Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Meta-analysis of gene–environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error</title><author><name sortKey="Fan, Qiao" sort="Fan, Qiao" uniqKey="Fan Q" first="Qiao" last="Fan">Qiao Fan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verhoeven, Virginie J M" sort="Verhoeven, Virginie J M" uniqKey="Verhoeven V" first="Virginie J. M." last="Verhoeven">Virginie J. M. Verhoeven</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wojciechowski, Robert" sort="Wojciechowski, Robert" uniqKey="Wojciechowski R" first="Robert" last="Wojciechowski">Robert Wojciechowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 20205,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barathi, Veluchamy A" sort="Barathi, Veluchamy A" uniqKey="Barathi V" first="Veluchamy A." last="Barathi">Veluchamy A. Barathi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hysi, Pirro G" sort="Hysi, Pirro G" uniqKey="Hysi P" first="Pirro G." last="Hysi">Pirro G. Hysi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guggenheim, Jeremy A" sort="Guggenheim, Jeremy A" uniqKey="Guggenheim J" first="Jeremy A." last="Guggenheim">Jeremy A. Guggenheim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University</institution>, Cardiff CF24 4HQ,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hohn, Rene" sort="Hohn, Rene" uniqKey="Hohn R" first="René" last="Höhn">René Höhn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern</institution>, CH-3010 Bern,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vitart, Veronique" sort="Vitart, Veronique" uniqKey="Vitart V" first="Veronique" last="Vitart">Veronique Vitart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Edinburgh EH4 2XU,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khawaja, Anthony P" sort="Khawaja, Anthony P" uniqKey="Khawaja A" first="Anthony P." last="Khawaja">Anthony P. Khawaja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine</institution>, Cambridge CB2 0SR,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamashiro, Kenji" sort="Yamashiro, Kenji" uniqKey="Yamashiro K" first="Kenji" last="Yamashiro">Kenji Yamashiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine</institution>, Kyoto 6068507,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hosseini, S Mohsen" sort="Hosseini, S Mohsen" uniqKey="Hosseini S" first="S Mohsen" last="Hosseini">S Mohsen Hosseini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto</institution>, Toronto Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X8</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere</institution>, Tampere 33520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Yi" sort="Lu, Yi" uniqKey="Lu Y" first="Yi" last="Lu">Yi Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4029,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haller, Toomas" sort="Haller, Toomas" uniqKey="Haller T" first="Toomas" last="Haller">Toomas Haller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu</institution>, Tartu 51010,<country>Estonia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Jing" sort="Xie, Jing" uniqKey="Xie J" first="Jing" last="Xie">Jing Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delcourt, Cecile" sort="Delcourt, Cecile" uniqKey="Delcourt C" first="Cécile" last="Delcourt">Cécile Delcourt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Université de Bordeaux, ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie et de Développement)</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a21"><institution>INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Mario" sort="Pirastu, Mario" uniqKey="Pirastu M" first="Mario" last="Pirastu">Mario Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council</institution>, Sassari 07100,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wedenoja, Juho" sort="Wedenoja, Juho" uniqKey="Wedenoja J" first="Juho" last="Wedenoja">Juho Wedenoja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki</institution>, Helsinki 00014,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a24"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital</institution>, Helsinki 00014,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gharahkhani, Puya" sort="Gharahkhani, Puya" uniqKey="Gharahkhani P" first="Puya" last="Gharahkhani">Puya Gharahkhani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4029,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venturini, Cristina" sort="Venturini, Cristina" uniqKey="Venturini C" first="Cristina" last="Venturini">Cristina Venturini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>UCL Institute of Ophthalmology</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miyake, Masahiro" sort="Miyake, Masahiro" uniqKey="Miyake M" first="Masahiro" last="Miyake">Masahiro Miyake</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine</institution>, Kyoto 6068507,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hewitt, Alex W" sort="Hewitt, Alex W" uniqKey="Hewitt A" first="Alex W." last="Hewitt">Alex W. Hewitt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, Tasmania 7000,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Xiaobo" sort="Guo, Xiaobo" uniqKey="Guo X" first="Xiaobo" last="Guo">Xiaobo Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a27"><institution>Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University</institution>, Guangzhou 510275,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mazur, Johanna" sort="Mazur, Johanna" uniqKey="Mazur J" first="Johanna" last="Mazur">Johanna Mazur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huffman, Jenifer E" sort="Huffman, Jenifer E" uniqKey="Huffman J" first="Jenifer E." last="Huffman">Jenifer E. Huffman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Edinburgh EH4 2XU,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Katie M" sort="Williams, Katie M" uniqKey="Williams K" first="Katie M." last="Williams">Katie M. Williams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a29"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polasek, Ozren" sort="Polasek, Ozren" uniqKey="Polasek O" first="Ozren" last="Polasek">Ozren Polasek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a30"><institution>Faculty of Medicine, University of Split</institution>, Split 21000,<country>Croatia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Harry" sort="Campbell, Harry" uniqKey="Campbell H" first="Harry" last="Campbell">Harry Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vatavuk, Zoran" sort="Vatavuk, Zoran" uniqKey="Vatavuk Z" first="Zoran" last="Vatavuk">Zoran Vatavuk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a32"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital</institution>, Zagreb 10000,<country>Croatia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James F" sort="Wilson, James F" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James F." last="Wilson">James F. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joshi, Peter K" sort="Joshi, Peter K" uniqKey="Joshi P" first="Peter K." last="Joshi">Peter K. Joshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, George" sort="Mcmahon, George" uniqKey="Mcmahon G" first="George" last="Mcmahon">George Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St Pourcain, Beate" sort="St Pourcain, Beate" uniqKey="St Pourcain B" first="Beate" last="St Pourcain">Beate St Pourcain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a35"><institution>Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics</institution>, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, David M" sort="Evans, David M" uniqKey="Evans D" first="David M." last="Evans">David M. Evans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4102,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simpson, Claire L" sort="Simpson, Claire L" uniqKey="Simpson C" first="Claire L." last="Simpson">Claire L. Simpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a37"><institution>Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center</institution>, Memphis, Tennessee 38163,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwantes An, Tae Hwi" sort="Schwantes An, Tae Hwi" uniqKey="Schwantes An T" first="Tae-Hwi" last="Schwantes-An">Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Igo, Robert P" sort="Igo, Robert P" uniqKey="Igo R" first="Robert P." last="Igo">Robert P. Igo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a38"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University</institution>, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirshahi, Alireza" sort="Mirshahi, Alireza" uniqKey="Mirshahi A" first="Alireza" last="Mirshahi">Alireza Mirshahi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a39"><institution>Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn-Bad Godesberg</institution>, 53177 Bonn,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cougnard Gregoire, Audrey" sort="Cougnard Gregoire, Audrey" uniqKey="Cougnard Gregoire A" first="Audrey" last="Cougnard-Gregoire">Audrey Cougnard-Gregoire</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Université de Bordeaux, ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie et de Développement)</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a21"><institution>INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bellenguez, Celine" sort="Bellenguez, Celine" uniqKey="Bellenguez C" first="Céline" last="Bellenguez">Céline Bellenguez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Inserm, U1167</institution>, Lille 59000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a41"><institution>Univ. Lille, U1167</institution>, Lille 59000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a42"><institution>Université Lille 2</institution>, Lille 59000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blettner, Maria" sort="Blettner, Maria" uniqKey="Blettner M" first="Maria" last="Blettner">Maria Blettner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli" sort="Raitakari, Olli" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli" last="Raitakari">Olli Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Medicine, University of Turku</institution>, Turku 20520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a44"><institution>Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital</institution>, Turku 20520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Honen, Mika" sort="K Honen, Mika" uniqKey="K Honen M" first="Mika" last="K Hönen">Mika K Hönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a45"><institution>Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere</institution>, Tampere 33520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seppala, Ilkka" sort="Seppala, Ilkka" uniqKey="Seppala I" first="Ilkka" last="Seppala">Ilkka Seppala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere</institution>, Tampere 33520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeller, Tanja" sort="Zeller, Tanja" uniqKey="Zeller T" first="Tanja" last="Zeller">Tanja Zeller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a46"><institution>Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg</institution>, 20246 Hamburg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, Thomas" sort="Meitinger, Thomas" uniqKey="Meitinger T" first="Thomas" last="Meitinger">Thomas Meitinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a47"><institution>Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München</institution>, 85764 Neuherberg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a48"><institution>Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München</institution>, 81675 Munich,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ried, Janina S" sort="Ried, Janina S" uniqKey="Ried J" first="Janina S." last="Ried">Janina S. Ried</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a49"><institution>Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health</institution>, 85764 Neuherberg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gieger, Christian" sort="Gieger, Christian" uniqKey="Gieger C" first="Christian" last="Gieger">Christian Gieger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a49"><institution>Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health</institution>, 85764 Neuherberg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Portas, Laura" sort="Portas, Laura" uniqKey="Portas L" first="Laura" last="Portas">Laura Portas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council</institution>, Sassari 07100,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M" sort="Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M" uniqKey="Van Leeuwen E" first="Elisabeth M." last="Van Leeuwen">Elisabeth M. Van Leeuwen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Najaf" sort="Amin, Najaf" uniqKey="Amin N" first="Najaf" last="Amin">Najaf Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="André G." last="Uitterlinden">André G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a50"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a51"><institution>Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative</institution>, 2518 AD Hague,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rivadeneira, Fernando" sort="Rivadeneira, Fernando" uniqKey="Rivadeneira F" first="Fernando" last="Rivadeneira">Fernando Rivadeneira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a50"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a51"><institution>Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative</institution>, 2518 AD Hague,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofman, Albert" sort="Hofman, Albert" uniqKey="Hofman A" first="Albert" last="Hofman">Albert Hofman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a51"><institution>Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative</institution>, 2518 AD Hague,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vingerling, Johannes R" sort="Vingerling, Johannes R" uniqKey="Vingerling J" first="Johannes R." last="Vingerling">Johannes R. Vingerling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ya Xing" sort="Wang, Ya Xing" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Ya Xing" last="Wang">Ya Xing Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a52"><institution>Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University</institution>, Beijing 100044,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xu" sort="Wang, Xu" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xu" last="Wang">Xu Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tai Hui Boh, Eileen" sort="Tai Hui Boh, Eileen" uniqKey="Tai Hui Boh E" first="Eileen" last="Tai-Hui Boh">Eileen Tai-Hui Boh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ikram, M Kamran" sort="Ikram, M Kamran" uniqKey="Ikram M" first="M. Kamran" last="Ikram">M. Kamran Ikram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabanayagam, Charumathi" sort="Sabanayagam, Charumathi" uniqKey="Sabanayagam C" first="Charumathi" last="Sabanayagam">Charumathi Sabanayagam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Preeti" sort="Gupta, Preeti" uniqKey="Gupta P" first="Preeti" last="Gupta">Preeti Gupta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Vincent" sort="Tan, Vincent" uniqKey="Tan V" first="Vincent" last="Tan">Vincent Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Lei" sort="Zhou, Lei" uniqKey="Zhou L" first="Lei" last="Zhou">Lei Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Candice E H" sort="Ho, Candice E H" uniqKey="Ho C" first="Candice E. H." last="Ho">Candice E. H. Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Wan E" sort="Lim, Wan E" uniqKey="Lim W" first="Wan'E" last="Lim">Wan'E Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beuerman, Roger W" sort="Beuerman, Roger W" uniqKey="Beuerman R" first="Roger W." last="Beuerman">Roger W. Beuerman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siantar, Rosalynn" sort="Siantar, Rosalynn" uniqKey="Siantar R" first="Rosalynn" last="Siantar">Rosalynn Siantar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a54"><institution>National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital</institution>, Singapore 308433,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tai, E Shyong" sort="Tai, E Shyong" uniqKey="Tai E" first="E-Shyong" last="Tai">E-Shyong Tai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a55"><institution>Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vithana, Eranga" sort="Vithana, Eranga" uniqKey="Vithana E" first="Eranga" last="Vithana">Eranga Vithana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihailov, Evelin" sort="Mihailov, Evelin" uniqKey="Mihailov E" first="Evelin" last="Mihailov">Evelin Mihailov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu</institution>, Tartu 51010,<country>Estonia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khor, Chiea Chuen" sort="Khor, Chiea Chuen" uniqKey="Khor C" first="Chiea-Chuen" last="Khor">Chiea-Chuen Khor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a56"><institution>Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 138672,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayward, Caroline" sort="Hayward, Caroline" uniqKey="Hayward C" first="Caroline" last="Hayward">Caroline Hayward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Edinburgh EH4 2XU,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luben, Robert N" sort="Luben, Robert N" uniqKey="Luben R" first="Robert N." last="Luben">Robert N. Luben</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine</institution>, Cambridge CB2 0SR,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, Paul J" sort="Foster, Paul J" uniqKey="Foster P" first="Paul J." last="Foster">Paul J. Foster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a57"><institution>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology</institution>, London EC1V 9EL,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a58"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology</institution>, London EC1V 2PD,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Barbara E K" sort="Klein, Barbara E K" uniqKey="Klein B" first="Barbara E. K." last="Klein">Barbara E. K. Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a59"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health</institution>, Madison, Wisconsin 53726,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Ronald" sort="Klein, Ronald" uniqKey="Klein R" first="Ronald" last="Klein">Ronald Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a59"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health</institution>, Madison, Wisconsin 53726,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Hoi Suen" sort="Wong, Hoi Suen" uniqKey="Wong H" first="Hoi-Suen" last="Wong">Hoi-Suen Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto</institution>, Toronto Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X8</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, Paul" sort="Mitchell, Paul" uniqKey="Mitchell P" first="Paul" last="Mitchell">Paul Mitchell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a60"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney</institution>, Sydney, New South Wales 2145,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu</institution>, Tartu 51010,<country>Estonia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aung, Tin" sort="Aung, Tin" uniqKey="Aung T" first="Tin" last="Aung">Tin Aung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Terri L" sort="Young, Terri L" uniqKey="Young T" first="Terri L." last="Young">Terri L. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a61"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin</institution>, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="He, Mingguang" sort="He, Mingguang" uniqKey="He M" first="Mingguang" last="He">Mingguang He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a62"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University</institution>, Guangzhou 510060,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Rssinen, Olavi" sort="P Rssinen, Olavi" uniqKey="P Rssinen O" first="Olavi" last="P Rssinen">Olavi P Rssinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a63"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland</institution>, Jyväskylä 40620,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a64"><institution>Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä</institution>, Jyväskylä 40014,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M." last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jin Wang, Jie" sort="Jin Wang, Jie" uniqKey="Jin Wang J" first="Jie" last="Jin Wang">Jie Jin Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a60"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney</institution>, Sydney, New South Wales 2145,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Cathy" sort="Williams, Cathy" uniqKey="Williams C" first="Cathy" last="Williams">Cathy Williams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonas, Jost B" sort="Jonas, Jost B" uniqKey="Jonas J" first="Jost B." last="Jonas">Jost B. Jonas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a52"><institution>Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University</institution>, Beijing 100044,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a65"><institution>Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Ophthalmology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg</institution>, 69115 Mannheim,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teo, Yik Ying" sort="Teo, Yik Ying" uniqKey="Teo Y" first="Yik-Ying" last="Teo">Yik-Ying Teo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a56"><institution>Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 138672,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a66"><institution>Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 117546,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackey, David A" sort="Mackey, David A" uniqKey="Mackey D" first="David A." last="Mackey">David A. Mackey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, Tasmania 7000,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a67"><institution>Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, Western Australia 6009,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oexle, Konrad" sort="Oexle, Konrad" uniqKey="Oexle K" first="Konrad" last="Oexle">Konrad Oexle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a48"><institution>Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München</institution>, 81675 Munich,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshimura, Nagahisa" sort="Yoshimura, Nagahisa" uniqKey="Yoshimura N" first="Nagahisa" last="Yoshimura">Nagahisa Yoshimura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine</institution>, Kyoto 6068507,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paterson, Andrew D" sort="Paterson, Andrew D" uniqKey="Paterson A" first="Andrew D." last="Paterson">Andrew D. Paterson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto</institution>, Toronto Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X8</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pfeiffer, Norbert" sort="Pfeiffer, Norbert" uniqKey="Pfeiffer N" first="Norbert" last="Pfeiffer">Norbert Pfeiffer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Tien Yin" sort="Wong, Tien Yin" uniqKey="Wong T" first="Tien-Yin" last="Wong">Tien-Yin Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baird, Paul N" sort="Baird, Paul N" uniqKey="Baird P" first="Paul N." last="Baird">Paul N. Baird</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stambolian, Dwight" sort="Stambolian, Dwight" uniqKey="Stambolian D" first="Dwight" last="Stambolian">Dwight Stambolian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a68"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania</institution>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Joan E Bailey" sort="Wilson, Joan E Bailey" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="Joan E. Bailey" last="Wilson">Joan E. Bailey Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Ching Yu" sort="Cheng, Ching Yu" uniqKey="Cheng C" first="Ching-Yu" last="Cheng">Ching-Yu Cheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond, Christopher J" sort="Hammond, Christopher J" uniqKey="Hammond C" first="Christopher J." last="Hammond">Christopher J. Hammond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a29"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klaver, Caroline C W" sort="Klaver, Caroline C W" uniqKey="Klaver C" first="Caroline C. W." last="Klaver">Caroline C. W. Klaver</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saw, Seang Mei" sort="Saw, Seang Mei" uniqKey="Saw S" first="Seang-Mei" last="Saw">Seang-Mei Saw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rahi, Jugnoo S" sort="Rahi, Jugnoo S" uniqKey="Rahi J" first="Jugnoo S." last="Rahi">Jugnoo S. Rahi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a69">Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a70">Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a71">Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korobelnik, Jean Francois" sort="Korobelnik, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Korobelnik J" first="Jean-François" last="Korobelnik">Jean-François Korobelnik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a72">Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a73">INSERM (Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale), ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'épidémiologie et de Développement), Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33076 Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemp, John P" sort="Kemp, John P" uniqKey="Kemp J" first="John P." last="Kemp">John P. Kemp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J." last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Jamie E" sort="Craig, Jamie E" uniqKey="Craig J" first="Jamie E." last="Craig">Jamie E. Craig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a75">Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burdon, Kathryn P" sort="Burdon, Kathryn P" uniqKey="Burdon K" first="Kathryn P." last="Burdon">Kathryn P. Burdon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a75">Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fogarty, Rhys D" sort="Fogarty, Rhys D" uniqKey="Fogarty R" first="Rhys D." last="Fogarty">Rhys D. Fogarty</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a75">Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iyengar, Sudha K" sort="Iyengar, Sudha K" uniqKey="Iyengar S" first="Sudha K." last="Iyengar">Sudha K. Iyengar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a77">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a78">Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chew, Emily" sort="Chew, Emily" uniqKey="Chew E" first="Emily" last="Chew">Emily Chew</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a79">National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Janmahasatian, Sarayut" sort="Janmahasatian, Sarayut" uniqKey="Janmahasatian S" first="Sarayut" last="Janmahasatian">Sarayut Janmahasatian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G." last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a80">Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macgregor, Stuart" sort="Macgregor, Stuart" uniqKey="Macgregor S" first="Stuart" last="Macgregor">Stuart Macgregor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4029,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Liang" sort="Xu, Liang" uniqKey="Xu L" first="Liang" last="Xu">Liang Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a52"><institution>Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University</institution>, Beijing 100044,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schache, Maria" sort="Schache, Maria" uniqKey="Schache M" first="Maria" last="Schache">Maria Schache</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nangia, Vinay" sort="Nangia, Vinay" uniqKey="Nangia V" first="Vinay" last="Nangia">Vinay Nangia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81">Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440001, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panda Jonas, Songhomitra" sort="Panda Jonas, Songhomitra" uniqKey="Panda Jonas S" first="Songhomitra" last="Panda-Jonas">Songhomitra Panda-Jonas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81">Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440001, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Alan F" sort="Wright, Alan F" uniqKey="Wright A" first="Alan F." last="Wright">Alan F. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Edinburgh EH4 2XU,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fondran, Jeremy R" sort="Fondran, Jeremy R" uniqKey="Fondran J" first="Jeremy R." last="Fondran">Jeremy R. Fondran</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lass, Jonathan H" sort="Lass, Jonathan H" uniqKey="Lass J" first="Jonathan H." last="Lass">Jonathan H. Lass</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a77">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Sheng" sort="Feng, Sheng" uniqKey="Feng S" first="Sheng" last="Feng">Sheng Feng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a82">Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center For Human Genetics, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jing Hua" sort="Zhao, Jing Hua" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jing Hua" last="Zhao">Jing Hua Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a83">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khaw, Kay Tee" sort="Khaw, Kay Tee" uniqKey="Khaw K" first="Kay-Tee" last="Khaw">Kay-Tee Khaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine</institution>, Cambridge CB2 0SR,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wareham, Nick J" sort="Wareham, Nick J" uniqKey="Wareham N" first="Nick J." last="Wareham">Nick J. Wareham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a84">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rantanen, Taina" sort="Rantanen, Taina" uniqKey="Rantanen T" first="Taina" last="Rantanen">Taina Rantanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a85">Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaprio, Jaakko" sort="Kaprio, Jaakko" uniqKey="Kaprio J" first="Jaakko" last="Kaprio">Jaakko Kaprio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a86">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a87">Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a88">Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pang, Chi Pui" sort="Pang, Chi Pui" uniqKey="Pang C" first="Chi Pui" last="Pang">Chi Pui Pang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Jia" sort="Chen, Li Jia" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li Jia" last="Chen">Li Jia Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a90">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tam, Pancy O" sort="Tam, Pancy O" uniqKey="Tam P" first="Pancy O." last="Tam">Pancy O. Tam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jhanji, Vishal" sort="Jhanji, Vishal" uniqKey="Jhanji V" first="Vishal" last="Jhanji">Vishal Jhanji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a90">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Alvin L" sort="Young, Alvin L" uniqKey="Young A" first="Alvin L." last="Young">Alvin L. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a90">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doring, Angela" sort="Doring, Angela" uniqKey="Doring A" first="Angela" last="Döring">Angela Döring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a91">Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a92">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raffel, Leslie J" sort="Raffel, Leslie J" uniqKey="Raffel L" first="Leslie J." last="Raffel">Leslie J. Raffel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a93">Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cotch, Mary Frances" sort="Cotch, Mary Frances" uniqKey="Cotch M" first="Mary-Frances" last="Cotch">Mary-Frances Cotch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a94">Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xiaohui" sort="Li, Xiaohui" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xiaohui" last="Li">Xiaohui Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a95">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yip, Shea Ping" sort="Yip, Shea Ping" uniqKey="Yip S" first="Shea Ping" last="Yip">Shea Ping Yip</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a96">Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yap, Maurice K H" sort="Yap, Maurice K H" uniqKey="Yap M" first="Maurice K. H." last="Yap">Maurice K. H. Yap</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a96">Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biino, Ginevra" sort="Biino, Ginevra" uniqKey="Biino G" first="Ginevra" last="Biino">Ginevra Biino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a97">Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaccargiu, Simona" sort="Vaccargiu, Simona" uniqKey="Vaccargiu S" first="Simona" last="Vaccargiu">Simona Vaccargiu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council</institution>, Sassari 07100,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fossarello, Maurizio" sort="Fossarello, Maurizio" uniqKey="Fossarello M" first="Maurizio" last="Fossarello">Maurizio Fossarello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council</institution>, Sassari 07100,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fleck, Brian" sort="Fleck, Brian" uniqKey="Fleck B" first="Brian" last="Fleck">Brian Fleck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a98">Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yazar, Seyhan" sort="Yazar, Seyhan" uniqKey="Yazar S" first="Seyhan" last="Yazar">Seyhan Yazar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a67"><institution>Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, Western Australia 6009,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tideman, Jan Willem L" sort="Tideman, Jan Willem L" uniqKey="Tideman J" first="Jan Willem L." last="Tideman">Jan Willem L. Tideman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tedja, Milly" sort="Tedja, Milly" uniqKey="Tedja M" first="Milly" last="Tedja">Milly Tedja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deangelis, Margaret M" sort="Deangelis, Margaret M" uniqKey="Deangelis M" first="Margaret M." last="Deangelis">Margaret M. Deangelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a99">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, Margaux" sort="Morrison, Margaux" uniqKey="Morrison M" first="Margaux" last="Morrison">Margaux Morrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a100">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farrer, Lindsay" sort="Farrer, Lindsay" uniqKey="Farrer L" first="Lindsay" last="Farrer">Lindsay Farrer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a101">Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Ophthalmology, Neurology, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Xiangtian" sort="Zhou, Xiangtian" uniqKey="Zhou X" first="Xiangtian" last="Zhou">Xiangtian Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a102">School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Wei" sort="Chen, Wei" uniqKey="Chen W" first="Wei" last="Chen">Wei Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a102">School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mizuki, Nobuhisa" sort="Mizuki, Nobuhisa" uniqKey="Mizuki N" first="Nobuhisa" last="Mizuki">Nobuhisa Mizuki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a103">Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meguro, Akira" sort="Meguro, Akira" uniqKey="Meguro A" first="Akira" last="Meguro">Akira Meguro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a103">Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Kel, Kari Matti" sort="M Kel, Kari Matti" uniqKey="M Kel K" first="Kari Matti" last="M Kel">Kari Matti M Kel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a104">Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27020472</idno><idno type="pmc">4820539</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820539</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4820539</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ncomms11008</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000764</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000764</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Meta-analysis of gene–environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error</title><author><name sortKey="Fan, Qiao" sort="Fan, Qiao" uniqKey="Fan Q" first="Qiao" last="Fan">Qiao Fan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verhoeven, Virginie J M" sort="Verhoeven, Virginie J M" uniqKey="Verhoeven V" first="Virginie J. M." last="Verhoeven">Virginie J. M. Verhoeven</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wojciechowski, Robert" sort="Wojciechowski, Robert" uniqKey="Wojciechowski R" first="Robert" last="Wojciechowski">Robert Wojciechowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 20205,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barathi, Veluchamy A" sort="Barathi, Veluchamy A" uniqKey="Barathi V" first="Veluchamy A." last="Barathi">Veluchamy A. Barathi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hysi, Pirro G" sort="Hysi, Pirro G" uniqKey="Hysi P" first="Pirro G." last="Hysi">Pirro G. Hysi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guggenheim, Jeremy A" sort="Guggenheim, Jeremy A" uniqKey="Guggenheim J" first="Jeremy A." last="Guggenheim">Jeremy A. Guggenheim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University</institution>, Cardiff CF24 4HQ,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hohn, Rene" sort="Hohn, Rene" uniqKey="Hohn R" first="René" last="Höhn">René Höhn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern</institution>, CH-3010 Bern,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vitart, Veronique" sort="Vitart, Veronique" uniqKey="Vitart V" first="Veronique" last="Vitart">Veronique Vitart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Edinburgh EH4 2XU,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khawaja, Anthony P" sort="Khawaja, Anthony P" uniqKey="Khawaja A" first="Anthony P." last="Khawaja">Anthony P. Khawaja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine</institution>, Cambridge CB2 0SR,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamashiro, Kenji" sort="Yamashiro, Kenji" uniqKey="Yamashiro K" first="Kenji" last="Yamashiro">Kenji Yamashiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine</institution>, Kyoto 6068507,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hosseini, S Mohsen" sort="Hosseini, S Mohsen" uniqKey="Hosseini S" first="S Mohsen" last="Hosseini">S Mohsen Hosseini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto</institution>, Toronto Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X8</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere</institution>, Tampere 33520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Yi" sort="Lu, Yi" uniqKey="Lu Y" first="Yi" last="Lu">Yi Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4029,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haller, Toomas" sort="Haller, Toomas" uniqKey="Haller T" first="Toomas" last="Haller">Toomas Haller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu</institution>, Tartu 51010,<country>Estonia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Jing" sort="Xie, Jing" uniqKey="Xie J" first="Jing" last="Xie">Jing Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delcourt, Cecile" sort="Delcourt, Cecile" uniqKey="Delcourt C" first="Cécile" last="Delcourt">Cécile Delcourt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Université de Bordeaux, ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie et de Développement)</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a21"><institution>INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Mario" sort="Pirastu, Mario" uniqKey="Pirastu M" first="Mario" last="Pirastu">Mario Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council</institution>, Sassari 07100,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wedenoja, Juho" sort="Wedenoja, Juho" uniqKey="Wedenoja J" first="Juho" last="Wedenoja">Juho Wedenoja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki</institution>, Helsinki 00014,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a24"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital</institution>, Helsinki 00014,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gharahkhani, Puya" sort="Gharahkhani, Puya" uniqKey="Gharahkhani P" first="Puya" last="Gharahkhani">Puya Gharahkhani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4029,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venturini, Cristina" sort="Venturini, Cristina" uniqKey="Venturini C" first="Cristina" last="Venturini">Cristina Venturini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>UCL Institute of Ophthalmology</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miyake, Masahiro" sort="Miyake, Masahiro" uniqKey="Miyake M" first="Masahiro" last="Miyake">Masahiro Miyake</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine</institution>, Kyoto 6068507,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hewitt, Alex W" sort="Hewitt, Alex W" uniqKey="Hewitt A" first="Alex W." last="Hewitt">Alex W. Hewitt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, Tasmania 7000,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Xiaobo" sort="Guo, Xiaobo" uniqKey="Guo X" first="Xiaobo" last="Guo">Xiaobo Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a27"><institution>Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University</institution>, Guangzhou 510275,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mazur, Johanna" sort="Mazur, Johanna" uniqKey="Mazur J" first="Johanna" last="Mazur">Johanna Mazur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huffman, Jenifer E" sort="Huffman, Jenifer E" uniqKey="Huffman J" first="Jenifer E." last="Huffman">Jenifer E. Huffman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Edinburgh EH4 2XU,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Katie M" sort="Williams, Katie M" uniqKey="Williams K" first="Katie M." last="Williams">Katie M. Williams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a29"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polasek, Ozren" sort="Polasek, Ozren" uniqKey="Polasek O" first="Ozren" last="Polasek">Ozren Polasek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a30"><institution>Faculty of Medicine, University of Split</institution>, Split 21000,<country>Croatia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Harry" sort="Campbell, Harry" uniqKey="Campbell H" first="Harry" last="Campbell">Harry Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vatavuk, Zoran" sort="Vatavuk, Zoran" uniqKey="Vatavuk Z" first="Zoran" last="Vatavuk">Zoran Vatavuk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a32"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital</institution>, Zagreb 10000,<country>Croatia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James F" sort="Wilson, James F" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James F." last="Wilson">James F. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joshi, Peter K" sort="Joshi, Peter K" uniqKey="Joshi P" first="Peter K." last="Joshi">Peter K. Joshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, George" sort="Mcmahon, George" uniqKey="Mcmahon G" first="George" last="Mcmahon">George Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St Pourcain, Beate" sort="St Pourcain, Beate" uniqKey="St Pourcain B" first="Beate" last="St Pourcain">Beate St Pourcain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a35"><institution>Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics</institution>, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, David M" sort="Evans, David M" uniqKey="Evans D" first="David M." last="Evans">David M. Evans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4102,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simpson, Claire L" sort="Simpson, Claire L" uniqKey="Simpson C" first="Claire L." last="Simpson">Claire L. Simpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a37"><institution>Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center</institution>, Memphis, Tennessee 38163,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwantes An, Tae Hwi" sort="Schwantes An, Tae Hwi" uniqKey="Schwantes An T" first="Tae-Hwi" last="Schwantes-An">Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Igo, Robert P" sort="Igo, Robert P" uniqKey="Igo R" first="Robert P." last="Igo">Robert P. Igo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a38"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University</institution>, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirshahi, Alireza" sort="Mirshahi, Alireza" uniqKey="Mirshahi A" first="Alireza" last="Mirshahi">Alireza Mirshahi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a39"><institution>Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn-Bad Godesberg</institution>, 53177 Bonn,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cougnard Gregoire, Audrey" sort="Cougnard Gregoire, Audrey" uniqKey="Cougnard Gregoire A" first="Audrey" last="Cougnard-Gregoire">Audrey Cougnard-Gregoire</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Université de Bordeaux, ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie et de Développement)</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a21"><institution>INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bellenguez, Celine" sort="Bellenguez, Celine" uniqKey="Bellenguez C" first="Céline" last="Bellenguez">Céline Bellenguez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Inserm, U1167</institution>, Lille 59000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a41"><institution>Univ. Lille, U1167</institution>, Lille 59000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a42"><institution>Université Lille 2</institution>, Lille 59000,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blettner, Maria" sort="Blettner, Maria" uniqKey="Blettner M" first="Maria" last="Blettner">Maria Blettner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli" sort="Raitakari, Olli" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli" last="Raitakari">Olli Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Medicine, University of Turku</institution>, Turku 20520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a44"><institution>Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital</institution>, Turku 20520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Honen, Mika" sort="K Honen, Mika" uniqKey="K Honen M" first="Mika" last="K Hönen">Mika K Hönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a45"><institution>Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere</institution>, Tampere 33520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seppala, Ilkka" sort="Seppala, Ilkka" uniqKey="Seppala I" first="Ilkka" last="Seppala">Ilkka Seppala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere</institution>, Tampere 33520,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeller, Tanja" sort="Zeller, Tanja" uniqKey="Zeller T" first="Tanja" last="Zeller">Tanja Zeller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a46"><institution>Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg</institution>, 20246 Hamburg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, Thomas" sort="Meitinger, Thomas" uniqKey="Meitinger T" first="Thomas" last="Meitinger">Thomas Meitinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a47"><institution>Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München</institution>, 85764 Neuherberg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a48"><institution>Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München</institution>, 81675 Munich,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ried, Janina S" sort="Ried, Janina S" uniqKey="Ried J" first="Janina S." last="Ried">Janina S. Ried</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a49"><institution>Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health</institution>, 85764 Neuherberg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gieger, Christian" sort="Gieger, Christian" uniqKey="Gieger C" first="Christian" last="Gieger">Christian Gieger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a49"><institution>Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health</institution>, 85764 Neuherberg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Portas, Laura" sort="Portas, Laura" uniqKey="Portas L" first="Laura" last="Portas">Laura Portas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council</institution>, Sassari 07100,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M" sort="Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M" uniqKey="Van Leeuwen E" first="Elisabeth M." last="Van Leeuwen">Elisabeth M. Van Leeuwen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Najaf" sort="Amin, Najaf" uniqKey="Amin N" first="Najaf" last="Amin">Najaf Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="André G." last="Uitterlinden">André G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a50"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a51"><institution>Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative</institution>, 2518 AD Hague,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rivadeneira, Fernando" sort="Rivadeneira, Fernando" uniqKey="Rivadeneira F" first="Fernando" last="Rivadeneira">Fernando Rivadeneira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a50"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a51"><institution>Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative</institution>, 2518 AD Hague,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofman, Albert" sort="Hofman, Albert" uniqKey="Hofman A" first="Albert" last="Hofman">Albert Hofman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a51"><institution>Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative</institution>, 2518 AD Hague,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vingerling, Johannes R" sort="Vingerling, Johannes R" uniqKey="Vingerling J" first="Johannes R." last="Vingerling">Johannes R. Vingerling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ya Xing" sort="Wang, Ya Xing" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Ya Xing" last="Wang">Ya Xing Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a52"><institution>Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University</institution>, Beijing 100044,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xu" sort="Wang, Xu" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xu" last="Wang">Xu Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tai Hui Boh, Eileen" sort="Tai Hui Boh, Eileen" uniqKey="Tai Hui Boh E" first="Eileen" last="Tai-Hui Boh">Eileen Tai-Hui Boh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ikram, M Kamran" sort="Ikram, M Kamran" uniqKey="Ikram M" first="M. Kamran" last="Ikram">M. Kamran Ikram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabanayagam, Charumathi" sort="Sabanayagam, Charumathi" uniqKey="Sabanayagam C" first="Charumathi" last="Sabanayagam">Charumathi Sabanayagam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Preeti" sort="Gupta, Preeti" uniqKey="Gupta P" first="Preeti" last="Gupta">Preeti Gupta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Vincent" sort="Tan, Vincent" uniqKey="Tan V" first="Vincent" last="Tan">Vincent Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Lei" sort="Zhou, Lei" uniqKey="Zhou L" first="Lei" last="Zhou">Lei Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Candice E H" sort="Ho, Candice E H" uniqKey="Ho C" first="Candice E. H." last="Ho">Candice E. H. Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Wan E" sort="Lim, Wan E" uniqKey="Lim W" first="Wan'E" last="Lim">Wan'E Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beuerman, Roger W" sort="Beuerman, Roger W" uniqKey="Beuerman R" first="Roger W." last="Beuerman">Roger W. Beuerman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siantar, Rosalynn" sort="Siantar, Rosalynn" uniqKey="Siantar R" first="Rosalynn" last="Siantar">Rosalynn Siantar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a54"><institution>National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital</institution>, Singapore 308433,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tai, E Shyong" sort="Tai, E Shyong" uniqKey="Tai E" first="E-Shyong" last="Tai">E-Shyong Tai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a55"><institution>Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vithana, Eranga" sort="Vithana, Eranga" uniqKey="Vithana E" first="Eranga" last="Vithana">Eranga Vithana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihailov, Evelin" sort="Mihailov, Evelin" uniqKey="Mihailov E" first="Evelin" last="Mihailov">Evelin Mihailov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu</institution>, Tartu 51010,<country>Estonia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khor, Chiea Chuen" sort="Khor, Chiea Chuen" uniqKey="Khor C" first="Chiea-Chuen" last="Khor">Chiea-Chuen Khor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a56"><institution>Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 138672,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayward, Caroline" sort="Hayward, Caroline" uniqKey="Hayward C" first="Caroline" last="Hayward">Caroline Hayward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Edinburgh EH4 2XU,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luben, Robert N" sort="Luben, Robert N" uniqKey="Luben R" first="Robert N." last="Luben">Robert N. Luben</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine</institution>, Cambridge CB2 0SR,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, Paul J" sort="Foster, Paul J" uniqKey="Foster P" first="Paul J." last="Foster">Paul J. Foster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a57"><institution>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology</institution>, London EC1V 9EL,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a58"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology</institution>, London EC1V 2PD,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Barbara E K" sort="Klein, Barbara E K" uniqKey="Klein B" first="Barbara E. K." last="Klein">Barbara E. K. Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a59"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health</institution>, Madison, Wisconsin 53726,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Ronald" sort="Klein, Ronald" uniqKey="Klein R" first="Ronald" last="Klein">Ronald Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a59"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health</institution>, Madison, Wisconsin 53726,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Hoi Suen" sort="Wong, Hoi Suen" uniqKey="Wong H" first="Hoi-Suen" last="Wong">Hoi-Suen Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto</institution>, Toronto Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X8</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, Paul" sort="Mitchell, Paul" uniqKey="Mitchell P" first="Paul" last="Mitchell">Paul Mitchell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a60"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney</institution>, Sydney, New South Wales 2145,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu</institution>, Tartu 51010,<country>Estonia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aung, Tin" sort="Aung, Tin" uniqKey="Aung T" first="Tin" last="Aung">Tin Aung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Terri L" sort="Young, Terri L" uniqKey="Young T" first="Terri L." last="Young">Terri L. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a61"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin</institution>, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="He, Mingguang" sort="He, Mingguang" uniqKey="He M" first="Mingguang" last="He">Mingguang He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a62"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University</institution>, Guangzhou 510060,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Rssinen, Olavi" sort="P Rssinen, Olavi" uniqKey="P Rssinen O" first="Olavi" last="P Rssinen">Olavi P Rssinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a63"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland</institution>, Jyväskylä 40620,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a64"><institution>Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä</institution>, Jyväskylä 40014,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M." last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jin Wang, Jie" sort="Jin Wang, Jie" uniqKey="Jin Wang J" first="Jie" last="Jin Wang">Jie Jin Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a60"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney</institution>, Sydney, New South Wales 2145,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Cathy" sort="Williams, Cathy" uniqKey="Williams C" first="Cathy" last="Williams">Cathy Williams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonas, Jost B" sort="Jonas, Jost B" uniqKey="Jonas J" first="Jost B." last="Jonas">Jost B. Jonas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a52"><institution>Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University</institution>, Beijing 100044,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a65"><institution>Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Ophthalmology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg</institution>, 69115 Mannheim,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teo, Yik Ying" sort="Teo, Yik Ying" uniqKey="Teo Y" first="Yik-Ying" last="Teo">Yik-Ying Teo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a56"><institution>Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 138672,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a66"><institution>Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 117546,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackey, David A" sort="Mackey, David A" uniqKey="Mackey D" first="David A." last="Mackey">David A. Mackey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, Tasmania 7000,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a67"><institution>Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, Western Australia 6009,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oexle, Konrad" sort="Oexle, Konrad" uniqKey="Oexle K" first="Konrad" last="Oexle">Konrad Oexle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a48"><institution>Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München</institution>, 81675 Munich,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshimura, Nagahisa" sort="Yoshimura, Nagahisa" uniqKey="Yoshimura N" first="Nagahisa" last="Yoshimura">Nagahisa Yoshimura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine</institution>, Kyoto 6068507,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paterson, Andrew D" sort="Paterson, Andrew D" uniqKey="Paterson A" first="Andrew D." last="Paterson">Andrew D. Paterson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto</institution>, Toronto Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X8</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pfeiffer, Norbert" sort="Pfeiffer, Norbert" uniqKey="Pfeiffer N" first="Norbert" last="Pfeiffer">Norbert Pfeiffer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Tien Yin" sort="Wong, Tien Yin" uniqKey="Wong T" first="Tien-Yin" last="Wong">Tien-Yin Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baird, Paul N" sort="Baird, Paul N" uniqKey="Baird P" first="Paul N." last="Baird">Paul N. Baird</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stambolian, Dwight" sort="Stambolian, Dwight" uniqKey="Stambolian D" first="Dwight" last="Stambolian">Dwight Stambolian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a68"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania</institution>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Joan E Bailey" sort="Wilson, Joan E Bailey" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="Joan E. Bailey" last="Wilson">Joan E. Bailey Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Ching Yu" sort="Cheng, Ching Yu" uniqKey="Cheng C" first="Ching-Yu" last="Cheng">Ching-Yu Cheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond, Christopher J" sort="Hammond, Christopher J" uniqKey="Hammond C" first="Christopher J." last="Hammond">Christopher J. Hammond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a29"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klaver, Caroline C W" sort="Klaver, Caroline C W" uniqKey="Klaver C" first="Caroline C. W." last="Klaver">Caroline C. W. Klaver</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saw, Seang Mei" sort="Saw, Seang Mei" uniqKey="Saw S" first="Seang-Mei" last="Saw">Seang-Mei Saw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rahi, Jugnoo S" sort="Rahi, Jugnoo S" uniqKey="Rahi J" first="Jugnoo S." last="Rahi">Jugnoo S. Rahi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a69">Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a70">Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a71">Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korobelnik, Jean Francois" sort="Korobelnik, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Korobelnik J" first="Jean-François" last="Korobelnik">Jean-François Korobelnik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a72">Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a73">INSERM (Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale), ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'épidémiologie et de Développement), Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33076 Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemp, John P" sort="Kemp, John P" uniqKey="Kemp J" first="John P." last="Kemp">John P. Kemp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J." last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Jamie E" sort="Craig, Jamie E" uniqKey="Craig J" first="Jamie E." last="Craig">Jamie E. Craig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a75">Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burdon, Kathryn P" sort="Burdon, Kathryn