Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century
Identifieur interne : 001C10 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001C09; suivant : 001C11Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century
Auteurs : Kira A. Krumhansl ; Daniel K. Okamoto ; Andrew Rassweiler ; Mark Novak ; John J. Bolton ; Kyle C. Cavanaugh ; Sean D. Connell ; Craig R. Johnson ; Brenda Konar ; Scott D. Ling ; Fiorenza Micheli ; Kjell M. Norderhaug ; Alejandro Pérez-Matus ; Isabel Sousa-Pinto ; Daniel C. Reed ; Anne K. Salomon ; Nick T. Shears ; Thomas Wernberg ; Robert J. Anderson ; Nevell S. Barrett ; Alejandro H. Buschmann ; Mark H. Carr ; Jennifer E. Caselle ; Sandrine Derrien-Courtel ; Graham J. Edgar ; Matt Edwards ; James A. Estes ; Claire Goodwin ; Michael C. Kenner ; David J. Kushner ; Frithjof E. Moy ; Julia Nunn ; Robert S. Steneck ; Julio Vásquez ; Jane Watson ; Jon D. Witman ; Jarrett E. K. ByrnesSource :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Kelp forests support diverse and productive ecological communities throughout temperate and arctic regions worldwide, providing numerous ecosystem services to humans. Literature suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of human impacts, including climate change, overfishing, and direct harvest. We provide the first globally comprehensive analysis of kelp forest change over the past 50 y, identifying a high degree of variation in the magnitude and direction of change across the geographic range of kelps. These results suggest region-specific responses to global change, with local drivers playing an important role in driving patterns of kelp abundance. Increased monitoring aimed at understanding regional kelp forest dynamics is likely to prove most effective for the adaptive management of these important ecosystems.
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606102113
PubMed: 27849580
PubMed Central: 5137772
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PMC:5137772Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century</title><author><name sortKey="Krumhansl, Kira A" sort="Krumhansl, Kira A" uniqKey="Krumhansl K" first="Kira A." last="Krumhansl">Kira A. Krumhansl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okamoto, Daniel K" sort="Okamoto, Daniel K" uniqKey="Okamoto D" first="Daniel K." last="Okamoto">Daniel K. Okamoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rassweiler, Andrew" sort="Rassweiler, Andrew" uniqKey="Rassweiler A" first="Andrew" last="Rassweiler">Andrew Rassweiler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Biological Science,<institution>Florida State University</institution>, Tallahassee,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32306;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Novak, Mark" sort="Novak, Mark" uniqKey="Novak M" first="Mark" last="Novak">Mark Novak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Integrative Biology,<institution>Oregon State University</institution>, Corvallis,<addr-line>OR</addr-line> 97331;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolton, John J" sort="Bolton, John J" uniqKey="Bolton J" first="John J." last="Bolton">John J. Bolton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, 7701 Rondebosch,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" sort="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" uniqKey="Cavanaugh K" first="Kyle C." last="Cavanaugh">Kyle C. Cavanaugh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Geography,<institution>University of California, Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90095;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Connell, Sean D" sort="Connell, Sean D" uniqKey="Connell S" first="Sean D." last="Connell">Sean D. Connell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute,<institution>The University of Adelaide</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5005,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Craig R" sort="Johnson, Craig R" uniqKey="Johnson C" first="Craig R." last="Johnson">Craig R. Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konar, Brenda" sort="Konar, Brenda" uniqKey="Konar B" first="Brenda" last="Konar">Brenda Konar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences,<institution>University of Alaska</institution>, Fairbanks,<addr-line>AK</addr-line> 99775;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Scott D" sort="Ling, Scott D" uniqKey="Ling S" first="Scott D." last="Ling">Scott D. Ling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Micheli, Fiorenza" sort="Micheli, Fiorenza" uniqKey="Micheli F" first="Fiorenza" last="Micheli">Fiorenza Micheli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Hopkins Marine Station,<institution>Stanford University</institution>, Pacific Grove,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93950;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norderhaug, Kjell M" sort="Norderhaug, Kjell M" uniqKey="Norderhaug K" first="Kjell M." last="Norderhaug">Kjell M. Norderhaug</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Norwegian Institute for Water Research</institution>, 0349 Oslo,<country>Norway</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Matus, Alejandro" sort="Perez Matus, Alejandro" uniqKey="Perez Matus A" first="Alejandro" last="Pérez-Matus">Alejandro Pérez-Matus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación<institution>Costera de Investigaciones Marinas</institution>, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" sort="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" uniqKey="Sousa Pinto I" first="Isabel" last="Sousa-Pinto">Isabel Sousa-Pinto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences,<institution>University of Porto</institution>, 4169-007 Porto,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, Daniel C" sort="Reed, Daniel C" uniqKey="Reed D" first="Daniel C." last="Reed">Daniel C. Reed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Marine Science Institute,<institution>University of California, Santa Barbara</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne K" sort="Salomon, Anne K" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne K." last="Salomon">Anne K. Salomon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shears, Nick T" sort="Shears, Nick T" uniqKey="Shears N" first="Nick T." last="Shears">Nick T. Shears</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science,<institution>The University of Auckland</institution>, Auckland 0941,<country>New Zealand</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wernberg, Thomas" sort="Wernberg, Thomas" uniqKey="Wernberg T" first="Thomas" last="Wernberg">Thomas Wernberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Oceans Institute,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">School of Biological Sciences,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Robert J" sort="Anderson, Robert J" uniqKey="Anderson R" first="Robert J." last="Anderson">Robert J. Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, 7701 Rondebosch,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries</institution>, Roggebaai 8012,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, Nevell S" sort="Barrett, Nevell S" uniqKey="Barrett N" first="Nevell S." last="Barrett">Nevell S. Barrett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buschmann, Alejandro H" sort="Buschmann, Alejandro H" uniqKey="Buschmann A" first="Alejandro H." last="Buschmann">Alejandro H. Buschmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, Mark H" sort="Carr, Mark H" uniqKey="Carr M" first="Mark H." last="Carr">Mark H. Carr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caselle, Jennifer E" sort="Caselle, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Caselle J" first="Jennifer E." last="Caselle">Jennifer E. Caselle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Marine Science Institute,<institution>University of California, Santa Barbara</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" sort="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" uniqKey="Derrien Courtel S" first="Sandrine" last="Derrien-Courtel">Sandrine Derrien-Courtel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,<institution>Station Marine de Concarneau</institution>, 29182 Concarneau Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edgar, Graham J" sort="Edgar, Graham J" uniqKey="Edgar G" first="Graham J." last="Edgar">Graham J. Edgar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Matt" sort="Edwards, Matt" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Matt" last="Edwards">Matt Edwards</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Biology,<institution>San Diego State University</institution>, San Diego,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 92182;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estes, James A" sort="Estes, James A" uniqKey="Estes J" first="James A." last="Estes">James A. Estes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodwin, Claire" sort="Goodwin, Claire" uniqKey="Goodwin C" first="Claire" last="Goodwin">Claire Goodwin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Centre for Environmental Data and Recording,<institution>National Museums Northern Ireland</institution>, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kenner, Michael C" sort="Kenner, Michael C" uniqKey="Kenner M" first="Michael C." last="Kenner">Michael C. Kenner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kushner, David J" sort="Kushner, David J" uniqKey="Kushner D" first="David J." last="Kushner">David J. Kushner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>Channel Islands National Park</institution>, Ventura,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93009;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moy, Frithjof E" sort="Moy, Frithjof E" uniqKey="Moy F" first="Frithjof E." last="Moy">Frithjof E. Moy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26"><institution>Institute of Marine Research</institution>, 4817 His,<country>Norway</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nunn, Julia" sort="Nunn, Julia" uniqKey="Nunn J" first="Julia" last="Nunn">Julia Nunn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Centre for Environmental Data and Recording,<institution>National Museums Northern Ireland</institution>, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steneck, Robert S" sort="Steneck, Robert S" uniqKey="Steneck R" first="Robert S." last="Steneck">Robert S. Steneck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27">School of Marine Sciences,<institution>University of Maine</institution>, Walpole,<addr-line>ME</addr-line> 04573;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Julio" sort="Vasquez, Julio" uniqKey="Vasquez J" first="Julio" last="Vásquez">Julio Vásquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Departamento de Biología Marina,<institution>Universidad Católica del Norte</institution>, Coquimbo 1781421,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Jane" sort="Watson, Jane" uniqKey="Watson J" first="Jane" last="Watson">Jane Watson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Biology Department,<institution>Vancouver Island University</institution>, Nanaimo, BC,<country>Canada</country> V9R 5S5;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witman, Jon D" sort="Witman, Jon D" uniqKey="Witman J" first="Jon D." last="Witman">Jon D. Witman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>Brown University</institution>, Providence,<addr-line>RI</addr-line> 02912;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" sort="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" uniqKey="Byrnes J" first="Jarrett E. K." last="Byrnes">Jarrett E. K. Byrnes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Biology,<institution>University of Massachusetts</institution>, Boston,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 02125</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27849580</idno><idno type="pmc">5137772</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137772</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5137772</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1606102113</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001C10</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001C10</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century</title><author><name