reunanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Department Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reynolds, Richard" sort="Reynolds, Richard" uniqKey="Reynolds R" first="Richard" last="Reynolds">Richard Reynolds</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">UK MS Tissue Bank, Wolfson Neuroscience Laboratories, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rioux, John D" sort="Rioux, John D" uniqKey="Rioux J" first="John D." last="Rioux">John D. Rioux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Université de Montréal & Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 rue Belanger, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodegher, Mariaemma" sort="Rodegher, Mariaemma" uniqKey="Rodegher M" first="Mariaemma" last="Rodegher">Mariaemma Rodegher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roesner, Sabine" sort="Roesner, Sabine" uniqKey="Roesner S" first="Sabine" last="Roesner">Sabine Roesner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical MS Research (inims), Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubio, Justin P" sort="Rubio, Justin P" uniqKey="Rubio J" first="Justin P." last="Rubio">Justin P. Rubio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruckert, Ina Maria" sort="Ruckert, Ina Maria" uniqKey="Ruckert I" first="Ina-Maria" last="Rückert">Ina-Maria Rückert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salvetti, Marco" sort="Salvetti, Marco" uniqKey="Salvetti M" first="Marco" last="Salvetti">Marco Salvetti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">Neurology and Center for Experimental Neurological Therapy (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salvi, Erika" sort="Salvi, Erika" uniqKey="Salvi E" first="Erika" last="Salvi">Erika Salvi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, AO San Paolo, University of Milan, c/o Filarete Foundation - Viale Ortles 22/4 - 20139 Milano, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">KOS Genetic Srl, Via Podgora, 7 - 20123 Milan - Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santaniello, Adam" sort="Santaniello, Adam" uniqKey="Santaniello A" first="Adam" last="Santaniello">Adam Santaniello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schaefer, Catherine A" sort="Schaefer, Catherine A" uniqKey="Schaefer C" first="Catherine A." last="Schaefer">Catherine A. Schaefer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schreiber, Stefan" sort="Schreiber, Stefan" uniqKey="Schreiber S" first="Stefan" last="Schreiber">Stefan Schreiber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schulze, Christian" sort="Schulze, Christian" uniqKey="Schulze C" first="Christian" last="Schulze">Christian Schulze</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Systems Biology and Protein-Protein Interaction, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Rodney J" sort="Scott, Rodney J" uniqKey="Scott R" first="Rodney J." last="Scott">Rodney J. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sellebjerg, Finn" sort="Sellebjerg, Finn" uniqKey="Sellebjerg F" first="Finn" last="Sellebjerg">Finn Sellebjerg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Selmaj, Krzysztof W" sort="Selmaj, Krzysztof W" uniqKey="Selmaj K" first="Krzysztof W." last="Selmaj">Krzysztof W. Selmaj</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sexton, David" sort="Sexton, David" uniqKey="Sexton D" first="David" last="Sexton">David Sexton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 519 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Ling" sort="Shen, Ling" uniqKey="Shen L" first="Ling" last="Shen">Ling Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simms Acuna, Brigid" sort="Simms Acuna, Brigid" uniqKey="Simms Acuna B" first="Brigid" last="Simms-Acuna">Brigid Simms-Acuna</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skidmore, Sheila" sort="Skidmore, Sheila" uniqKey="Skidmore S" first="Sheila" last="Skidmore">Sheila Skidmore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sleiman, Patrick M A" sort="Sleiman, Patrick M A" uniqKey="Sleiman P" first="Patrick M. A." last="Sleiman">Patrick M. A. Sleiman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smestad, Cathrine" sort="Smestad, Cathrine" uniqKey="Smestad C" first="Cathrine" last="Smestad">Cathrine Smestad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Rensen, Per Soelberg" sort="S Rensen, Per Soelberg" uniqKey="S Rensen P" first="Per Soelberg" last="S Rensen">Per Soelberg S Rensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Ndergaard, Helle Bach" sort="S Ndergaard, Helle Bach" uniqKey="S Ndergaard H" first="Helle Bach" last="S Ndergaard">Helle Bach S Ndergaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stankovich, Jim" sort="Stankovich, Jim" uniqKey="Stankovich J" first="Jim" last="Stankovich">Jim Stankovich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Menzies Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7000</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strange, Richard C" sort="Strange, Richard C" uniqKey="Strange R" first="Richard C." last="Strange">Richard C. Strange</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Keele University Medical School, Stoke-on-Trent, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sulonen, Anna Maija" sort="Sulonen, Anna Maija" uniqKey="Sulonen A" first="Anna-Maija" last="Sulonen">Anna-Maija Sulonen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sundqvist, Emilie" sort="Sundqvist, Emilie" uniqKey="Sundqvist E" first="Emilie" last="Sundqvist">Emilie Sundqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Syv Nen, Ann Christine" sort="Syv Nen, Ann Christine" uniqKey="Syv Nen A" first="Ann-Christine" last="Syv Nen">Ann-Christine Syv Nen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Entrance 70, 3rd Floor, Res Dept 2, Univeristy Hospital, S-75185, Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taddeo, Francesca" sort="Taddeo, Francesca" uniqKey="Taddeo F" first="Francesca" last="Taddeo">Francesca Taddeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">KOS Genetic Srl, Via Podgora, 7 - 20123 Milan - Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Bruce" sort="Taylor, Bruce" uniqKey="Taylor B" first="Bruce" last="Taylor">Bruce Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Menzies Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7000</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blackwell, Jenefer M" sort="Blackwell, Jenefer M" uniqKey="Blackwell J" first="Jenefer M." last="Blackwell">Jenefer M. Blackwell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tienari, Pentti" sort="Tienari, Pentti" uniqKey="Tienari P" first="Pentti" last="Tienari">Pentti Tienari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bramon, Elvira" sort="Bramon, Elvira" uniqKey="Bramon E" first="Elvira" last="Bramon">Elvira Bramon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London and The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tourbah, Ayman" sort="Tourbah, Ayman" uniqKey="Tourbah A" first="Ayman" last="Tourbah">Ayman Tourbah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Service de Neurologie et Faculté de Médecine de Reims, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Matthew A" sort="Brown, Matthew A" uniqKey="Brown M" first="Matthew A." last="Brown">Matthew A. Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tronczynska, Ewa" sort="Tronczynska, Ewa" uniqKey="Tronczynska E" first="Ewa" last="Tronczynska">Ewa Tronczynska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casas, Juan P" sort="Casas, Juan P" uniqKey="Casas J" first="Juan P." last="Casas">Juan P. Casas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">Dept Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tubridy, Niall" sort="Tubridy, Niall" uniqKey="Tubridy N" first="Niall" last="Tubridy">Niall Tubridy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3050</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corvin, Aiden" sort="Corvin, Aiden" uniqKey="Corvin A" first="Aiden" last="Corvin">Aiden Corvin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Eire</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vickery, Jane" sort="Vickery, Jane" uniqKey="Vickery J" first="Jane" last="Vickery">Jane Vickery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Clinical Neurology Research Group, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jankowski, Janusz" sort="Jankowski, Janusz" uniqKey="Jankowski J" first="Janusz" last="Jankowski">Janusz Jankowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Centre for Gastroenterology, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villoslada, Pablo" sort="Villoslada, Pablo" uniqKey="Villoslada P" first="Pablo" last="Villoslada">Pablo Villoslada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Markus, Hugh S" sort="Markus, Hugh S" uniqKey="Markus H" first="Hugh S." last="Markus">Hugh S. Markus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Clinical Neurosciences, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Kai" sort="Wang, Kai" uniqKey="Wang K" first="Kai" last="Wang">Kai Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathew, Christopher G" sort="Mathew, Christopher G" uniqKey="Mathew C" first="Christopher G." last="Mathew">Christopher G. Mathew</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Dept Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wason, James" sort="Wason, James" uniqKey="Wason J" first="James" last="Wason">James Wason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Colin N A" sort="Palmer, Colin N A" uniqKey="Palmer C" first="Colin N. A." last="Palmer">Colin N. A. Palmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wichmann, H Erich" sort="Wichmann, H Erich" uniqKey="Wichmann H" first="H-Erich" last="Wichmann">H-Erich Wichmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A120">Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Plomin, Robert" sort="Plomin, Robert" uniqKey="Plomin R" first="Robert" last="Plomin">Robert Plomin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">King’s College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willoughby, Ernest" sort="Willoughby, Ernest" uniqKey="Willoughby E" first="Ernest" last="Willoughby">Ernest Willoughby</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton Road, Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rautanen, Anna" sort="Rautanen, Anna" uniqKey="Rautanen A" first="Anna" last="Rautanen">Anna Rautanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winkelmann, Juliane" sort="Winkelmann, Juliane" uniqKey="Winkelmann J" first="Juliane" last="Winkelmann">Juliane Winkelmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wittig, Michael" sort="Wittig, Michael" uniqKey="Wittig M" first="Michael" last="Wittig">Michael Wittig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A125">Popgen Biobank, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trembath, Richard C" sort="Trembath, Richard C" uniqKey="Trembath R" first="Richard C." last="Trembath">Richard C. Trembath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Dept Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yaouanq, Jacqueline" sort="Yaouanq, Jacqueline" uniqKey="Yaouanq J" first="Jacqueline" last="Yaouanq">Jacqueline Yaouanq</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Pôle Recherche et Santé Publique, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viswanathan, Ananth C" sort="Viswanathan, Ananth C" uniqKey="Viswanathan A" first="Ananth C." last="Viswanathan">Ananth C. Viswanathan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A127">NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Haitao" sort="Zhang, Haitao" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Haitao" last="Zhang">Haitao Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Nicholas W" sort="Wood, Nicholas W" uniqKey="Wood N" first="Nicholas W." last="Wood">Nicholas W. Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A128">Dept Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zuvich, Rebecca" sort="Zuvich, Rebecca" uniqKey="Zuvich R" first="Rebecca" last="Zuvich">Rebecca Zuvich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 519 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deloukas, Panos" sort="Deloukas, Panos" uniqKey="Deloukas P" first="Panos" last="Deloukas">Panos Deloukas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langford, Cordelia" sort="Langford, Cordelia" uniqKey="Langford C" first="Cordelia" last="Langford">Cordelia Langford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duncanson, Audrey" sort="Duncanson, Audrey" uniqKey="Duncanson A" first="Audrey" last="Duncanson">Audrey Duncanson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Molecular and Physiological Sciences, The Wellcome Trust, London NW1 2BE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oksenberg, Jorge R" sort="Oksenberg, Jorge R" uniqKey="Oksenberg J" first="Jorge R." last="Oksenberg">Jorge R. Oksenberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" sort="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" uniqKey="Pericak Vance M" first="Margaret A." last="Pericak-Vance">Margaret A. Pericak-Vance</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and The Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haines, Jonathan L" sort="Haines, Jonathan L" uniqKey="Haines J" first="Jonathan L." last="Haines">Jonathan L. Haines</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 519 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olsson, Tomas" sort="Olsson, Tomas" uniqKey="Olsson T" first="Tomas" last="Olsson">Tomas Olsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hillert, Jan" sort="Hillert, Jan" uniqKey="Hillert J" first="Jan" last="Hillert">Jan Hillert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ivinson, Adrian J" sort="Ivinson, Adrian J" uniqKey="Ivinson A" first="Adrian J." last="Ivinson">Adrian J. Ivinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L." last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peltonen, Leena" sort="Peltonen, Leena" uniqKey="Peltonen L" first="Leena" last="Peltonen">Leena Peltonen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Graeme J" sort="Stewart, Graeme J" uniqKey="Stewart G" first="Graeme J." last="Stewart">Graeme J. Stewart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hafler, David