P" uniqKey="Burdon K" first="Kathryn P." last="Burdon">Kathryn P. Burdon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a75">Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fogarty, Rhys D" sort="Fogarty, Rhys D" uniqKey="Fogarty R" first="Rhys D." last="Fogarty">Rhys D. Fogarty</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a75">Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iyengar, Sudha K" sort="Iyengar, Sudha K" uniqKey="Iyengar S" first="Sudha K." last="Iyengar">Sudha K. Iyengar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a77">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a78">Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chew, Emily" sort="Chew, Emily" uniqKey="Chew E" first="Emily" last="Chew">Emily Chew</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a79">National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Janmahasatian, Sarayut" sort="Janmahasatian, Sarayut" uniqKey="Janmahasatian S" first="Sarayut" last="Janmahasatian">Sarayut Janmahasatian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G." last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a80">Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macgregor, Stuart" sort="Macgregor, Stuart" uniqKey="Macgregor S" first="Stuart" last="Macgregor">Stuart Macgregor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4029,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Liang" sort="Xu, Liang" uniqKey="Xu L" first="Liang" last="Xu">Liang Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a52"><institution>Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University</institution>, Beijing 100044,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schache, Maria" sort="Schache, Maria" uniqKey="Schache M" first="Maria" last="Schache">Maria Schache</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nangia, Vinay" sort="Nangia, Vinay" uniqKey="Nangia V" first="Vinay" last="Nangia">Vinay Nangia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81">Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440001, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panda Jonas, Songhomitra" sort="Panda Jonas, Songhomitra" uniqKey="Panda Jonas S" first="Songhomitra" last="Panda-Jonas">Songhomitra Panda-Jonas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81">Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440001, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Alan F" sort="Wright, Alan F" uniqKey="Wright A" first="Alan F." last="Wright">Alan F. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Edinburgh EH4 2XU,<country>Scotland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fondran, Jeremy R" sort="Fondran, Jeremy R" uniqKey="Fondran J" first="Jeremy R." last="Fondran">Jeremy R. Fondran</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lass, Jonathan H" sort="Lass, Jonathan H" uniqKey="Lass J" first="Jonathan H." last="Lass">Jonathan H. Lass</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a77">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Sheng" sort="Feng, Sheng" uniqKey="Feng S" first="Sheng" last="Feng">Sheng Feng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a82">Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center For Human Genetics, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jing Hua" sort="Zhao, Jing Hua" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jing Hua" last="Zhao">Jing Hua Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a83">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khaw, Kay Tee" sort="Khaw, Kay Tee" uniqKey="Khaw K" first="Kay-Tee" last="Khaw">Kay-Tee Khaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine</institution>, Cambridge CB2 0SR,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wareham, Nick J" sort="Wareham, Nick J" uniqKey="Wareham N" first="Nick J." last="Wareham">Nick J. Wareham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a84">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rantanen, Taina" sort="Rantanen, Taina" uniqKey="Rantanen T" first="Taina" last="Rantanen">Taina Rantanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a85">Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaprio, Jaakko" sort="Kaprio, Jaakko" uniqKey="Kaprio J" first="Jaakko" last="Kaprio">Jaakko Kaprio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a86">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a87">Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a88">Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pang, Chi Pui" sort="Pang, Chi Pui" uniqKey="Pang C" first="Chi Pui" last="Pang">Chi Pui Pang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Jia" sort="Chen, Li Jia" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li Jia" last="Chen">Li Jia Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a90">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tam, Pancy O" sort="Tam, Pancy O" uniqKey="Tam P" first="Pancy O." last="Tam">Pancy O. Tam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jhanji, Vishal" sort="Jhanji, Vishal" uniqKey="Jhanji V" first="Vishal" last="Jhanji">Vishal Jhanji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a90">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Alvin L" sort="Young, Alvin L" uniqKey="Young A" first="Alvin L." last="Young">Alvin L. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a90">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doring, Angela" sort="Doring, Angela" uniqKey="Doring A" first="Angela" last="Döring">Angela Döring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a91">Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a92">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raffel, Leslie J" sort="Raffel, Leslie J" uniqKey="Raffel L" first="Leslie J." last="Raffel">Leslie J. Raffel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a93">Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cotch, Mary Frances" sort="Cotch, Mary Frances" uniqKey="Cotch M" first="Mary-Frances" last="Cotch">Mary-Frances Cotch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a94">Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xiaohui" sort="Li, Xiaohui" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xiaohui" last="Li">Xiaohui Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a95">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yip, Shea Ping" sort="Yip, Shea Ping" uniqKey="Yip S" first="Shea Ping" last="Yip">Shea Ping Yip</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a96">Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yap, Maurice K H" sort="Yap, Maurice K H" uniqKey="Yap M" first="Maurice K. H." last="Yap">Maurice K. H. Yap</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a96">Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biino, Ginevra" sort="Biino, Ginevra" uniqKey="Biino G" first="Ginevra" last="Biino">Ginevra Biino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a97">Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaccargiu, Simona" sort="Vaccargiu, Simona" uniqKey="Vaccargiu S" first="Simona" last="Vaccargiu">Simona Vaccargiu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council</institution>, Sassari 07100,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fossarello, Maurizio" sort="Fossarello, Maurizio" uniqKey="Fossarello M" first="Maurizio" last="Fossarello">Maurizio Fossarello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council</institution>, Sassari 07100,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fleck, Brian" sort="Fleck, Brian" uniqKey="Fleck B" first="Brian" last="Fleck">Brian Fleck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a98">Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yazar, Seyhan" sort="Yazar, Seyhan" uniqKey="Yazar S" first="Seyhan" last="Yazar">Seyhan Yazar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a67"><institution>Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, Western Australia 6009,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tideman, Jan Willem L" sort="Tideman, Jan Willem L" uniqKey="Tideman J" first="Jan Willem L." last="Tideman">Jan Willem L. Tideman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tedja, Milly" sort="Tedja, Milly" uniqKey="Tedja M" first="Milly" last="Tedja">Milly Tedja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deangelis, Margaret M" sort="Deangelis, Margaret M" uniqKey="Deangelis M" first="Margaret M." last="Deangelis">Margaret M. Deangelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a99">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, Margaux" sort="Morrison, Margaux" uniqKey="Morrison M" first="Margaux" last="Morrison">Margaux Morrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a100">Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farrer, Lindsay" sort="Farrer, Lindsay" uniqKey="Farrer L" first="Lindsay" last="Farrer">Lindsay Farrer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a101">Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Ophthalmology, Neurology, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Xiangtian" sort="Zhou, Xiangtian" uniqKey="Zhou X" first="Xiangtian" last="Zhou">Xiangtian Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a102">School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Wei" sort="Chen, Wei" uniqKey="Chen W" first="Wei" last="Chen">Wei Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a102">School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mizuki, Nobuhisa" sort="Mizuki, Nobuhisa" uniqKey="Mizuki N" first="Nobuhisa" last="Mizuki">Nobuhisa Mizuki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a103">Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meguro, Akira" sort="Meguro, Akira" uniqKey="Meguro A" first="Akira" last="Meguro">Akira Meguro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a103">Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Kel, Kari Matti" sort="M Kel, Kari Matti" uniqKey="M Kel K" first="Kari Matti" last="M Kel">Kari Matti M Kel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a104">Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature Communications</title><idno type="eISSN">2041-1723</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Myopia is the most common human eye disorder and it results from complex genetic and environmental causes. The rapidly increasing prevalence of myopia poses a major public health challenge. Here, the CREAM consortium performs a joint meta-analysis to test single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) main effects and SNP × education interaction effects on refractive error in 40,036 adults from 25 studies of European ancestry and 10,315 adults from 9 studies of Asian ancestry. In European ancestry individuals, we identify six novel loci (<italic>FAM150B-ACP1</italic>, <italic>LINC00340</italic>, <italic>FBN1</italic>, <italic>DIS3L-MAP2K1</italic>, <italic>ARID2-SNAT1</italic> and <italic>SLC14A2</italic>) associated with refractive error. In Asian populations, three genome-wide significant loci <italic>AREG</italic>, <italic>GABRR1</italic> and <italic>PDE10A</italic> also exhibit strong interactions with education (<italic>P</italic><8.5 × 10<sup>−5</sup>), whereas the interactions are less evident in Europeans. The discovery of these loci represents an important advance in understanding how gene and environment interactions contribute to the heterogeneity of myopia.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morgan, I G" uniqKey="Morgan I">I. G. Morgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohno Matsui, K" uniqKey="Ohno Matsui K">K. Ohno-Matsui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saw, S M" uniqKey="Saw S">S. M. Saw</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saw, S M" uniqKey="Saw S">S. M. Saw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gazzard, G" uniqKey="Gazzard G">G. Gazzard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shih Yen, E C" uniqKey="Shih Yen E">E. C. Shih-Yen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chua, W H" uniqKey="Chua W">W. H. Chua</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wojciechowski, R" uniqKey="Wojciechowski R">R. Wojciechowski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sanfilippo, P G" uniqKey="Sanfilippo P">P. G. Sanfilippo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hewitt, A W" uniqKey="Hewitt A">A. W. Hewitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond, C J" uniqKey="Hammond C">C. J. Hammond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackey, D A" uniqKey="Mackey D">D. A. Mackey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wong, T Y" uniqKey="Wong T">T. Y. Wong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kempen, J H" uniqKey="Kempen J">J. H. Kempen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kiefer, A K" uniqKey="Kiefer A">A. K. Kiefer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Verhoeven, V J" uniqKey="Verhoeven V">V. J. Verhoeven</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Verhoeven, V J" uniqKey="Verhoeven V">V. J. Verhoeven</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fan, Q" uniqKey="Fan Q">Q. Fan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goss, D A" uniqKey="Goss D">D. A. Goss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gwiazda, J" uniqKey="Gwiazda J">J. Gwiazda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thorn, F" uniqKey="Thorn F">F. Thorn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Held, R" uniqKey="Held R">R. Held</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Strauss, O" uniqKey="Strauss O">O. Strauss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rymer, J" uniqKey="Rymer J">J. Rymer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wildsoet, C F" uniqKey="Wildsoet C">C. F. Wildsoet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cottriall, C L" uniqKey="Cottriall C">C. L. Cottriall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brew, J" uniqKey="Brew J">J. Brew</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vessey, K A" uniqKey="Vessey K">K. A. Vessey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbrien, N A" uniqKey="Mcbrien N">N. A. McBrien</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, D" uniqKey="Thomas D">D. Thomas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aschard, H" uniqKey="Aschard H">H. Aschard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hancock, D B" uniqKey="Hancock D">D. B. Hancock</name></author><author><name sortKey="London, S J" uniqKey="London S">S. J. London</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kraft, P" uniqKey="Kraft P">P. Kraft</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manning, A K" uniqKey="Manning A">A. K. Manning</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hancock, D B" uniqKey="Hancock D">D. B. Hancock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parssinen, O" uniqKey="Parssinen O">O. Parssinen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Biino, G" uniqKey="Biino G">G. Biino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Foong, A W" uniqKey="Foong A">A. W. Foong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nakata, I" uniqKey="Nakata I">I. Nakata</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rietveld, C A" uniqKey="Rietveld C">C. A. Rietveld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Y Y" uniqKey="Lee Y">Y. Y. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lo, C T" uniqKey="Lo C">C. T. Lo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheu, S J" uniqKey="Sheu S">S. J. Sheu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, J L" uniqKey="Lin J">J. L. Lin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wong, L" uniqKey="Wong L">L. Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coggon, D" uniqKey="Coggon D">D. Coggon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cruddas, M" uniqKey="Cruddas M">M. Cruddas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hwang, C H" uniqKey="Hwang C">C. H. Hwang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saw, S M" uniqKey="Saw S">S. M. Saw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, C Y" uniqKey="Hong C">C. Y. Hong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chia, K S" uniqKey="Chia K">K. S. Chia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stone, R A" uniqKey="Stone R">R. A. Stone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D" uniqKey="Tan D">D. Tan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Y" uniqKey="Zheng Y">Y. Zheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, X" uniqKey="Ding X">X. Ding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Y" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, M" uniqKey="He M">M. He</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fraser, A" uniqKey="Fraser A">A. Fraser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wagner, A H" uniqKey="Wagner A">A. H. Wagner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Young, T L" uniqKey="Young T">T. L. Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Metlapally, R" uniqKey="Metlapally R">R. Metlapally</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shay, A E" uniqKey="Shay A">A. E. Shay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Y P" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. P. Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grundberg, E" uniqKey="Grundberg E">E. Grundberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stone, R A" uniqKey="Stone R">R. A. Stone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schmid, K L" uniqKey="Schmid K">K. L. Schmid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strasberg, G" uniqKey="Strasberg G">G. Strasberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rayner, C L" uniqKey="Rayner C">C. L. Rayner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartfield, P J" uniqKey="Hartfield P">P. J. Hartfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barathi, V A" uniqKey="Barathi V">V. A. Barathi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Albrecht, J" uniqKey="Albrecht J">J. Albrecht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sidoryk Wegrzynowicz, M" uniqKey="Sidoryk Wegrzynowicz M">M. Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zielinska, M" uniqKey="Zielinska M">M. Zielinska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aschner, M" uniqKey="Aschner M">M. Aschner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, K" uniqKey="Wang K">K. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, H" uniqKey="Yamamoto H">H. Yamamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, J R" uniqKey="Chin J">J. R. Chin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Werb, Z" uniqKey="Werb Z">Z. Werb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vu, T H" uniqKey="Vu T">T. H. Vu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tsai, W" uniqKey="Tsai W">W. Tsai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morielli, A D" uniqKey="Morielli A">A. D. Morielli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peralta, E G" uniqKey="Peralta E">E. G. Peralta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duncan, G" uniqKey="Duncan G">G. Duncan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collison, D J" uniqKey="Collison D">D. J. Collison</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wotta, D R" uniqKey="Wotta D">D. R. Wotta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wattenberg, E V" uniqKey="Wattenberg E">E. V. Wattenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langason, R B" uniqKey="Langason R">R. B. Langason</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Fakahany, E E" uniqKey="El Fakahany E">E. E. el-Fakahany</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huo, L" uniqKey="Huo L">L. Huo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arumugam, B" uniqKey="Arumugam B">B. Arumugam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbrien, N A" uniqKey="Mcbrien N">N. A. McBrien</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dietz, H C" uniqKey="Dietz H">H. C. Dietz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pyeritz, R E" uniqKey="Pyeritz R">R. E. Pyeritz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farbrother, J E" uniqKey="Farbrother J">J. E. Farbrother</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yip, S P" uniqKey="Yip S">S. P. Yip</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="French, A N" uniqKey="French A">A. N. French</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morgan, I G" uniqKey="Morgan I">I. G. Morgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, P" uniqKey="Mitchell P">P. Mitchell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, K A" uniqKey="Rose K">K. A. Rose</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guggenheim, J A" uniqKey="Guggenheim J">J. A. Guggenheim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saw, S M" uniqKey="Saw S">S. M. Saw</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guo, Y" uniqKey="Guo Y">Y. Guo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mutti, D O" uniqKey="Mutti D">D. O. Mutti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, G L" uniqKey="Mitchell G">G. L. Mitchell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moeschberger, M L" uniqKey="Moeschberger M">M. L. Moeschberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, L A" uniqKey="Jones L">L. A. Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zadnik, K" uniqKey="Zadnik K">K. Zadnik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haworth, C M" uniqKey="Haworth C">C. M. Haworth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, O S" uniqKey="Davis O">O. S. Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plomin, R" uniqKey="Plomin R">R. Plomin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, Z" uniqKey="Lin Z">Z. Lin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, B" uniqKey="Lu B">B. Lu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="French, A N" uniqKey="French A">A. N. French</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ashby, R S" uniqKey="Ashby R">R. S. Ashby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morgan, I G" uniqKey="Morgan I">I. G. Morgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, K A" uniqKey="Rose K">K. A. Rose</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Howie, B" uniqKey="Howie B">B. Howie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fuchsberger, C" uniqKey="Fuchsberger C">C. Fuchsberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stephens, M" uniqKey="Stephens M">M. Stephens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marchini, J" uniqKey="Marchini J">J. Marchini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abecasis, G R" uniqKey="Abecasis G">G. R. Abecasis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Howie, B N" uniqKey="Howie B">B. N. Howie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donnelly, P" uniqKey="Donnelly P">P. Donnelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marchini, J" uniqKey="Marchini J">J. Marchini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aulchenko, Y S" uniqKey="Aulchenko Y">Y. S. Aulchenko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ripke, S" uniqKey="Ripke S">S. Ripke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Isaacs, A" uniqKey="Isaacs A">A. Isaacs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, C M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C">C. M. van Duijn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Voorman, A" uniqKey="Voorman A">A. Voorman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lumley, T" uniqKey="Lumley T">T. Lumley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcknight, B" uniqKey="Mcknight B">B. McKnight</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rice, K" uniqKey="Rice K">K. Rice</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manning, A K" uniqKey="Manning A">A. K. Manning</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Willer, C J" uniqKey="Willer C">C. J. Willer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Y" uniqKey="Li Y">Y. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abecasis, G R" uniqKey="Abecasis G">G. R. Abecasis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Devlin, B" uniqKey="Devlin B">B. Devlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roeder, K" uniqKey="Roeder K">K. Roeder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kent, W J" uniqKey="Kent W">W. J. Kent</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ward, L D" uniqKey="Ward L">L. D. Ward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kellis, M" uniqKey="Kellis M">M. Kellis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Consortium, E P" uniqKey="Consortium E">E. P. Consortium</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warde Farley, D" uniqKey="Warde Farley D">D. Warde-Farley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bowes Rickman, C" uniqKey="Bowes Rickman C">C. Bowes Rickman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rivas, M A" uniqKey="Rivas M">M. A. Rivas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nat Commun</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nat Commun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature Communications</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2041-1723</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27020472</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4820539</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">ncomms11008</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ncomms11008</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Meta-analysis of gene–environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fan</surname><given-names>Qiao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Verhoeven</surname><given-names>Virginie J. M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wojciechowski</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barathi</surname><given-names>Veluchamy A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hysi</surname><given-names>Pirro G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guggenheim</surname><given-names>Jeremy A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a9">9</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-340X</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Höhn</surname><given-names>René</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a10">10</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vitart</surname><given-names>Veronique</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khawaja</surname><given-names>Anthony P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a13">13</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6802-8585</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yamashiro</surname><given-names>Kenji</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a14">14</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9354-8558</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hosseini</surname><given-names>S Mohsen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lehtimäki</surname><given-names>Terho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>Yi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haller</surname><given-names>Toomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>Jing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Delcourt</surname><given-names>Cécile</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a20">20</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pirastu</surname><given-names>Mario</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wedenoja</surname><given-names>Juho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a23">23</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gharahkhani</surname><given-names>Puya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a17">17</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4203-5952</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Venturini</surname><given-names>Cristina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miyake</surname><given-names>Masahiro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hewitt</surname><given-names>Alex W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a19">19</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a26">26</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Xiaobo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a27">27</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mazur</surname><given-names>Johanna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a28">28</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huffman</surname><given-names>Jenifer E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>Katie M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a29">29</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Polasek</surname><given-names>Ozren</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a30">30</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>Harry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a31">31</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rudan</surname><given-names>Igor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a31">31</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-6884</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vatavuk</surname><given-names>Zoran</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a32">32</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>James F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a31">31</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5751-9178</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Joshi</surname><given-names>Peter K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a31">31</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6361-5059</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McMahon</surname><given-names>George</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a33">33</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a34">34</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>St Pourcain</surname><given-names>Beate</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a33">33</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a34">34</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a35">35</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4680-3517</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>David M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a33">33</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a34">34</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a36">36</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simpson</surname><given-names>Claire L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a37">37</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2244-7690</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schwantes-An</surname><given-names>Tae-Hwi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Igo</surname><given-names>Robert