sortKey="Krumhansl, Kira A" sort="Krumhansl, Kira A" uniqKey="Krumhansl K" first="Kira A." last="Krumhansl">Kira A. Krumhansl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okamoto, Daniel K" sort="Okamoto, Daniel K" uniqKey="Okamoto D" first="Daniel K." last="Okamoto">Daniel K. Okamoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rassweiler, Andrew" sort="Rassweiler, Andrew" uniqKey="Rassweiler A" first="Andrew" last="Rassweiler">Andrew Rassweiler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Biological Science,<institution>Florida State University</institution>, Tallahassee,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32306;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Novak, Mark" sort="Novak, Mark" uniqKey="Novak M" first="Mark" last="Novak">Mark Novak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Integrative Biology,<institution>Oregon State University</institution>, Corvallis,<addr-line>OR</addr-line> 97331;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolton, John J" sort="Bolton, John J" uniqKey="Bolton J" first="John J." last="Bolton">John J. Bolton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, 7701 Rondebosch,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" sort="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" uniqKey="Cavanaugh K" first="Kyle C." last="Cavanaugh">Kyle C. Cavanaugh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Geography,<institution>University of California, Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90095;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Connell, Sean D" sort="Connell, Sean D" uniqKey="Connell S" first="Sean D." last="Connell">Sean D. Connell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute,<institution>The University of Adelaide</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5005,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Craig R" sort="Johnson, Craig R" uniqKey="Johnson C" first="Craig R." last="Johnson">Craig R. Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konar, Brenda" sort="Konar, Brenda" uniqKey="Konar B" first="Brenda" last="Konar">Brenda Konar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences,<institution>University of Alaska</institution>, Fairbanks,<addr-line>AK</addr-line> 99775;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Scott D" sort="Ling, Scott D" uniqKey="Ling S" first="Scott D." last="Ling">Scott D. Ling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Micheli, Fiorenza" sort="Micheli, Fiorenza" uniqKey="Micheli F" first="Fiorenza" last="Micheli">Fiorenza Micheli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Hopkins Marine Station,<institution>Stanford University</institution>, Pacific Grove,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93950;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norderhaug, Kjell M" sort="Norderhaug, Kjell M" uniqKey="Norderhaug K" first="Kjell M." last="Norderhaug">Kjell M. Norderhaug</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Norwegian Institute for Water Research</institution>, 0349 Oslo,<country>Norway</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Matus, Alejandro" sort="Perez Matus, Alejandro" uniqKey="Perez Matus A" first="Alejandro" last="Pérez-Matus">Alejandro Pérez-Matus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación<institution>Costera de Investigaciones Marinas</institution>, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" sort="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" uniqKey="Sousa Pinto I" first="Isabel" last="Sousa-Pinto">Isabel Sousa-Pinto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences,<institution>University of Porto</institution>, 4169-007 Porto,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, Daniel C" sort="Reed, Daniel C" uniqKey="Reed D" first="Daniel C." last="Reed">Daniel C. Reed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Marine Science Institute,<institution>University of California, Santa Barbara</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne K" sort="Salomon, Anne K" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne K." last="Salomon">Anne K. Salomon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shears, Nick T" sort="Shears, Nick T" uniqKey="Shears N" first="Nick T." last="Shears">Nick T. Shears</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science,<institution>The University of Auckland</institution>, Auckland 0941,<country>New Zealand</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wernberg, Thomas" sort="Wernberg, Thomas" uniqKey="Wernberg T" first="Thomas" last="Wernberg">Thomas Wernberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Oceans Institute,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">School of Biological Sciences,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Robert J" sort="Anderson, Robert J" uniqKey="Anderson R" first="Robert J." last="Anderson">Robert J. Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, 7701 Rondebosch,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries</institution>, Roggebaai 8012,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, Nevell S" sort="Barrett, Nevell S" uniqKey="Barrett N" first="Nevell S." last="Barrett">Nevell S. Barrett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buschmann, Alejandro H" sort="Buschmann, Alejandro H" uniqKey="Buschmann A" first="Alejandro H." last="Buschmann">Alejandro H. Buschmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, Mark H" sort="Carr, Mark H" uniqKey="Carr M" first="Mark H." last="Carr">Mark H. Carr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caselle, Jennifer E" sort="Caselle, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Caselle J" first="Jennifer E." last="Caselle">Jennifer E. Caselle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Marine Science Institute,<institution>University of California, Santa Barbara</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" sort="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" uniqKey="Derrien