A" sort="Hafler, David A" uniqKey="Hafler D" first="David A." last="Hafler">David A. Hafler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A131">Department of Neurology & Immunology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hauser, Stephen L" sort="Hauser, Stephen L" uniqKey="Hauser S" first="Stephen L." last="Hauser">Stephen L. Hauser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gil" sort="Mcvean, Gil" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gil" last="Mcvean">Gil Mcvean</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Peter" sort="Donnelly, Peter" uniqKey="Donnelly P" first="Peter" last="Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Dept Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Compston, Alastair" sort="Compston, Alastair" uniqKey="Compston A" first="Alastair" last="Compston">Alastair Compston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21833088</idno><idno type="pmc">3182531</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182531</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3182531</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature10251</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D59</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D59</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis</title><author><name sortKey="Sawcer, Stephen" sort="Sawcer, Stephen" uniqKey="Sawcer S" first="Stephen" last="Sawcer">Stephen Sawcer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hellenthal, Garrett" sort="Hellenthal, Garrett" uniqKey="Hellenthal G" first="Garrett" last="Hellenthal">Garrett Hellenthal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirinen, Matti" sort="Pirinen, Matti" uniqKey="Pirinen M" first="Matti" last="Pirinen">Matti Pirinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spencer, Chris C A" sort="Spencer, Chris C A" uniqKey="Spencer C" first="Chris C. A." last="Spencer">Chris C. A. Spencer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A" sort="Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A" uniqKey="Patsopoulos N" first="Nikolaos A." last="Patsopoulos">Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moutsianas, Loukas" sort="Moutsianas, Loukas" uniqKey="Moutsianas L" first="Loukas" last="Moutsianas">Loukas Moutsianas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Dept Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dilthey, Alexander" sort="Dilthey, Alexander" uniqKey="Dilthey A" first="Alexander" last="Dilthey">Alexander Dilthey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Dept Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Zhan" sort="Su, Zhan" uniqKey="Su Z" first="Zhan" last="Su">Zhan Su</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, Colin" sort="Freeman, Colin" uniqKey="Freeman C" first="Colin" last="Freeman">Colin Freeman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Sarah E" sort="Hunt, Sarah E" uniqKey="Hunt S" first="Sarah E." last="Hunt">Sarah E. Hunt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edkins, Sarah" sort="Edkins, Sarah" uniqKey="Edkins S" first="Sarah" last="Edkins">Sarah Edkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gray, Emma" sort="Gray, Emma" uniqKey="Gray E" first="Emma" last="Gray">Emma Gray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Booth, David R" sort="Booth, David R" uniqKey="Booth D" first="David R." last="Booth">David R. Booth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Potter, Simon C" sort="Potter, Simon C" uniqKey="Potter S" first="Simon C." last="Potter">Simon C. Potter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goris, An" sort="Goris, An" uniqKey="Goris A" first="An" last="Goris">An Goris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Band, Gavin" sort="Band, Gavin" uniqKey="Band G" first="Gavin" last="Band">Gavin Band</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oturai, Annette Bang" sort="Oturai, Annette Bang" uniqKey="Oturai A" first="Annette Bang" last="Oturai">Annette Bang Oturai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strange, Amy" sort="Strange, Amy" uniqKey="Strange A" first="Amy" last="Strange">Amy Strange</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saarela, Janna" sort="Saarela, Janna" uniqKey="Saarela J" first="Janna" last="Saarela">Janna Saarela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bellenguez, Celine" sort="Bellenguez, Celine" uniqKey="Bellenguez C" first="Céline" last="Bellenguez">Céline Bellenguez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontaine, Bertrand" sort="Fontaine, Bertrand" uniqKey="Fontaine B" first="Bertrand" last="Fontaine">Bertrand Fontaine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">INSERM UMR S 975 CRICM, UPMC, Département de neurologie Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillman, Matthew" sort="Gillman, Matthew" uniqKey="Gillman M" first="Matthew" last="Gillman">Matthew Gillman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hemmer, Bernhard" sort="Hemmer, Bernhard" uniqKey="Hemmer B" first="Bernhard" last="Hemmer">Bernhard Hemmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gwilliam, Rhian" sort="Gwilliam, Rhian" uniqKey="Gwilliam R" first="Rhian" last="Gwilliam">Rhian Gwilliam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zipp, Frauke" sort="Zipp, Frauke" uniqKey="Zipp F" first="Frauke" last="Zipp">Frauke Zipp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Neurology, University Medicine Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jayakumar, Alagurevathi" sort="Jayakumar, Alagurevathi" uniqKey="Jayakumar A" first="Alagurevathi" last="Jayakumar">Alagurevathi Jayakumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Roland" sort="Martin, Roland" uniqKey="Martin R" first="Roland" last="Martin">Roland Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical MS Research (inims), Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leslie, Stephen" sort="Leslie, Stephen" uniqKey="Leslie S" first="Stephen" last="Leslie">Stephen Leslie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Stanley" sort="Hawkins, Stanley" uniqKey="Hawkins S" first="Stanley" last="Hawkins">Stanley Hawkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giannoulatou, Eleni" sort="Giannoulatou, Eleni" uniqKey="Giannoulatou E" first="Eleni" last="Giannoulatou">Eleni Giannoulatou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Lfonso, Sandra" sort="D Lfonso, Sandra" uniqKey="D Lfonso S" first="Sandra" last="D Lfonso">Sandra D Lfonso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blackburn, Hannah" sort="Blackburn, Hannah" uniqKey="Blackburn H" first="Hannah" last="Blackburn">Hannah Blackburn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boneschi, Filippo Martinelli" sort="Boneschi, Filippo Martinelli" uniqKey="Boneschi F" first="Filippo Martinelli" last="Boneschi">Filippo Martinelli Boneschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liddle, Jennifer" sort="Liddle, Jennifer" uniqKey="Liddle J" first="Jennifer" last="Liddle">Jennifer Liddle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harbo, Hanne F" sort="Harbo, Hanne F" uniqKey="Harbo H" first="Hanne F." last="Harbo">Hanne F. Harbo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez, Marc L" sort="Perez, Marc L" uniqKey="Perez M" first="Marc L." last="Perez">Marc L. Perez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spurkland, Anne" sort="Spurkland, Anne" uniqKey="Spurkland A" first="Anne" last="Spurkland">Anne Spurkland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Institute of Basal Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waller, Matthew J" sort="Waller, Matthew J" uniqKey="Waller M" first="Matthew J" last="Waller">Matthew J. Waller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mycko, Marcin P" sort="Mycko, Marcin P" uniqKey="Mycko M" first="Marcin P." last="Mycko">Marcin P. Mycko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricketts, Michelle" sort="Ricketts, Michelle" uniqKey="Ricketts M" first="Michelle" last="Ricketts">Michelle Ricketts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comabella, Manuel" sort="Comabella, Manuel" uniqKey="Comabella M" first="Manuel" last="Comabella">Manuel Comabella</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Clinical Neuroinmunology Unit, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (CEM-Cat), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond, Naomi" sort="Hammond, Naomi" uniqKey="Hammond N" first="Naomi" last="Hammond">Naomi Hammond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kockum, Ingrid" sort="Kockum, Ingrid" uniqKey="Kockum I" first="Ingrid" last="Kockum">Ingrid Kockum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccann, Owen T" sort="Mccann, Owen T" uniqKey="Mccann O" first="Owen T." last="Mccann">Owen T. Mccann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ban, Maria" sort="Ban, Maria" uniqKey="Ban M" first="Maria" last="Ban">Maria Ban</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whittaker, Pamela" sort="Whittaker, Pamela" uniqKey="Whittaker P" first="Pamela" last="Whittaker">Pamela Whittaker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemppinen, Anu" sort="Kemppinen, Anu" uniqKey="Kemppinen A" first="Anu" last="Kemppinen">Anu Kemppinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weston, Paul" sort="Weston, Paul" uniqKey="Weston P" first="Paul" last="Weston">Paul Weston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Clive" sort="Hawkins, Clive" uniqKey="Hawkins C" first="Clive" last="Hawkins">Clive Hawkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Keele University Medical School, Stoke-on-Trent, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widaa, Sara" sort="Widaa, Sara" uniqKey="Widaa S" first="Sara" last="Widaa">Sara Widaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zajicek, John" sort="Zajicek, John" uniqKey="Zajicek J" first="John" last="Zajicek">John Zajicek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Clinical Neurology Research Group, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dronov, Serge" sort="Dronov, Serge" uniqKey="Dronov S" first="Serge" last="Dronov">Serge Dronov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, Neil" sort="Robertson, Neil" uniqKey="Robertson N" first="Neil" last="Robertson">Neil Robertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bumpstead, Suzannah J" sort="Bumpstead, Suzannah J" uniqKey="Bumpstead S" first="Suzannah J." last="Bumpstead">Suzannah J. Bumpstead</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barcellos, Lisa F" sort="Barcellos, Lisa F" uniqKey="Barcellos L" first="Lisa F." last="Barcellos">Lisa F. Barcellos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ravindrarajah, Rathi" sort="Ravindrarajah, Rathi" uniqKey="Ravindrarajah R" first="Rathi" last="Ravindrarajah">Rathi Ravindrarajah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abraham, Roby" sort="Abraham, Roby" uniqKey="Abraham R" first="Roby" last="Abraham">Roby Abraham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Keele University Medical School, Stoke-on-Trent, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alfredsson, Lars" sort="Alfredsson, Lars" uniqKey="Alfredsson L" first="Lars" last="Alfredsson">Lars Alfredsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ardlie, Kristin" sort="Ardlie, Kristin" uniqKey="Ardlie K" first="Kristin" last="Ardlie">Kristin Ardlie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aubin, Cristin" sort="Aubin, Cristin" uniqKey="Aubin C" first="Cristin" last="Aubin">Cristin Aubin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Amie" sort="Baker, Amie" uniqKey="Baker A" first="Amie" last="Baker">Amie Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Katharine" sort="Baker, Katharine" uniqKey="Baker K" first="Katharine" last="Baker">Katharine Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baranzini, Sergio E" sort="Baranzini, Sergio E" uniqKey="Baranzini S" first="Sergio E." last="Baranzini">Sergio E. Baranzini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergamaschi, Laura" sort="Bergamaschi, Laura" uniqKey="Bergamaschi L" first="Laura" last="Bergamaschi">Laura Bergamaschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergamaschi, Roberto" sort="Bergamaschi, Roberto" uniqKey="Bergamaschi R" first="Roberto" last="Bergamaschi">Roberto Bergamaschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Neurological Institute C. Mondino, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernstein, Allan" sort="Bernstein, Allan" uniqKey="Bernstein A" first="Allan" last="Bernstein">Allan Bernstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berthele, Achim" sort="Berthele, Achim" uniqKey="Berthele A" first="Achim" last="Berthele">Achim Berthele</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boggild, Mike" sort="Boggild, Mike" uniqKey="Boggild M" first="Mike" last="Boggild">Mike Boggild</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradfield, Jonathan P" sort="Bradfield, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Bradfield J" first="Jonathan P." last="Bradfield">Jonathan P. Bradfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brassat, David" sort="Brassat, David" uniqKey="Brassat D" first="David" last="Brassat">David Brassat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">INSERM U 563 et Pôle Neurosciences, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broadley, Simon A" sort="Broadley, Simon A" uniqKey="Broadley S" first="Simon A." last="Broadley">Simon A. Broadley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">School of Medicine, Griffith University, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buck, Dorothea" sort="Buck, Dorothea" uniqKey="Buck D" first="Dorothea" last="Buck">Dorothea Buck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butzkueven, Helmut" sort="Butzkueven, Helmut" uniqKey="Butzkueven H" first="Helmut" last="Butzkueven">Helmut Butzkueven</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Medicine, RMH Cluster, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capra, Ruggero" sort="Capra, Ruggero" uniqKey="Capra R" first="Ruggero" last="Capra">Ruggero Capra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Ospedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carroll, William M" sort="Carroll, William M" uniqKey="Carroll W" first="William M." last="Carroll">William