P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a38">38</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mirshahi</surname><given-names>Alireza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a10">10</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a39">39</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cougnard-Gregoire</surname><given-names>Audrey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a20">20</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bellenguez</surname><given-names>Céline</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a40">40</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a41">41</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a42">42</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blettner</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a28">28</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Raitakari</surname><given-names>Olli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a43">43</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a44">44</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kähönen</surname><given-names>Mika</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a45">45</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seppala</surname><given-names>Ilkka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zeller</surname><given-names>Tanja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a46">46</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meitinger</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a47">47</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a48">48</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab>Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM)</collab><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ried</surname><given-names>Janina S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a49">49</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gieger</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a49">49</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Portas</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Leeuwen</surname><given-names>Elisabeth M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amin</surname><given-names>Najaf</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Uitterlinden</surname><given-names>André G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a50">50</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a51">51</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rivadeneira</surname><given-names>Fernando</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a50">50</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a51">51</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-9441</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hofman</surname><given-names>Albert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a51">51</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vingerling</surname><given-names>Johannes R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Ya Xing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a52">52</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Xu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a53">53</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tai-Hui Boh</surname><given-names>Eileen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a53">53</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ikram</surname><given-names>M. Kamran</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sabanayagam</surname><given-names>Charumathi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>Preeti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Vincent</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Lei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>Candice E. H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>Wan'e</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beuerman</surname><given-names>Roger W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Siantar</surname><given-names>Rosalynn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a54">54</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tai</surname><given-names>E-Shyong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a53">53</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a55">55</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vithana</surname><given-names>Eranga</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mihailov</surname><given-names>Evelin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khor</surname><given-names>Chiea-Chuen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a53">53</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a56">56</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hayward</surname><given-names>Caroline</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luben</surname><given-names>Robert N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Foster</surname><given-names>Paul J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a57">57</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a58">58</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>Barbara E. K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a59">59</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>Ronald</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a59">59</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>Hoi-Suen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mitchell</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a60">60</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Metspalu</surname><given-names>Andres</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aung</surname><given-names>Tin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>Terri L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a61">61</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-9941</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Mingguang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a62">62</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-2810</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pärssinen</surname><given-names>Olavi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a63">63</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a64">64</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Duijn</surname><given-names>Cornelia M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jin Wang</surname><given-names>Jie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a60">60</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>Cathy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a34">34</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jonas</surname><given-names>Jost B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a52">52</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a65">65</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-5227</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Teo</surname><given-names>Yik-Ying</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a53">53</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a56">56</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a66">66</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mackey</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a26">26</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a67">67</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oexle</surname><given-names>Konrad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a48">48</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yoshimura</surname><given-names>Nagahisa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paterson</surname><given-names>Andrew D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pfeiffer</surname><given-names>Norbert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>Tien-Yin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a53">53</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baird</surname><given-names>Paul N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stambolian</surname><given-names>Dwight</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a68">68</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>Joan E. Bailey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>Ching-Yu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hammond</surname><given-names>Christopher J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a29">29</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klaver</surname><given-names>Caroline C. W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saw</surname><given-names>Seang-Mei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a53">53</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rahi</surname><given-names>Jugnoo S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a69">69</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a70">70</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a71">71</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Korobelnik</surname><given-names>Jean-François</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a72">72</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a73">73</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kemp</surname><given-names>John P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a74">74</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Timpson</surname><given-names>Nicholas J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a74">74</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>George Davey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a74">74</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Craig</surname><given-names>Jamie E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a75">75</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burdon</surname><given-names>Kathryn P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a75">75</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fogarty</surname><given-names>Rhys D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a75">75</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iyengar</surname><given-names>Sudha K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a76">76</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a77">77</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a78">78</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chew</surname><given-names>Emily</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a79">79</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Janmahasatian</surname><given-names>Sarayut</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a76">76</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>Nicholas G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a80">80</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacGregor</surname><given-names>Stuart</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Liang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a52">52</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schache</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nangia</surname><given-names>Vinay</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a81">81</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Panda-Jonas</surname><given-names>Songhomitra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a81">81</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>Alan F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fondran</surname><given-names>Jeremy R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a76">76</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lass</surname><given-names>Jonathan H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a76">76</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a77">77</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>Sheng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a82">82</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Jing Hua</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a83">83</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khaw</surname><given-names>Kay-Tee</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wareham</surname><given-names>Nick J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a84">84</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rantanen</surname><given-names>Taina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a85">85</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kaprio</surname><given-names>Jaakko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a86">86</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a87">87</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a88">88</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pang</surname><given-names>Chi Pui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a89">89</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Li Jia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a90">90</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tam</surname><given-names>Pancy O.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a89">89</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jhanji</surname><given-names>Vishal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a89">89</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a90">90</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>Alvin L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a89">89</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a90">90</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Döring</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a91">91</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a92">92</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Raffel</surname><given-names>Leslie J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a93">93</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cotch</surname><given-names>Mary-Frances</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a94">94</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Xiaohui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a95">95</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yip</surname><given-names>Shea Ping</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a96">96</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yap</surname><given-names>Maurice K.H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a96">96</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Biino</surname><given-names>Ginevra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a97">97</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vaccargiu</surname><given-names>Simona</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fossarello</surname><given-names>Maurizio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fleck</surname><given-names>Brian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a98">98</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yazar</surname><given-names>Seyhan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a19">19</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a67">67</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tideman</surname><given-names>Jan Willem L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tedja</surname><given-names>Milly</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deangelis</surname><given-names>Margaret M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a99">99</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morrison</surname><given-names>Margaux</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a100">100</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Farrer</surname><given-names>Lindsay</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a101">101</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Xiangtian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a102">102</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Wei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a102">102</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mizuki</surname><given-names>Nobuhisa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a103">103</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meguro</surname><given-names>Akira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a103">103</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mäkelä</surname><given-names>Kari