Courtel S" first="Sandrine" last="Derrien-Courtel">Sandrine Derrien-Courtel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,<institution>Station Marine de Concarneau</institution>, 29182 Concarneau Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edgar, Graham J" sort="Edgar, Graham J" uniqKey="Edgar G" first="Graham J." last="Edgar">Graham J. Edgar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Matt" sort="Edwards, Matt" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Matt" last="Edwards">Matt Edwards</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Biology,<institution>San Diego State University</institution>, San Diego,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 92182;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estes, James A" sort="Estes, James A" uniqKey="Estes J" first="James A." last="Estes">James A. Estes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodwin, Claire" sort="Goodwin, Claire" uniqKey="Goodwin C" first="Claire" last="Goodwin">Claire Goodwin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Centre for Environmental Data and Recording,<institution>National Museums Northern Ireland</institution>, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kenner, Michael C" sort="Kenner, Michael C" uniqKey="Kenner M" first="Michael C." last="Kenner">Michael C. Kenner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kushner, David J" sort="Kushner, David J" uniqKey="Kushner D" first="David J." last="Kushner">David J. Kushner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>Channel Islands National Park</institution>, Ventura,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93009;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moy, Frithjof E" sort="Moy, Frithjof E" uniqKey="Moy F" first="Frithjof E." last="Moy">Frithjof E. Moy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26"><institution>Institute of Marine Research</institution>, 4817 His,<country>Norway</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nunn, Julia" sort="Nunn, Julia" uniqKey="Nunn J" first="Julia" last="Nunn">Julia Nunn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Centre for Environmental Data and Recording,<institution>National Museums Northern Ireland</institution>, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steneck, Robert S" sort="Steneck, Robert S" uniqKey="Steneck R" first="Robert S." last="Steneck">Robert S. Steneck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27">School of Marine Sciences,<institution>University of Maine</institution>, Walpole,<addr-line>ME</addr-line> 04573;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Julio" sort="Vasquez, Julio" uniqKey="Vasquez J" first="Julio" last="Vásquez">Julio Vásquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Departamento de Biología Marina,<institution>Universidad Católica del Norte</institution>, Coquimbo 1781421,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Jane" sort="Watson, Jane" uniqKey="Watson J" first="Jane" last="Watson">Jane Watson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Biology Department,<institution>Vancouver Island University</institution>, Nanaimo, BC,<country>Canada</country> V9R 5S5;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witman, Jon D" sort="Witman, Jon D" uniqKey="Witman J" first="Jon D." last="Witman">Jon D. Witman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>Brown University</institution>, Providence,<addr-line>RI</addr-line> 02912;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" sort="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" uniqKey="Byrnes J" first="Jarrett E. K." last="Byrnes">Jarrett E. K. Byrnes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Biology,<institution>University of Massachusetts</institution>, Boston,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 02125</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Kelp forests support diverse and productive ecological communities throughout temperate and arctic regions worldwide, providing numerous ecosystem services to humans. Literature suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of human impacts, including climate change, overfishing, and direct harvest. We provide the first globally comprehensive analysis of kelp forest change over the past 50 y, identifying a high degree of variation in the magnitude and direction of change across the geographic range of kelps. These results suggest region-specific responses to global change, with local drivers playing an important role in driving patterns of kelp abundance. Increased monitoring aimed at understanding regional kelp forest dynamics is likely to prove most effective for the adaptive management of these important ecosystems.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27849580</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5137772</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201606102</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1606102113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">Global patterns of kelp forest change</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krumhansl</surname><given-names>Kira A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Okamoto</surname><given-names>Daniel K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rassweiler</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Novak</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bolton</surname><given-names>John J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cavanaugh</surname><given-names>Kyle C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Connell</surname><given-names>Sean D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>Craig R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Konar</surname><given-names>Brenda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ling</surname><given-names>Scott D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Micheli</surname><given-names>Fiorenza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Norderhaug</surname><given-names>Kjell