M. Carroll</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavalla, Paola" sort="Cavalla, Paola" uniqKey="Cavalla P" first="Paola" last="Cavalla">Paola Cavalla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, A.O.U. San Giovanni Battista,Turin, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Celius, Elisabeth G" sort="Celius, Elisabeth G" uniqKey="Celius E" first="Elisabeth G." last="Celius">Elisabeth G. Celius</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cepok, Sabine" sort="Cepok, Sabine" uniqKey="Cepok S" first="Sabine" last="Cepok">Sabine Cepok</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiavacci, Rosetta" sort="Chiavacci, Rosetta" uniqKey="Chiavacci R" first="Rosetta" last="Chiavacci">Rosetta Chiavacci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clerget Darpoux, Francoise" sort="Clerget Darpoux, Francoise" uniqKey="Clerget Darpoux F" first="Françoise" last="Clerget-Darpoux">Françoise Clerget-Darpoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">INSERM U535, Univ Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clysters, Katleen" sort="Clysters, Katleen" uniqKey="Clysters K" first="Katleen" last="Clysters">Katleen Clysters</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comi, Giancarlo" sort="Comi, Giancarlo" uniqKey="Comi G" first="Giancarlo" last="Comi">Giancarlo Comi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cossburn, Mark" sort="Cossburn, Mark" uniqKey="Cossburn M" first="Mark" last="Cossburn">Mark Cossburn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cournu Rebeix, Isabelle" sort="Cournu Rebeix, Isabelle" uniqKey="Cournu Rebeix I" first="Isabelle" last="Cournu-Rebeix">Isabelle Cournu-Rebeix</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">INSERM UMR S 975 CRICM, UPMC, Département de neurologie Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Mathew B" sort="Cox, Mathew B" uniqKey="Cox M" first="Mathew B." last="Cox">Mathew B. Cox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cozen, Wendy" sort="Cozen, Wendy" uniqKey="Cozen W" first="Wendy" last="Cozen">Wendy Cozen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St. NOR 4453, Los Angeles, CA 90033</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cree, Bruce A C" sort="Cree, Bruce A C" uniqKey="Cree B" first="Bruce A. C." last="Cree">Bruce A. C. Cree</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cross, Anne H" sort="Cross, Anne H" uniqKey="Cross A" first="Anne H." last="Cross">Anne H. Cross</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cusi, Daniele" sort="Cusi, Daniele" uniqKey="Cusi D" first="Daniele" last="Cusi">Daniele Cusi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, AO San Paolo, University of Milan, c/o Filarete Foundation - Viale Ortles 22/4 - 20139 Milano, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daly, Mark J" sort="Daly, Mark J" uniqKey="Daly M" first="Mark J." last="Daly">Mark J. Daly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Emma" sort="Davis, Emma" uniqKey="Davis E" first="Emma" last="Davis">Emma Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">The UK DNA Banking Network, Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Bakker, Paul I W" sort="De Bakker, Paul I W" uniqKey="De Bakker P" first="Paul I. W." last="De Bakker">Paul I. W. De Bakker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Debouverie, Marc" sort="Debouverie, Marc" uniqKey="Debouverie M" first="Marc" last="Debouverie">Marc Debouverie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Central, Nancy, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Ooghe, Marie Beatrice" sort="D Ooghe, Marie Beatrice" uniqKey="D Ooghe M" first="Marie Beatrice" last="D Ooghe">Marie Beatrice D Ooghe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">National Multiple Sclerosis Center, 1820 Melsbroek, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dixon, Katherine" sort="Dixon, Katherine" uniqKey="Dixon K" first="Katherine" last="Dixon">Katherine Dixon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">The UK DNA Banking Network, Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dobosi, Rita" sort="Dobosi, Rita" uniqKey="Dobosi R" first="Rita" last="Dobosi">Rita Dobosi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubois, Benedicte" sort="Dubois, Benedicte" uniqKey="Dubois B" first="Bénédicte" last="Dubois">Bénédicte Dubois</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellinghaus, David" sort="Ellinghaus, David" uniqKey="Ellinghaus D" first="David" last="Ellinghaus">David Ellinghaus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elovaara, Irina" sort="Elovaara, Irina" uniqKey="Elovaara I" first="Irina" last="Elovaara">Irina Elovaara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esposito, Federica" sort="Esposito, Federica" uniqKey="Esposito F" first="Federica" last="Esposito">Federica Esposito</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontenille, Claire" sort="Fontenille, Claire" uniqKey="Fontenille C" first="Claire" last="Fontenille">Claire Fontenille</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">INSERM UMR S 975 CRICM, UPMC, Département de neurologie Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foote, Simon" sort="Foote, Simon" uniqKey="Foote S" first="Simon" last="Foote">Simon Foote</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Menzies Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7000</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Andre" sort="Franke, Andre" uniqKey="Franke A" first="Andre" last="Franke">Andre Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galimberti, Daniela" sort="Galimberti, Daniela" uniqKey="Galimberti D" first="Daniela" last="Galimberti">Daniela Galimberti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Department of Neurological Sciences, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghezzi, Angelo" sort="Ghezzi, Angelo" uniqKey="Ghezzi A" first="Angelo" last="Ghezzi">Angelo Ghezzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla, Ospedale di Gallarate, Gallarate (VA), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glessner, Joseph" sort="Glessner, Joseph" uniqKey="Glessner J" first="Joseph" last="Glessner">Joseph Glessner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez, Refujia" sort="Gomez, Refujia" uniqKey="Gomez R" first="Refujia" last="Gomez">Refujia Gomez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gout, Olivier" sort="Gout, Olivier" uniqKey="Gout O" first="Olivier" last="Gout">Olivier Gout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Service de Neurologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, Colin" sort="Graham, Colin" uniqKey="Graham C" first="Colin" last="Graham">Colin Graham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland,UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Struan F A" sort="Grant, Struan F A" uniqKey="Grant S" first="Struan F. A." last="Grant">Struan F. A. Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerini, Franca Rosa" sort="Guerini, Franca Rosa" uniqKey="Guerini F" first="Franca Rosa" last="Guerini">Franca Rosa Guerini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, S. Maria Nascente, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, Per" sort="Hall, Per" uniqKey="Hall P" first="Per" last="Hall">Per Hall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamsten, Anders" sort="Hamsten, Anders" uniqKey="Hamsten A" first="Anders" last="Hamsten">Anders Hamsten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartung, Hans Peter" sort="Hartung, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Hartung H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Hartung">Hans-Peter Hartung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heard, Rob N" sort="Heard, Rob N" uniqKey="Heard R" first="Rob N." last="Heard">Rob N. Heard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heath, Simon" sort="Heath, Simon" uniqKey="Heath S" first="Simon" last="Heath">Simon Heath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Centre National de Genotypage, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, CO 5721, 91057 Evry Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hobart, Jeremy" sort="Hobart, Jeremy" uniqKey="Hobart J" first="Jeremy" last="Hobart">Jeremy Hobart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Clinical Neurology Research Group, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoshi, Muna" sort="Hoshi, Muna" uniqKey="Hoshi M" first="Muna" last="Hoshi">Muna Hoshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Infante Duarte, Carmen" sort="Infante Duarte, Carmen" uniqKey="Infante Duarte C" first="Carmen" last="Infante-Duarte">Carmen Infante-Duarte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ingram, Gillian" sort="Ingram, Gillian" uniqKey="Ingram G" first="Gillian" last="Ingram">Gillian Ingram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ingram, Wendy" sort="Ingram, Wendy" uniqKey="Ingram W" first="Wendy" last="Ingram">Wendy Ingram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Clinical Neurology Research Group, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Islam, Talat" sort="Islam, Talat" uniqKey="Islam T" first="Talat" last="Islam">Talat Islam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St. NOR 4453, Los Angeles, CA 90033</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jagodic, Maja" sort="Jagodic, Maja" uniqKey="Jagodic M" first="Maja" last="Jagodic">Maja Jagodic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kabesch, Michael" sort="Kabesch, Michael" uniqKey="Kabesch M" first="Michael" last="Kabesch">Michael Kabesch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Clinic for Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kermode, Allan G" sort="Kermode, Allan G" uniqKey="Kermode A" first="Allan G." last="Kermode">Allan G. Kermode</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kilpatrick, Trevor J" sort="Kilpatrick, Trevor J" uniqKey="Kilpatrick T" first="Trevor J." last="Kilpatrick">Trevor J. Kilpatrick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3050</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Cecilia" sort="Kim, Cecilia" uniqKey="Kim C" first="Cecilia" last="Kim">Cecilia Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klopp, Norman" sort="Klopp, Norman" uniqKey="Klopp N" first="Norman" last="Klopp">Norman Klopp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koivisto, Keijo" sort="Koivisto, Keijo" uniqKey="Koivisto K" first="Keijo" last="Koivisto">Keijo Koivisto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Larsson, Malin" sort="Larsson, Malin" uniqKey="Larsson M" first="Malin" last="Larsson">Malin Larsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lathrop, Mark" sort="Lathrop, Mark" uniqKey="Lathrop M" first="Mark" last="Lathrop">Mark Lathrop</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Centre National de Genotypage, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, CO 5721, 91057 Evry Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lechner Scott, Jeannette S" sort="Lechner Scott, Jeannette S" uniqKey="Lechner Scott J" first="Jeannette S." last="Lechner-Scott">Jeannette S. Lechner-Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leone, Maurizio A" sort="Leone, Maurizio A" uniqKey="Leone M" first="Maurizio A." last="Leone">Maurizio A. Leone</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">SCDU Neurology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lepp, Virpi" sort="Lepp, Virpi" uniqKey="Lepp V" first="Virpi" last="Lepp">Virpi Lepp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liljedahl, Ulrika" sort="Liljedahl, Ulrika" uniqKey="Liljedahl U" first="Ulrika" last="Liljedahl">Ulrika Liljedahl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Entrance 70, 3rd Floor, Res Dept 2, Univeristy Hospital, S-75185, Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bomfim, Izaura Lima" sort="Bomfim, Izaura Lima" uniqKey="Bomfim I" first="Izaura Lima" last="Bomfim">Izaura Lima Bomfim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lincoln, Robin R" sort="Lincoln, Robin R" uniqKey="Lincoln R" first="Robin R." last="Lincoln">Robin R. Lincoln</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Link, Jenny" sort="Link, Jenny" uniqKey="Link J" first="Jenny" last="Link">Jenny Link</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jianjun" sort="Liu, Jianjun" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jianjun" last="Liu">Jianjun Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Human Genetics and Cancer Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lorentzen, Slaug R" sort="Lorentzen, Slaug R" uniqKey="Lorentzen " first=" Slaug R." last="Lorentzen"> Slaug R. Lorentzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lupoli, Sara" sort="Lupoli, Sara" uniqKey="Lupoli S" first="Sara" last="Lupoli">Sara Lupoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, AO San Paolo, University of Milan, c/o Filarete Foundation - Viale Ortles 22/4 - 20139 Milano, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macciardi, Fabio" sort="Macciardi, Fabio" uniqKey="Macciardi F" first="Fabio" last="Macciardi">Fabio Macciardi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, AO San Paolo, University of Milan, c/o Filarete Foundation - Viale Ortles 22/4 - 20139 Milano, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Dept of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine (UCI), 5251 California Av, S.te 240, Irvine CA, 92617 - USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mack, Thomas" sort="Mack, Thomas" uniqKey="Mack T" first="Thomas" last="Mack">Thomas Mack</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St. NOR 4453, Los Angeles, CA 90033</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marriott, Mark" sort="Marriott, Mark" uniqKey="Marriott M" first="Mark" last="Marriott">Mark Marriott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3050</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinelli, Vittorio" sort="Martinelli, Vittorio" uniqKey="Martinelli V" first="Vittorio" last="Martinelli">Vittorio Martinelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mason, Deborah" sort="Mason, Deborah" uniqKey="Mason D" first="Deborah" last="Mason">Deborah Mason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccauley, Jacob L" sort="Mccauley, Jacob L" uniqKey="Mccauley J" first="Jacob