M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pérez-Matus</surname><given-names>Alejandro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sousa-Pinto</surname><given-names>Isabel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>l</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reed</surname><given-names>Daniel C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salomon</surname><given-names>Anne K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shears</surname><given-names>Nick T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>o</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wernberg</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>p</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>q</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>Robert J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>r</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barrett</surname><given-names>Nevell S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buschmann</surname><given-names>Alejandro H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>s</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>t</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carr</surname><given-names>Mark H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>u</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caselle</surname><given-names>Jennifer E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Derrien-Courtel</surname><given-names>Sandrine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>v</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Edgar</surname><given-names>Graham J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Edwards</surname><given-names>Matt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>w</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Estes</surname><given-names>James A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>u</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goodwin</surname><given-names>Claire</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>x</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kenner</surname><given-names>Michael C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>u</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kushner</surname><given-names>David J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>y</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0790-4593</contrib-id><name><surname>Moy</surname><given-names>Frithjof E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26"><sup>z</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nunn</surname><given-names>Julia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>x</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steneck</surname><given-names>Robert S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27"><sup>aa</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vásquez</surname><given-names>Julio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>bb</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Watson</surname><given-names>Jane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29"><sup>cc</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Witman</surname><given-names>Jon D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30"><sup>dd</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-9472</contrib-id><name><surname>Byrnes</surname><given-names>Jarrett E. K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31"><sup>ee</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Department of Biological Science,<institution>Florida State University</institution>, Tallahassee,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32306;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Department of Integrative Biology,<institution>Oregon State University</institution>, Corvallis,<addr-line>OR</addr-line> 97331;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, 7701 Rondebosch,<country>South Africa</country>;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup>Department of Geography,<institution>University of California, Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90095;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup>Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute,<institution>The University of Adelaide</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5005,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences,<institution>University of Alaska</institution>, Fairbanks,<addr-line>AK</addr-line> 99775;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>i</sup>Hopkins Marine Station,<institution>Stanford University</institution>, Pacific Grove,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93950;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>j</sup><institution>Norwegian Institute for Water Research</institution>, 0349 Oslo,<country>Norway</country>;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>k</sup>Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación<institution>Costera de Investigaciones Marinas</institution>, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago,<country>Chile</country>;</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>l</sup>Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos,<country>Portugal</country>;</aff><aff id="aff13"><sup>m</sup>Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences,<institution>University of Porto</institution>, 4169-007 Porto,<country>Portugal</country>;</aff><aff id="aff14"><sup>n</sup>Marine Science Institute,<institution>University of California, Santa Barbara</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93106;</aff><aff id="aff15"><sup>o</sup>Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science,<institution>The University of Auckland</institution>, Auckland 0941,<country>New Zealand</country>;</aff><aff id="aff16"><sup>p</sup>Oceans Institute,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff17"><sup>q</sup>School of Biological Sciences,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff18"><sup>r</sup><institution>Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries</institution>, Roggebaai 