L." last="Mccauley">Jacob L. Mccauley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and The Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mentch, Frank" sort="Mentch, Frank" uniqKey="Mentch F" first="Frank" last="Mentch">Frank Mentch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mero, Inger Lise" sort="Mero, Inger Lise" uniqKey="Mero I" first="Inger-Lise" last="Mero">Inger-Lise Mero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihalova, Tania" sort="Mihalova, Tania" uniqKey="Mihalova T" first="Tania" last="Mihalova">Tania Mihalova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Keele University Medical School, Stoke-on-Trent, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montalban, Xavier" sort="Montalban, Xavier" uniqKey="Montalban X" first="Xavier" last="Montalban">Xavier Montalban</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Clinical Neuroinmunology Unit, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (CEM-Cat), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mottershead, John" sort="Mottershead, John" uniqKey="Mottershead J" first="John" last="Mottershead">John Mottershead</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Greater Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">The Department of Neurology, Dunedin Public Hospital, Otago, NZ</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myhr, Kjell Morten" sort="Myhr, Kjell Morten" uniqKey="Myhr K" first="Kjell-Morten" last="Myhr">Kjell-Morten Myhr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">The Multiple Sclerosis National Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naldi, Paola" sort="Naldi, Paola" uniqKey="Naldi P" first="Paola" last="Naldi">Paola Naldi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">SCDU Neurology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ollier, William" sort="Ollier, William" uniqKey="Ollier W" first="William" last="Ollier">William Ollier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">The UK DNA Banking Network, Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Alison" sort="Page, Alison" uniqKey="Page A" first="Alison" last="Page">Alison Page</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Neurology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palotie, Aarno" sort="Palotie, Aarno" uniqKey="Palotie A" first="Aarno" last="Palotie">Aarno Palotie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pelletier, Jean" sort="Pelletier, Jean" uniqKey="Pelletier J" first="Jean" last="Pelletier">Jean Pelletier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques,Service de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piccio, Laura" sort="Piccio, Laura" uniqKey="Piccio L" first="Laura" last="Piccio">Laura Piccio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pickersgill, Trevor" sort="Pickersgill, Trevor" uniqKey="Pickersgill T" first="Trevor" last="Pickersgill">Trevor Pickersgill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piehl, Fredrik" sort="Piehl, Fredrik" uniqKey="Piehl F" first="Fredrik" last="Piehl">Fredrik Piehl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pobywajlo, Susan" sort="Pobywajlo, Susan" uniqKey="Pobywajlo S" first="Susan" last="Pobywajlo">Susan Pobywajlo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quach, Hong L" sort="Quach, Hong L" uniqKey="Quach H" first="Hong L." last="Quach">Hong L. Quach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramsay, Patricia P" sort="Ramsay, Patricia P" uniqKey="Ramsay P" first="Patricia P." last="Ramsay">Patricia P. Ramsay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reunanen, Mauri" sort="Reunanen, Mauri" uniqKey="Reunanen M" first="Mauri" last="Reunanen">Mauri Reunanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Department Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reynolds, Richard" sort="Reynolds, Richard" uniqKey="Reynolds R" first="Richard" last="Reynolds">Richard Reynolds</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">UK MS Tissue Bank, Wolfson Neuroscience Laboratories, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rioux, John D" sort="Rioux, John D" uniqKey="Rioux J" first="John D." last="Rioux">John D. Rioux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Université de Montréal & Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 rue Belanger, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodegher, Mariaemma" sort="Rodegher, Mariaemma" uniqKey="Rodegher M" first="Mariaemma" last="Rodegher">Mariaemma Rodegher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roesner, Sabine" sort="Roesner, Sabine" uniqKey="Roesner S" first="Sabine" last="Roesner">Sabine Roesner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical MS Research (inims), Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubio, Justin P" sort="Rubio, Justin P" uniqKey="Rubio J" first="Justin P." last="Rubio">Justin P. Rubio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruckert, Ina Maria" sort="Ruckert, Ina Maria" uniqKey="Ruckert I" first="Ina-Maria" last="Rückert">Ina-Maria Rückert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salvetti, Marco" sort="Salvetti, Marco" uniqKey="Salvetti M" first="Marco" last="Salvetti">Marco Salvetti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">Neurology and Center for Experimental Neurological Therapy (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salvi, Erika" sort="Salvi, Erika" uniqKey="Salvi E" first="Erika" last="Salvi">Erika Salvi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, AO San Paolo, University of Milan, c/o Filarete Foundation - Viale Ortles 22/4 - 20139 Milano, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">KOS Genetic Srl, Via Podgora, 7 - 20123 Milan - Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santaniello, Adam" sort="Santaniello, Adam" uniqKey="Santaniello A" first="Adam" last="Santaniello">Adam Santaniello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schaefer, Catherine A" sort="Schaefer, Catherine A" uniqKey="Schaefer C" first="Catherine A." last="Schaefer">Catherine A. Schaefer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schreiber, Stefan" sort="Schreiber, Stefan" uniqKey="Schreiber S" first="Stefan" last="Schreiber">Stefan Schreiber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schulze, Christian" sort="Schulze, Christian" uniqKey="Schulze C" first="Christian" last="Schulze">Christian Schulze</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Systems Biology and Protein-Protein Interaction, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Rodney J" sort="Scott, Rodney J" uniqKey="Scott R" first="Rodney J." last="Scott">Rodney J. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sellebjerg, Finn" sort="Sellebjerg, Finn" uniqKey="Sellebjerg F" first="Finn" last="Sellebjerg">Finn Sellebjerg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Selmaj, Krzysztof W" sort="Selmaj, Krzysztof W" uniqKey="Selmaj K" first="Krzysztof W." last="Selmaj">Krzysztof W. Selmaj</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sexton, David" sort="Sexton, David" uniqKey="Sexton D" first="David" last="Sexton">David Sexton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 519 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Ling" sort="Shen, Ling" uniqKey="Shen L" first="Ling" last="Shen">Ling Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simms Acuna, Brigid" sort="Simms Acuna, Brigid" uniqKey="Simms Acuna B" first="Brigid" last="Simms-Acuna">Brigid Simms-Acuna</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skidmore, Sheila" sort="Skidmore, Sheila" uniqKey="Skidmore S" first="Sheila" last="Skidmore">Sheila Skidmore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sleiman, Patrick M A" sort="Sleiman, Patrick M A" uniqKey="Sleiman P" first="Patrick M. A." last="Sleiman">Patrick M. A. Sleiman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smestad, Cathrine" sort="Smestad, Cathrine" uniqKey="Smestad C" first="Cathrine" last="Smestad">Cathrine Smestad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Rensen, Per Soelberg" sort="S Rensen, Per Soelberg" uniqKey="S Rensen P" first="Per Soelberg" last="S Rensen">Per Soelberg S Rensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Ndergaard, Helle Bach" sort="S Ndergaard, Helle Bach" uniqKey="S Ndergaard H" first="Helle Bach" last="S Ndergaard">Helle Bach S Ndergaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stankovich, Jim" sort="Stankovich, Jim" uniqKey="Stankovich J" first="Jim" last="Stankovich">Jim Stankovich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Menzies Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7000</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strange, Richard C" sort="Strange, Richard C" uniqKey="Strange R" first="Richard C." last="Strange">Richard C. Strange</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Keele University Medical School, Stoke-on-Trent, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sulonen, Anna Maija" sort="Sulonen, Anna Maija" uniqKey="Sulonen A" first="Anna-Maija" last="Sulonen">Anna-Maija Sulonen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sundqvist, Emilie" sort="Sundqvist, Emilie" uniqKey="Sundqvist E" first="Emilie" last="Sundqvist">Emilie Sundqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Syv Nen, Ann Christine" sort="Syv Nen, Ann Christine" uniqKey="Syv Nen A" first="Ann-Christine" last="Syv Nen">Ann-Christine Syv Nen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Entrance 70, 3rd Floor, Res Dept 2, Univeristy Hospital, S-75185, Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taddeo, Francesca" sort="Taddeo, Francesca" uniqKey="Taddeo F" first="Francesca" last="Taddeo">Francesca Taddeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">KOS Genetic Srl, Via Podgora, 7 - 20123 Milan - Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Bruce" sort="Taylor, Bruce" uniqKey="Taylor B" first="Bruce" last="Taylor">Bruce Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Menzies Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7000</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blackwell, Jenefer M" sort="Blackwell, Jenefer M" uniqKey="Blackwell J" first="Jenefer M." last="Blackwell">Jenefer M. Blackwell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tienari, Pentti" sort="Tienari, Pentti" uniqKey="Tienari P" first="Pentti" last="Tienari">Pentti Tienari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bramon, Elvira" sort="Bramon, Elvira" uniqKey="Bramon E" first="Elvira" last="Bramon">Elvira Bramon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London and The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tourbah, Ayman" sort="Tourbah, Ayman" uniqKey="Tourbah A" first="Ayman" last="Tourbah">Ayman Tourbah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Service de Neurologie et Faculté de Médecine de Reims, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Matthew A" sort="Brown, Matthew A" uniqKey="Brown M" first="Matthew A." last="Brown">Matthew A. Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tronczynska, Ewa" sort="Tronczynska, Ewa" uniqKey="Tronczynska E" first="Ewa" last="Tronczynska">Ewa Tronczynska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casas, Juan P" sort="Casas, Juan P" uniqKey="Casas J" first="Juan P." last="Casas">Juan P. Casas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">Dept Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tubridy, Niall" sort="Tubridy, Niall" uniqKey="Tubridy N" first="Niall" last="Tubridy">Niall Tubridy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3050</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corvin, Aiden" sort="Corvin, Aiden" uniqKey="Corvin A" first="Aiden" last="Corvin">Aiden Corvin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Eire</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vickery, Jane" sort="Vickery, Jane" uniqKey="Vickery J" first="Jane" last="Vickery">Jane Vickery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Clinical Neurology Research Group, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jankowski, Janusz" sort="Jankowski, Janusz" uniqKey="Jankowski J" first="Janusz" last="Jankowski">Janusz Jankowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Centre for Gastroenterology, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villoslada, Pablo" sort="Villoslada, Pablo" uniqKey="Villoslada P" first="Pablo" last="Villoslada">Pablo Villoslada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Markus, Hugh S" sort="Markus, Hugh S" uniqKey="Markus H" first="Hugh S." last="Markus">Hugh S. Markus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Clinical Neurosciences, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Kai" sort="Wang, Kai" uniqKey="Wang K" first="Kai" last="Wang">Kai Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathew, Christopher G" sort="Mathew, Christopher G" uniqKey="Mathew C" first="Christopher G." last="Mathew">Christopher G. Mathew</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Dept Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wason, James" sort="Wason, James" uniqKey="Wason J" first="James" last="Wason">James Wason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Colin N A" sort="Palmer, Colin N A" uniqKey="Palmer C" first="Colin N. A." last="Palmer">Colin N. A. Palmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wichmann, H Erich" sort="Wichmann, H Erich" uniqKey="Wichmann H" first="H-Erich" last="Wichmann">H-Erich Wichmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A120">Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Plomin, Robert" sort="Plomin, Robert" uniqKey="Plomin R" first="Robert" last="Plomin">Robert Plomin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">King’s College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willoughby, Ernest" sort="Willoughby, Ernest" uniqKey="Willoughby E" first="Ernest" last="Willoughby">Ernest Willoughby</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton Road, Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rautanen, Anna" sort="Rautanen, Anna" uniqKey="Rautanen A" first="Anna" last="Rautanen">Anna Rautanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winkelmann, Juliane" sort="Winkelmann, Juliane" uniqKey="Winkelmann J" first="Juliane" last="Winkelmann">Juliane Winkelmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wittig, Michael" sort="Wittig, Michael" uniqKey="Wittig M" first="Michael" last="Wittig">Michael Wittig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A125">Popgen Biobank, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trembath, Richard C" sort="Trembath, Richard C" uniqKey="Trembath R" first="Richard C." last="Trembath">Richard C. Trembath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Dept Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yaouanq, Jacqueline" sort="Yaouanq, Jacqueline" uniqKey="Yaouanq J" first="Jacqueline" last="Yaouanq">Jacqueline Yaouanq</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Pôle Recherche et Santé Publique, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viswanathan, Ananth C" sort="Viswanathan, Ananth C" uniqKey="Viswanathan A" first="Ananth C." last="Viswanathan">Ananth C. Viswanathan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A127">NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Haitao" sort="Zhang, Haitao" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Haitao" last="Zhang">Haitao Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Nicholas W" sort="Wood, Nicholas W" uniqKey="Wood N" first="Nicholas W." last="Wood">Nicholas W. Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A128">Dept Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zuvich, Rebecca" sort="Zuvich, Rebecca" uniqKey="Zuvich R" first="Rebecca" last="Zuvich">Rebecca Zuvich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 519 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deloukas, Panos" sort="Deloukas, Panos" uniqKey="Deloukas P" first="Panos" last="Deloukas">Panos Deloukas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langford, Cordelia" sort="Langford, Cordelia" uniqKey="Langford C" first="Cordelia" last="Langford">Cordelia Langford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duncanson, Audrey" sort="Duncanson, Audrey" uniqKey="Duncanson A" first="Audrey" last="Duncanson">Audrey Duncanson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Molecular and Physiological Sciences, The Wellcome Trust, London NW1 2BE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oksenberg, Jorge R" sort="Oksenberg, Jorge R" uniqKey="Oksenberg J" first="Jorge R." last="Oksenberg">Jorge R. Oksenberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" sort="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" uniqKey="Pericak Vance M" first="Margaret A." last="Pericak-Vance">Margaret A. Pericak-Vance</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and The Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haines, Jonathan L" sort="Haines, Jonathan L" uniqKey="Haines J" first="Jonathan L." last="Haines">Jonathan L. Haines</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 519 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olsson, Tomas" sort="Olsson, Tomas" uniqKey="Olsson T" first="Tomas" last="Olsson">Tomas Olsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hillert, Jan" sort="Hillert, Jan" uniqKey="Hillert J" first="Jan" last="Hillert">Jan Hillert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ivinson, Adrian J" sort="Ivinson, Adrian J" uniqKey="Ivinson A" first="Adrian J." last="Ivinson">Adrian J. Ivinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L." last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peltonen, Leena" sort="Peltonen, Leena" uniqKey="Peltonen L" first="Leena" last="Peltonen">Leena Peltonen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Graeme J" sort="Stewart, Graeme J" uniqKey="Stewart G" first="Graeme J." last="Stewart">Graeme J. Stewart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hafler, David A" sort="Hafler, David A" uniqKey="Hafler D" first="David A." last="Hafler">David A. Hafler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A131">Department of Neurology & Immunology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hauser, Stephen L" sort="Hauser, Stephen L" uniqKey="Hauser S" first="Stephen L." last="Hauser">Stephen L. Hauser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gil" sort="Mcvean, Gil" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gil" last="Mcvean">Gil Mcvean</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Peter" sort="Donnelly, Peter" uniqKey="Donnelly P" first="Peter" last="Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Dept Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Compston, Alastair" sort="Compston, Alastair" uniqKey="Compston A" first="Alastair" last="Compston">Alastair Compston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P4">Multiple sclerosis (OMIM 126200) is a common disease of the central nervous system in which the interplay between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes typically results in intermittent neurological disturbance followed by progressive accumulation of disability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref></sup> Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors are primarily responsible for the substantially increased frequency of the disease seen in the relatives of affected individuals;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref></sup> and systematic attempts to identify linkage in multiplex families have confirmed that variation within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) exerts the greatest individual effect on risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref></sup> Modestly powered Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref></sup> have enabled more than 20 additional risk loci to be identified and have shown that multiple variants exerting modest individual effects play a key role in disease susceptibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref></sup> Most of the genetic architecture underlying susceptibility to the disease remains to be defined and is anticipated to require the analysis of sample sizes that are beyond the numbers currently available to individual research groups. In a collaborative GWAS involving 9772 cases of European descent collected by 23 research groups working in 15 different countries, we have replicated almost all of the previously suggested associations and identified at least a further 29 novel susceptibility loci. Within the MHC we have refined the identity of the <italic>DRB1</italic> risk alleles and confirmed that variation in the <italic>HLA-A</italic> gene underlies the independent protective effect attributable to the Class I region. Immunologically relevant genes are significantly over-represented amongst those mapping close to the identified loci and particularly implicate T helper cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Compston, A" uniqKey="Compston A">A Compston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coles, A" uniqKey="Coles A">A Coles</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dyment, Da" uniqKey="Dyment D">DA Dyment</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yee, Im" uniqKey="Yee I">IM Yee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ebers, Gc" uniqKey="Ebers G">GC Ebers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sadovnick, Ad" uniqKey="Sadovnick A">AD Sadovnick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hemminki, K" uniqKey="Hemminki K">K Hemminki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sundquist, J" uniqKey="Sundquist J">J Sundquist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hillert, J" uniqKey="Hillert J">J Hillert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sundquist, K" uniqKey="Sundquist K">K Sundquist</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baranzini, Se" uniqKey="Baranzini S">SE Baranzini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Jager, Pl" uniqKey="De Jager P">PL De Jager</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sanna, S" uniqKey="Sanna S">S Sanna</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Devlin, B" uniqKey="Devlin B">B Devlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roeder, K" uniqKey="Roeder K">K Roeder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kang, Hm" uniqKey="Kang H">HM Kang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ashburner, M" uniqKey="Ashburner M">M Ashburner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pierrot Deseilligny, C" uniqKey="Pierrot Deseilligny C">C Pierrot-Deseilligny</name></author><author><name sortKey="Souberbielle, Jc" uniqKey="Souberbielle J">JC Souberbielle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Steinman, L" uniqKey="Steinman L">L Steinman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bielekova, B" uniqKey="Bielekova B">B Bielekova</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leslie, S" uniqKey="Leslie S">S Leslie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donnelly, P" uniqKey="Donnelly P">P Donnelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcvean, G" uniqKey="Mcvean G">G McVean</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brynedal, B" uniqKey="Brynedal B">B Brynedal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Field, J" uniqKey="Field J">J Field</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Su, Z" uniqKey="Su Z">Z Su</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardin, N" uniqKey="Cardin N">N Cardin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donnelly, P" uniqKey="Donnelly P">P Donnelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marchini, J" uniqKey="Marchini J">J Marchini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barcellos, Lf" uniqKey="Barcellos L">LF Barcellos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dyment, Da" uniqKey="Dyment D">DA Dyment</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Masterman, T" uniqKey="Masterman T">T Masterman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0410462</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">6011</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nature</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nature</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0028-0836</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1476-4687</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21833088</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3182531</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature10251</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">UKMS36028</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab>The International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC)</collab></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab>Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 (WTCCC2)</collab><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sawcer</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN3">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hellenthal</surname><given-names>Garrett</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN3">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pirinen</surname><given-names>Matti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN3">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spencer</surname><given-names>Chris C.A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref 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ref-type="aff" rid="A94">94</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stewart</surname><given-names>Graeme J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hafler</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A131">131</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hauser</surname><given-names>Stephen L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A33">33</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McVean</surname><given-names>Gil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Donnelly</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN4">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Compston</surname><given-names>Alastair</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN4">†</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, BOX 165, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Dept Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Australia</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>INSERM UMR S 975 CRICM, UPMC, Département de neurologie Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>Department of Neurology, University Medicine Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical MS Research (inims), Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Department of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>Institute of Basal Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Clinical Neuroinmunology Unit, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (CEM-Cat), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine CMM, L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>Keele University Medical School, Stoke-on-Trent, UK</aff><aff id="A28"><label>28</label>Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Clinical Neurology Research Group, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK</aff><aff id="A29"><label>29</label>Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK</aff><aff id="A30"><label>30</label>Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA</aff><aff id="A31"><label>31</label>Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA</aff><aff id="A32"><label>32</label>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="A33"><label>33</label>Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA</aff><aff id="A34"><label>34</label>Neurological Institute C. Mondino, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy</aff><aff id="A35"><label>35</label>The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK</aff><aff id="A36"><label>36</label>Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</aff><aff id="A37"><label>37</label>INSERM U 563 et Pôle Neurosciences, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France</aff><aff id="A38"><label>38</label>School of Medicine, Griffith University, Australia</aff><aff id="A39"><label>39</label>Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</aff><aff id="A40"><label>40</label>Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3050</aff><aff id="A41"><label>41</label>Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill 3128, Australia</aff><aff id="A42"><label>42</label>Department of Medicine, RMH Cluster, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</aff><aff id="A43"><label>43</label>Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Ospedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy</aff><aff id="A44"><label>44</label>Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia</aff><aff id="A45"><label>45</label>Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, A.O.U. San Giovanni Battista,Turin, Italy</aff><aff id="A46"><label>46</label>INSERM U535, Univ Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France</aff><aff id="A47"><label>47</label>University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia</aff><aff id="A48"><label>48</label>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St. NOR 4453, Los Angeles, CA 90033</aff><aff id="A49"><label>49</label>Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA</aff><aff id="A50"><label>50</label>University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, AO San Paolo, University of Milan, c/o Filarete Foundation - Viale Ortles 22/4 - 20139 Milano, Italy</aff><aff id="A51"><label>51</label>Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A52"><label>52</label>Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA</aff><aff id="A53"><label>53</label>The UK DNA Banking Network, Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, UK</aff><aff id="A54"><label>54</label>Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A55"><label>55</label>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A56"><label>56</label>Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Central, Nancy, France</aff><aff id="A57"><label>57</label>National Multiple Sclerosis Center, 1820 Melsbroek, Belgium</aff><aff id="A58"><label>58</label>Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</aff><aff id="A59"><label>59</label>Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland</aff><aff id="A60"><label>60</label>University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland</aff><aff id="A61"><label>61</label>Menzies Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7000</aff><aff id="A62"><label>62</label>Department of Neurological Sciences, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy</aff><aff id="A63"><label>63</label>Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla, Ospedale di Gallarate, Gallarate (VA), Italy</aff><aff id="A64"><label>64</label>Service de Neurologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France</aff><aff id="A65"><label>65</label>Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland,UK</aff><aff id="A66"><label>66</label>Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</aff><aff id="A67"><label>67</label>Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA</aff><aff id="A68"><label>68</label>Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, S. Maria Nascente, Milan, Italy</aff><aff id="A69"><label>69</label>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="A70"><label>70</label>Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="A71"><label>71</label>Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany</aff><aff id="A72"><label>72</label>Centre National de Genotypage, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, CO 5721, 91057 Evry Cedex, France</aff><aff id="A73"><label>73</label>Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="A74"><label>74</label>Clinic for Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Germany</aff><aff id="A75"><label>75</label>Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010</aff><aff id="A76"><label>76</label>Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="A77"><label>77</label>Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland</aff><aff id="A78"><label>78</label>Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton NSW 2305, Australia</aff><aff id="A79"><label>79</label>SCDU Neurology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy</aff><aff id="A80"><label>80</label>Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00290, Finland</aff><aff id="A81"><label>81</label>Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Entrance 70, 3rd Floor, Res Dept 2, Univeristy Hospital, S-75185, Uppsala, Sweden</aff><aff id="A82"><label>82</label>Human Genetics and Cancer Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672</aff><aff id="A83"><label>83</label>Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="A84"><label>84</label>Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy</aff><aff id="A85"><label>85</label>Dept of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine (UCI), 5251 California Av, S.te 240, Irvine CA, 92617 - USA</aff><aff id="A86"><label>86</label>Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand</aff><aff id="A87"><label>87</label>John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and The Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA</aff><aff id="A88"><label>88</label>Greater Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK</aff><aff id="A89"><label>89</label>The Department of Neurology, Dunedin Public Hospital, Otago, NZ</aff><aff id="A90"><label>90</label>The Multiple Sclerosis National Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway</aff><aff id="A91"><label>91</label>Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway</aff><aff id="A92"><label>92</label>Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Neurology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK</aff><aff id="A93"><label>93</label>Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A94"><label>94</label>Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</aff><aff id="A95"><label>95</label>Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques,Service de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France</aff><aff id="A96"><label>96</label>Department Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</aff><aff id="A97"><label>97</label>UK MS Tissue Bank, Wolfson Neuroscience Laboratories, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN</aff><aff id="A98"><label>98</label>Université de Montréal & Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 rue Belanger, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada</aff><aff id="A99"><label>99</label>Neurology and Center for Experimental Neurological Therapy (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="A100"><label>100</label>KOS Genetic Srl, Via Podgora, 7 - 20123 Milan - Italy</aff><aff id="A101"><label>101</label>Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany</aff><aff id="A102"><label>102</label>Systems Biology and Protein-Protein Interaction, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany</aff><aff id="A103"><label>103</label>Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 519 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA</aff><aff id="A104"><label>104</label>Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008</aff><aff id="A105"><label>105</label>Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK</aff><aff id="A106"><label>106</label>Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A107"><label>107</label>Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London and The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK</aff><aff id="A108"><label>108</label>Service de Neurologie et Faculté de Médecine de Reims, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France</aff><aff id="A109"><label>109</label>University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia</aff><aff id="A110"><label>110</label>Dept Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK</aff><aff id="A111"><label>111</label>St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland</aff><aff id="A112"><label>112</label>Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Eire</aff><aff id="A113"><label>113</label>Centre for Gastroenterology, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT, UK</aff><aff id="A114"><label>114</label>Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="A115"><label>115</label>Clinical Neurosciences, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE</aff><aff id="A116"><label>116</label>Dept Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK</aff><aff id="A117"><label>117</label>Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK</aff><aff id="A118"><label>118</label>Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY</aff><aff id="A119"><label>119</label>Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="A120"><label>120</label>Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="A121"><label>121</label>King’s College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK</aff><aff id="A122"><label>122</label>Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton Road, Auckland, New Zealand</aff><aff id="A123"><label>123</label>Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Germany</aff><aff id="A124"><label>124</label>Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany</aff><aff id="A125"><label>125</label>Popgen Biobank, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany</aff><aff id="A126"><label>126</label>Pôle Recherche et Santé Publique, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France</aff><aff id="A127"><label>127</label>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK</aff><aff id="A128"><label>128</label>Dept Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK</aff><aff id="A129"><label>129</label>Molecular and Physiological Sciences, The Wellcome Trust, London NW1 2BE</aff><aff id="A130"><label>130</label>Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A131"><label>131</label>Department of Neurology & Immunology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="CR1">Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.A.S.C. (<email>alastair.compston@medschl.cam.ac.uk</email>) and P.D. (<email>donnelly@well.ox.ac.uk</email>) on behalf of the IMSGC and WTCCC2 respectively.</corresp><fn id="FN1"><label>*</label><p id="P1">A full list of authors appears at the end of this article. Membership of both consortia and details of individual contributions are listed in the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Material</xref>.</p></fn><fn fn-type="equal" id="FN7"><p id="P21">All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.</p></fn><fn fn-type="equal" id="FN3"><label>*</label><p id="P2">These authors contributed equally.</p></fn><fn id="FN4"><label>†</label><p id="P3">These authors jointly directed the study</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>1</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>11</day><month>2</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>476</volume><issue>7359</issue><fpage>214</fpage><lpage>219</lpage><permissions><license><license-p>Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data- mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms">http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms</uri></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p id="P4">Multiple sclerosis (OMIM 126200) is a common disease of the central nervous system in which the interplay between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes typically results in intermittent neurological disturbance followed by progressive accumulation of disability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref></sup> Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors are primarily responsible for the substantially increased frequency of the disease seen in the relatives of affected individuals;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref></sup> and systematic attempts to identify linkage in multiplex families have confirmed that variation within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) exerts the greatest individual effect on risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref></sup> Modestly powered Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref></sup> have enabled more than 20 additional risk loci to be identified and have shown that multiple variants exerting modest individual effects play a key role in disease susceptibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref></sup> Most of the genetic architecture underlying susceptibility to the disease remains to be defined and is anticipated to require the analysis of sample sizes that are beyond the numbers currently available to individual research groups. In a collaborative GWAS involving 9772 cases of European descent collected by 23 research groups working in 15 different countries, we have replicated almost all of the previously suggested associations and identified at least a further 29 novel susceptibility loci. Within the MHC we have refined the identity of the <italic>DRB1</italic> risk alleles and confirmed that variation in the <italic>HLA-A</italic> gene underlies the independent protective effect attributable to the Class I region. Immunologically relevant genes are significantly over-represented amongst those mapping close to the identified loci and particularly implicate T helper cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>GWAS</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="United Kingdom">Wellcome Trust : </funding-source><award-id>085475 || WT</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source country="United Kingdom">Wellcome Trust : </funding-source><award-id>085475 || WT</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source country="United Kingdom">Wellcome Trust : </funding-source><award-id>085475 || WT</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source country="United Kingdom">Wellcome Trust : </funding-source><award-id>084702 || WT</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source country="United Kingdom">Multiple Sclerosis Society : </funding-source><award-id>898 || MSS_</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><p id="P5">We performed a large GWAS as part of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 (WTCCC2) project. Cases were recruited through the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC) and compared with the WTCCC2 common control set<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref></sup> supplemented by data from the control arms of existing GWAS. We introduced a number of novel quality control (QC) methods for processing these datasets (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>), which ultimately provided reliable information from 9772 cases and 17376 controls (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1A</xref>). Following single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based QC, data from 441547 autosomal SNPs, common to all internally and externally generated datasets, were available for analysis.