8012,<country>South Africa</country>;</aff><aff id="aff19"><sup>s</sup>Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</aff><aff id="aff20"><sup>t</sup>Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</aff><aff id="aff21"><sup>u</sup>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</aff><aff id="aff22"><sup>v</sup>Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,<institution>Station Marine de Concarneau</institution>, 29182 Concarneau Cedex,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff23"><sup>w</sup>Department of Biology,<institution>San Diego State University</institution>, San Diego,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 92182;</aff><aff id="aff24"><sup>x</sup>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording,<institution>National Museums Northern Ireland</institution>, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff25"><sup>y</sup><institution>Channel Islands National Park</institution>, Ventura,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93009;</aff><aff id="aff26"><sup>z</sup><institution>Institute of Marine Research</institution>, 4817 His,<country>Norway</country>;</aff><aff id="aff27"><sup>aa</sup>School of Marine Sciences,<institution>University of Maine</institution>, Walpole,<addr-line>ME</addr-line> 04573;</aff><aff id="aff28"><sup>bb</sup>Departamento de Biología Marina,<institution>Universidad Católica del Norte</institution>, Coquimbo 1781421,<country>Chile</country>;</aff><aff id="aff29"><sup>cc</sup>Biology Department,<institution>Vancouver Island University</institution>, Nanaimo, BC,<country>Canada</country> V9R 5S5;</aff><aff id="aff30"><sup>dd</sup>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>Brown University</institution>, Providence,<addr-line>RI</addr-line> 02912;</aff><aff id="aff31"><sup>ee</sup>Department of Biology,<institution>University of Massachusetts</institution>, Boston,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 02125</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: <email>kkrumhan@sfu.ca</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Michael H. Graham, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, and accepted by Editorial Board Member David W. Schindler October 3, 2016 (received for review April 15, 2016)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: K.A.K., D.K.O., A.R., M.N., J.J.B., K.C.C., S.D.C., C.R.J., B.K., S.D.L., K.M.N., A.P.-M., I.S.-P., A.K.S., N.T.S., T.W., and J.E.K.B. conceptualized research; K.A.K., D.K.O., A.R., M.N., and J.E.K.B. designed and performed research; D.K.O. designed and executed Bayesian analysis; K.A.K. and D.K.O. wrote the paper; and A.R., J.J.B., S.D.C., B.K., S.D.L., F.M., K.M.N., A.P.-M., I.S.-P., D.C.R., A.K.S., N.T.S., T.W., R.J.A., N.S.B., A.H.B., M.H.C., J.E.C., S.D.-C., G.J.E., M.E., J.A.E., C.G., M.C.K., D.J.K., F.E.M., J.N., R.S.S., J.V., J.W., and J.D.W. contributed data and provided input on the manuscript.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>113</volume><issue>48</issue><fpage>13785</fpage><lpage>13790</lpage><permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="pnas.201606102.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>Kelp forests support diverse and productive ecological communities throughout temperate and arctic regions worldwide, providing numerous ecosystem services to humans. Literature suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of human impacts, including climate change, overfishing, and direct harvest. We provide the first globally comprehensive analysis of kelp forest change over the past 50 y, identifying a high degree of variation in the magnitude and direction of change across the geographic range of kelps. These results suggest region-specific responses to global change, with local drivers playing an important role in driving patterns of kelp abundance. Increased monitoring aimed at understanding regional kelp forest dynamics is likely to prove most effective for the adaptive management of these important ecosystems.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Kelp forests (Order Laminariales) form key biogenic habitats in coastal regions of temperate and Arctic seas worldwide, providing ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of dollars annually. Although local evidence suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of stressors, no comprehensive global analysis of change in kelp abundances currently exists. Here, we build and analyze a global database of kelp time series spanning the past half-century to assess regional and global trends in kelp abundances. We detected a high degree of geographic variation in trends, with regional variability in the direction and magnitude of change far exceeding a small global average decline (instantaneous rate of change = −0.018 y<sup>−1</sup>). Our analysis identified declines in 38% of ecoregions for which there are data (−0.015 to −0.18 y<sup>−1</sup>), increases in 27% of ecoregions (0.015 to 0.11 y<sup>−1</sup>), and no detectable change in 35% of ecoregions. These spatially variable trajectories reflected regional differences in the drivers of change, uncertainty in some regions owing to poor spatial and temporal data coverage, and the dynamic nature of kelp populations. We conclude that although global drivers could be affecting kelp forests at multiple scales, local stressors and regional variation in the effects of these drivers dominate kelp dynamics, in contrast to many other marine and terrestrial foundation species.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>kelp forest</kwd><kwd>Laminariales</kwd><kwd>global change</kwd><kwd>climate change</kwd><kwd>coastal ecosystems</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group id="gs1"><funding-source id="sp1">National Science Foundation (NSF)<named-content content-type="funder-id">100000001</named-content></funding-source><award-id rid="sp1">DEB-00-72909</award-id></award-group></funding-group><counts><page-count count="6"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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