</p><p id="P6">The multi-population nature of our study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1 A and B</xref>) afforded an opportunity to assess various published approaches for controlling the potential confounding effects of population structure, several of which (in the event) proved unhelpful (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>). Whilst not common in primary GWAS undertaken to date, the challenge of combining data across populations, in contexts where not all case samples have controls available from the same population (thus precluding standard meta-analytical techniques), may become more routine as study sizes increase.</p><p id="P7">We attempted analyses of the non-United Kingdom (UK) data with the now widespread technique of using principal components as covariates to correct for structure. However, even use of all seven top principal components which captured genome-wide effects in our data resulted in an unacceptably high genomic inflation: for example, the genomic control factor (λ)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref></sup> was λ = 1.2. We tried to reduce the genomic inflation by discarding the case samples that seemed least well matched to control sets. Removal of half the available cases in this fashion only reduced λ to 1.1. In another approach to handling structure, statistical clustering algorithms were successful in identifying subgroups of the data within which cases and controls appeared well-matched for ancestry (See <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary figure S17</xref>). However tests within these subgroups combined via fixed-effects meta-analysis also yielded unacceptably high genomic inflation (λ >1.4) in an analysis with seven matched sub-groups of cases and controls. Finally, we applied a novel variance components method (similar to Kang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">15</xref></sup>), separately to the UK and non-UK datasets, that explicitly accounts for correlations among the phenotypes of individuals resulting from relatedness, allowing us to deal successfully with all sources of structure in our samples (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref> for details of the linear mixed model we used). For example, the genomic inflation was reduced to λ = 0.995 in the UK and 1.016 in the non-UK data (see also <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>). After fixed effects meta-analysis of the results from the UK and non-UK datasets, the inflation factor was λ = 1.045. We adopted this approach for all subsequent non-MHC association analyses.</p><p id="P8">Outside the MHC we identified 95 distinct regions having at least one SNP associated with multiple sclerosis at p<sub>GWAS</sub> <1×10<sup>−4.5</sup>; in six of these 95 regions conditional analysis revealed an additional SNP showing association to the same locus (one locus containing two such SNPs). In total we took all 102 SNPs forward to replication, which we performed using data from previously reported multiple sclerosis GWAS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref></sup> and the iControl database (excluding any WTCCC controls previously used in these studies). In total, the replication analysis included data from 4218 cases and 7296 controls. These were considered in six independent strata after which results were combined through a fixed effects meta-analysis. For 98 of the 102 SNPs, the same allele was over-represented in cases compared to controls. Twenty three of the 26 previously known or strongly suggested multiple sclerosis associated loci were replicated in our primary GWAS with p<sub>GWAS</sub> <1×10<sup>−3</sup>. Our GWAS and replication also revealed another 29 novel associated regions (defined as having p<sub>GWAS</sub> <1×10<sup>−4.5</sup>, one-sided p<sub>Replication</sub> <0.05, and p<sub>Combined</sub> <5×10<sup>−8</sup>), and a further 5 regions with strong evidence for association (with p<sub>GWAS</sub> <1×10<sup>−4.5</sup>, one sided p<sub>Replication</sub> <0.05, and p<sub>Combined</sub> <5×10<sup>−7</sup>). In one previously reported locus and two novel loci, additional SNPs were identified as being conditionally important in explaining risk. Just over one third of the identified loci overlap with regions already confirmed as associated with at least one other autoimmune disease (according to the GWAS catalog, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies/">http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies/</ext-link>). Results both for the previously established and novel loci are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Tables 1-3</xref>; and details of all 102 SNPs taken to replication are available in the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Data</xref> file.</p><p id="P9">In order to assess objectively the collective evidence across the associated regions for particular classes of genes, we performed statistical analyses to look for enrichment of genes with similar function. We first identified the nearest gene to the lead SNP in each of the (52) regions of association and used the Gene Ontology (GO) database<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">16</xref></sup> to define sets of functionally related genes (GO terms). We then tested whether the set of nearest-genes was enriched for particular GO terms using Fisher’s exact test. The GO terms having the most significant enrichment include genes linked to lymphocyte function (p =3.2×10<sup>−11</sup>, OR = 35.96) and in particular those with a role in T cell activation and proliferation (p = 1.85×10<sup>−9</sup>, OR = 40.85). These are representative of a larger group associated with various components of the GO ‘immune system process’ (p = 8.6×10<sup>−11</sup>, OR = 9.12). A similar analysis based on all genes in or near association regions showed similar enrichment, as did independent analyses based on nearest-gene or all genes in our next tier of signals, the 42 regions taken to replication but not meeting the thresholds above for association (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary file</xref>.) Although GO immune system genes only account for 7% of human genes, in 30% of our association regions the nearest gene to the lead SNP is an immune system gene. As an illustration, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3</xref> shows a schematic of genes involved in the T helper cell differentiation pathway; a striking number show strong evidence for association with multiple sclerosis particularly those acting as cell surface receptors. We infer from this pathway analysis of our GWAS signals that specific classes of immune system genes are especially important in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.</p><p id="P10">Our screen not only implicates a multitude of genes coding for cytokine pathway (<italic>CXCR5</italic>, <italic>IL2RA</italic>, <italic>IL7R</italic>, <italic>IL7</italic>, <italic>IL12RB1</italic>, <italic>IL22RA2</italic>, <italic>IL12A</italic>, <italic>IL12B</italic>, <italic>IRF8</italic>, <italic>TNFRSF1A</italic>, <italic>TNFRSF14</italic>, <italic>TNFSF14</italic>), co-stimulatory (<italic>CD37</italic>, <italic>CD40</italic>, <italic>CD58</italic>, <italic>CD80</italic>, <italic>CD86</italic>, <italic>CLECL1</italic>) and signal transduction (<italic>CBLB</italic>, <italic>GPR65</italic>, <italic>MALT1</italic>, <italic>RGS1</italic>, <italic>STAT3</italic>, <italic>TAGAP</italic>, <italic>TYK2</italic>) molecules of immunological relevance, but also relates to previously reported environmental risk factors such as Vitamin D<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref></sup> (<italic>CYP27B1</italic>, <italic>CYP24A1</italic>) and therapies for multiple sclerosis including Natalizumab<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">18</xref></sup> (<italic>VCAM1</italic>) and Daclizumab<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref></sup> (<italic>IL2RA</italic>). There is a relative absence of genes relevant to potential pathways for neurodegeneration independent of inflammation (<italic>GALC</italic>, <italic>KIF21B</italic>).</p><p id="P11">To refine our understanding of the MHC associations in multiple sclerosis we imputed classical Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) types at six loci (<italic>A</italic>, <italic>B</italic>, <italic>C</italic>, <italic>DQA1</italic>, <italic>DQB1</italic> and <italic>DRB1</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">20</xref></sup> and analysed these alongside the SNPs (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref> for validation; at alleles responsible for the major signals described below, estimated specificity was at least 0.99 and sensitivity was at least 0.98, except for DRB1*13:03, where it was 0.88). Primary discovery was focused on the UK cohort with candidate signals being validated through support from additional case-control cohorts. Because of the extensive linkage disequilibrium within the MHC, we identified associated alleles in a stepwise manner, selecting the most strongly associated to include in a general model, in turn, if p<sub>UK</sub> <10<sup>−4</sup> and p<sub>combined</sub> <10<sup>−9</sup> (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>). At each stage we explored possible interactions and departures from the simple model in which risk increases multiplicatively with each additional copy of the relevant allele (additive increase on the log-odds scale) within the logistic risk framework.</p><p id="P12">By this approach we found that DRB1*15:01 has the strongest association with multiple sclerosis amongst all classical and SNP alleles, with a consistent effect between cohorts (p <1×10<sup>−320</sup>: <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4A</xref>). The data are consistent with an additive effect on the log-odds scale for each additional allele. Conditioning on DRB1*15:01, we confirmed the presence of a protective Class I allele and identified the signal as being driven by HLA-A*02:01 (as previously suggested),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref></sup> with a consistent effect size across cohorts (p = 9.1×10<sup>−23</sup>: <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4A</xref>). Again, we found no strong evidence for departure from additivity on the log-odds scale or statistical interaction with DRB1*15:01. Conditioning on both DRB1*15:01 and A*02:01 revealed additional risk associated with the strongly linked alleles DRB1*03:01 and DQB1*02:01 (p = 3.6×10<sup>−10</sup>: <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4A</xref>; note that we cannot separate these alleles but for simplicity refer only to DRB1*03:01 below). Further conditioning identified an additional <italic>DRB1</italic> risk allele DRB1*13:03 (p = 1.3×10<sup>−11</sup>: <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4A</xref>). Although no other classical alleles meet the above criteria, we did observe several SNPs providing independent signals, the strongest coming from rs9277535_G (combined OR 1.28, p = 2.2×10<sup>−22</sup>), an allele known to be in linkage disequilibrium with DPB1*03:01 (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.37).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref></sup></p><p id="P13">Analysis of the MHC SNP data using a genealogical method (GENECLUSTER)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref></sup> offers an alternate means of relating our results to classical HLA alleles that provides additional insight into the underlying genetic architecture (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4B</xref> shows genealogical trees relating the classical alleles at <italic>DRB1</italic> and <italic>HLA-A</italic>, together with the estimated evolutionary position of the mutations predicted by GENECLUSTER as most completely modelling the association. At <italic>HLA-DRB1</italic>, three mutations are predicted, each of which implicates a clade of haplotypes carrying particular <italic>DRB1</italic> alleles. All of the <italic>DRB1</italic> alleles we have shown to be independently associated are included in these clades, each corresponding to a particular mutation. In addition, the analysis also explains why those haplotypes carrying the *08:01 allele have previously been shown to increase risk<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">25</xref></sup> since they carry the same mutation as those bearing *13:03. At <italic>HLA-A</italic>, the predicted protective mutation is also concordant with our regression analysis of classical alleles in implicating *02:01 but, in addition, predicts that *68:01, *02:05, and *02:06 carry the same protective allele. All of these secondary predictions (increased risk from DRB1*08:01 and protection from HLA-A*68:01, *02:05, and *02:06) are supported in our regression analysis of classical alleles but the power to detect them in the primary analyses is limited because each allele occurs at a very low frequency.</p><p id="P14">We found no evidence for genetic associations with clinical course, severity of disease or month of birth, and no evidence of interaction with gender or DRB1*15:01 in any part of the genome (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>). However, analysis with respect to age at onset replicated the previously suggested association with the DRB1*15:01 allele.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">26</xref></sup> Although no other part of the genome contained individual SNPs showing strong evidence for association, risk alleles determining susceptibility are collectively more closely associated with age at onset than expected by chance, suggesting that individual genetic susceptibility is inversely correlated with age at onset.</p><p id="P15">Our GWAS - large for any complex trait having a prevalence of 1:1000 and involving diverse populations of European descent - has identified 29 novel susceptibility loci. Four mutations, one from Class I and three from Class II, with effects modelled in a simple multiplicative manner within and across loci are sufficient to account for most of the risk attributable to the MHC (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary file</xref>). Although our data do not address the issue of which components within the nervous system are initially damaged by the inflammatory response the over-representation of genes that influence T cell maturation provides independent and compelling evidence that the critical disease mechanisms primarily involve immune dysregulation.</p><p id="P16">More generally, our study reinforces the view that the GWAS design, combined with very large experimental sample sizes and careful statistical analysis, provides valuable insights into the genetic architecture of common complex diseases. Here, this approach has identified many associated genetic variants close to genes, which are both individually interesting and collectively illuminate the roles of key biological pathways. It also provides indirect evidence that many more common variants of small effect contribute to genetic susceptibility for multiple sclerosis. Simple models, in which the previously-known and newly-identified variants affect risk multiplicatively, both within and across loci, explain a meaningful proportion (~20%, see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>) of genetic risk for the disease. Important challenges lie ahead, in understanding overlap between the genetic basis for susceptibility in the context of different autoimmune diseases, and in uncovering the functional mechanisms underlying these associations.</p><sec sec-type="methods" id="S1"><title>Materials and Methods</title><p id="P17">Details of case ascertainment, processing and genotyping, together with sample and genotyping quality control are provided in the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>. Statistical methods developed for testing the reliability of externally generated data sets, detecting samples with non-European ancestry, correcting for structure, classical HLA imputation and meta-analysis are also outlined in the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>. Results for all scans and all reported loci are described in detail in the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="SM"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD1"><label>1</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS36028-supplement-1.pdf" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d35e3175" position="anchor" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD2"><label>2</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS36028-supplement-2.xls" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d35e3179" position="anchor" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="vnd.ms-excel"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD3"><label>3</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS36028-supplement-3.doc" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d35e3183" position="anchor" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="msword"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack id="S2"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The principal funding for this study was provided by the Wellcome Trust (085475/B/08/Z, 085475/Z/08/Z, 075491/Z/04/Z and 068545/Z/02). The work was also supported by National Institutes of Health (AI076544, NS032830, NS049477, NS19142, NS049510, NS26799, NS43559, NS067305, CA104021, RR020092, RR024992 and K23N/S048869), US National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG 4201-A-1), Nancy Davis Foundation, Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UK Medical Research Council (G0700061, G0000934), Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (898/08), Wolfson Royal Society Merit Award, Peter Doherty fellowship, Lagrange Fellowship, Harry Weaver Neuroscience Scholarships, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australian Research Council Linkage Program Grant, JHH Charitable Trust Fund, Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, Health Research Council New Zealand, National MS Society of New Zealand, Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Multiple Sclerose, Bayer Chair on Fundamental Genetic Research regarding the Neuroimmunological aspects of Multiple Sclerosis, Biogen Idec Chair Translational Research in Multiple Sclerosis, FWO-Vlaanderen, Belgian Neurological Society, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Society, Neuropromise EU grant (LSHM-CT-2005-018637), Center of Excellence for Disease Genetics of the Academy of Finland, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Foundation, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Technologie (KKNMS consortium Control MS), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Association pour la Recherche sur la Sclérose En Plaques (ARSEP), Association Française contre les Myopathies (AFM), Italian Foundation for Multiple Sclerosis (2002/R/40, 2005/R/10, 2008/R/11 and 2008/R/15), Italian Ministry of Health (grant Giovani Ricercatori 2007 - D.lgs 502/92), Regione Piemonte (grants 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009), CRT Foundation, Turin, Moorfields / UCL Institute of Ophthalmology NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Norwegian MS Register and Biobank, Research Council of Norway, South-Eastern and Western Norway regional Health Authories, Ullevål University Hospital Scientific Advisory Council, Haukeland University Hospital, Amici Centro Sclerosi Multipla del San Raffaele (ACESM), Association of British Neurologists, Spanish Ministry of Health(FISPI060117), Bibbi and Niels Jensens Foundation, Montel Williams foundation, Hjärnfonden and Swedish medical research council (8691), Stockholm County Council (562183), Swedish Council for Working life and Social Research, Gemeinnützige Hertie Stiftung, Northern California Kaiser Permanente members and Polpharma Foundation, and Washington University Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences - Brain, Behavioral and Performance Unit.</p><p>We acknowledge use of data from the British 1958 Birth Cohort, the UK National Blood Service, the popgen biobank, the KORA and MONICA Augsburg studies, the Accelerated Cure Project, the Brigham & Women’s Hospital PhenoGenetic Project, the Swedish CAD project, the Norwegian Bone Marrow Donor Registry, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), the Swedish Breast Cancer study, BRC-REFGENSEP (Pitié-Salpêtrière Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC) and Généthon) and HYPERGENES (HEALTH-F4-2007-201550). Projects which received support from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Helmholtz Zentrum München–National Research Center, the German National Genome Research Network (NGFN), the LMUinnovativ, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Center for Applied Genomics from the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Development Award, the Agency for Science & Technology and Research of Singapore and the Susan G Komen Breast Cancer Foundation.</p><p>We thank S. Bertrand, J. Bryant, S.L. Clark, L. Collimedaglia, G. Coniglio, J.S. Conquer, B. Colombo, T. Dibling, G. Eckstein, J.C. Eldred, G. Fischer, S. Gamble, P. Gregersen, R. Guerrero, C. Hind, P. Lichtner, L. Moiola, H. Mousavi, R. Naismith, R.J. Parks, R. Pearson, V. Pilato, M. Radaelli, E. Scarpini, C.R. Stribling, T. Strom, S. Taylor, D. Vukcevic, A. Wilk, for their help and support.</p><p>Detailed acknowledgements are available in the supplementary information file.</p><p>This manuscript is dedicated to the memory of Leena Peltonen, a member of both the IMSGC and WTCCC2, in recognition of her many contributions to, and her leadership in, human genetics.</p></ack><fn-group><fn id="FN2"><p id="P18"><bold>Supplementary Information</bold> is linked to the online version of the paper at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/nature">www.nature.com/nature</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="FN5"><p id="P19">Reprints and permissions information is available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/reprints">www.nature.com/reprints</ext-link>.</p></fn><fn id="FN6"><p id="P20">The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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All cases and controls were drawn from populations with European ancestry; cases from 15 countries and controls from 8. <bold>A</bold>: numbers of case (red) and control (black) samples from each country. <bold>B:</bold> The projection of samples onto the first two principal components of genetic variation, with cases shown on the left and controls on the right. The axes are orientated to approximate to the geography, and samples are colour coded as indicated in the legend. We genotyped the cases (9772) and some Swedish controls (527) using the Illumina Human 660-Quad platform, and the UK controls (5175, the WTCCC2 common control set<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref></sup>) using the Illumina 1.2M platform. All other controls were genotyped externally using various Illumina genotyping systems (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ukmss-36028-f0001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Regions of the genome showing association to multiple sclerosis. Columns from left to right: evidence for association from the linear mixed model analysis of the discovery data (thresholded at −log<sub>10</sub>(p) = 12). Non-MHC regions containing associated SNPs are shown in red and are labelled with the rsID (bold for newly identified loci, black for strong evidence, grey for previously reported) and risk allele of the most significant SNP. * indicates that the locus contains a secondary SNP signal. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals estimated from the meta-analysis of the discovery and replication data (+ indicates estimates for previously-known loci from discovery data only). Risk allele frequency estimates in each of the control populations used in the study (each is shown as a vertical bar on a scale from 0 to 1 going left to right). For each region of association the number of genes is reported, and where non-zero a candidate gene is given. Black dots indicate that the candidate gene is physically the nearest gene included in the “immune system process” GO term. When the most-significant SNP tags a SNP predicted to have an impact on the function of the candidate gene this is indicated. Where such a SNP exists, the gene involved is selected as the candidate gene; otherwise the nearest gene is selected unless there are strong biological reasons for a different choice. The final column indicates SNPs which are correlated (<italic>r</italic><italic><sup>2</sup></italic> > 0.1) with SNPs reported to be associated with other autoimmune (AI) diseases (abbreviations: RA = Rheumatoid arthritis; CeD = Celiac disease; UC = Ulcerative colitis; CrD = Crohns’s disease; T1D = Type 1 diabetes; PS = Psoriasis). An interactive version of the figure is available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/wtccc2/ms">www.well.ox.ac.uk/wtccc2/ms</ext-link>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ukmss-36028-f0002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Graphical representation of the T helper cell differentiation pathway. The figure is derived from an image generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software version 8.8 (Ingenuity Systems, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA). Alpha-numeric labels indicate the individual genes and gene complexes (nodes) included in the pathway (note some are included more than once). Coloured nodes are those containing a gene implicated by proximity to a SNP showing evidence of association. Red: in bold or grey in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref> (plus MHC class II region and TNFα); Orange: other loci in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref> or discovery P value < 1×10<sup>−4.5</sup> and consistent replication data. Yellow: Discovery P value < 1×10<sup>−3</sup>. Other molecules (proteins, vitamins etc.) may also be of relevance in these processes but are not included here as they are not currently listed as being part of this particular pathway in the IPA database.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ukmss-36028-f0003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Results for the main MHC alleles. <bold>A:</bold> Forest plots for each of the primary HLA alleles (HLA-A*02:01, DRB1*15:01, DRB1*03:01 and DRB1*13:03) showing consistency of effect across the populations and combined OR of 0.73, 3.1, 1.26 and 2.4 respectively (whiskers indicate 95% confidence intervals). <bold>B:</bold> The genealogical trees estimated for <italic>DRB1</italic> (top) and <italic>HLA-A</italic> (bottom). These trees were constructed using classical HLA and SNP typing data available from the HapMap CEU haplotype data. Each left hand branch of the tree terminates on a set of haplotypes carrying a particular HLA allele. The coloured dots indicate the mostly likely locations for a disease-associated mutation as predicted by the GENECLUSTER program<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref></sup>. In the DRB1 tree, the blue dot captures a risk effect attributable to all haplotypes carrying the *15:01 allele. The green dot captures a risk effect carried by all haplotypes carrying the *03:01 allele and the red dot captures a risk effect on haplotypes carrying *13:03 or *08:01. In the HLA-A plot, the orange dot is a protective mutation lying at the root of all *02:01, *02:05, *02:06 and *68:01 alleles. The blue dot in brackets denotes a branch containing those *03:01 haplotypes that also carry DRB1*15:01; the GENECLUSTER prediction here is thus a reflection, due to linkage disequilibrium of the risk attributable to DRB1*15:01. The terminal branches are labelled with the allele carried by the haplotype and its frequency.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ukmss-36028-f0004"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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