Matti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a104">104</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre</institution>, Singapore 169856,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Duke-NUS Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a6"><label>6</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 20205,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a7"><label>7</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore</institution> Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a8"><label>8</label><institution>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a9"><label>9</label><institution>School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University</institution>, Cardiff CF24 4HQ,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a10"><label>10</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a11"><label>11</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern</institution>, CH-3010 Bern,<country>Switzerland</country></aff><aff id="a12"><label>12</label><institution>Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Edinburgh EH4 2XU,<country>Scotland</country></aff><aff id="a13"><label>13</label><institution>Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine</institution>, Cambridge CB2 0SR,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a14"><label>14</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine</institution>, Kyoto 6068507,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a15"><label>15</label><institution>Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto</institution>, Toronto Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X8</aff><aff id="a16"><label>16</label><institution>Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere</institution>, Tampere 33520,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="a17"><label>17</label><institution>Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4029,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a18"><label>18</label><institution>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu</institution>, Tartu 51010,<country>Estonia</country></aff><aff id="a19"><label>19</label><institution>Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a20"><label>20</label><institution>Université de Bordeaux, ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie et de Développement)</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a21"><label>21</label><institution>INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center</institution>, Bordeaux 33000,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a22"><label>22</label><institution>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council</institution>, Sassari 07100,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="a23"><label>23</label><institution>Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki</institution>, Helsinki 00014,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="a24"><label>24</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital</institution>, Helsinki 00014,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="a25"><label>25</label><institution>UCL Institute of Ophthalmology</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a26"><label>26</label><institution>Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, Tasmania 7000,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a27"><label>27</label><institution>Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University</institution>, Guangzhou 510275,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a28"><label>28</label><institution>Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz</institution>, 55131 Mainz,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a29"><label>29</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London</institution>, London SE1 7EH,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a30"><label>30</label><institution>Faculty of Medicine, University of Split</institution>, Split 21000,<country>Croatia</country></aff><aff id="a31"><label>31</label><institution>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh</institution>, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG,<country>Scotland</country></aff><aff id="a32"><label>32</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital</institution>, Zagreb 10000,<country>Croatia</country></aff><aff id="a33"><label>33</label><institution>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a34"><label>34</label><institution>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol</institution>, Bristol BS8 2BN,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a35"><label>35</label><institution>Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics</institution>, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a36"><label>36</label><institution>University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute</institution>, Brisbane, Queensland 4102,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a37"><label>37</label><institution>Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center</institution>, Memphis, Tennessee 38163,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a38"><label>38</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University</institution>, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a39"><label>39</label><institution>Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn-Bad Godesberg</institution>, 53177 Bonn,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a40"><label>40</label><institution>Inserm, U1167</institution>, Lille 59000,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a41"><label>41</label><institution>Univ. Lille, U1167</institution>, Lille 59000,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a42"><label>42</label><institution>Université Lille 2</institution>, Lille 59000,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a43"><label>43</label><institution>Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Medicine, University of Turku</institution>, Turku 20520,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="a44"><label>44</label><institution>Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital</institution>, Turku 20520,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="a45"><label>45</label><institution>Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere</institution>, Tampere 33520,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="a46"><label>46</label><institution>Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg</institution>, 20246 Hamburg,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a47"><label>47</label><institution>Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München</institution>, 85764 Neuherberg,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a48"><label>48</label><institution>Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München</institution>, 81675 Munich,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a49"><label>49</label><institution>Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health</institution>, 85764 Neuherberg,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a50"><label>50</label><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center</institution>, 3000 CA Rotterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a51"><label>51</label><institution>Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative</institution>, 2518 AD Hague,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a52"><label>52</label><institution>Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University</institution>, Beijing 100044,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a53"><label>53</label><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems</institution>, Singapore 117549,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a54"><label>54</label><institution>National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital</institution>, Singapore 308433,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a55"><label>55</label><institution>Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 119228,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a56"><label>56</label><institution>Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 138672,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a57"><label>57</label><institution>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology</institution>, London EC1V 9EL,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a58"><label>58</label><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology</institution>, London EC1V 2PD,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a59"><label>59</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health</institution>, Madison, Wisconsin 53726,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a60"><label>60</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney</institution>, Sydney, New South Wales 2145,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a61"><label>61</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin</institution>, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA</aff><aff id="a62"><label>62</label><institution>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University</institution>, Guangzhou 510060,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a63"><label>63</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland</institution>, Jyväskylä 40620,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="a64"><label>64</label><institution>Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä</institution>, Jyväskylä 40014,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="a65"><label>65</label><institution>Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Ophthalmology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg</institution>, 69115 Mannheim,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a66"><label>66</label><institution>Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 117546,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a67"><label>67</label><institution>Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, Western Australia 6009,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a68"><label>68</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania</institution>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a69"><label>69</label>Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK</aff><aff id="a70"><label>70</label>Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK</aff><aff id="a71"><label>71</label>Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK</aff><aff id="a72"><label>72</label>Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France</aff><aff id="a73"><label>73</label>INSERM (Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale), ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'épidémiologie et de Développement), Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33076 Bordeaux, France</aff><aff id="a74"><label>74</label>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK</aff><aff id="a75"><label>75</label>Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia</aff><aff id="a76"><label>76</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</aff><aff id="a77"><label>77</label>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</aff><aff id="a78"><label>78</label>Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA</aff><aff id="a79"><label>79</label>National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA</aff><aff id="a80"><label>80</label>Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</aff><aff id="a81"><label>81</label>Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440001, India</aff><aff id="a82"><label>82</label>Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center For Human Genetics, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA</aff><aff id="a83"><label>83</label>MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK</aff><aff id="a84"><label>84</label>MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK</aff><aff id="a85"><label>85</label>Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä Finland</aff><aff id="a86"><label>86</label>Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland</aff><aff id="a87"><label>87</label>Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland</aff><aff id="a88"><label>88</label>Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland</aff><aff id="a89"><label>89</label>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</aff><aff id="a90"><label>90</label>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong</aff><aff id="a91"><label>91</label>Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany</aff><aff id="a92"><label>92</label>Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany</aff><aff id="a93"><label>93</label>Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA</aff><aff id="a94"><label>94</label>Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA</aff><aff id="a95"><label>95</label>Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90502, USA</aff><aff id="a96"><label>96</label>Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</aff><aff id="a97"><label>97</label>Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy</aff><aff id="a98"><label>98</label>Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK</aff><aff id="a99"><label>99</label>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA</aff><aff id="a100"><label>100</label>Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA</aff><aff id="a101"><label>101</label>Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Ophthalmology, Neurology, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA</aff><aff id="a102"><label>102</label>School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China</aff><aff id="a103"><label>103</label>Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan</aff><aff id="a104"><label>104</label>Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>c.c.w.klaver@erasmusmc.nl</email></corresp><corresp id="c2"><label>b</label><email>seang_mei_saw@nuhs.edu.sg</email></corresp><fn id="n1"><label>*</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn><fn id="n2"><label>†</label><p>These authors jointly supervised this work.</p></fn><fn id="n3"><label>‡</label><p>A full list of consortium members appears at the end of the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>11008</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>09</day><month>02</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Myopia is the most common human eye disorder and it results from complex genetic and environmental causes. The rapidly increasing prevalence of myopia poses a major public health challenge. Here, the CREAM consortium performs a joint meta-analysis to test single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) main effects and SNP × education interaction effects on refractive error in 40,036 adults from 25 studies of European ancestry and 10,315 adults from 9 studies of Asian ancestry. In European ancestry individuals, we identify six novel loci (<italic>FAM150B-ACP1</italic>, <italic>LINC00340</italic>, <italic>FBN1</italic>, <italic>DIS3L-MAP2K1</italic>, <italic>ARID2-SNAT1</italic> and <italic>SLC14A2</italic>) associated with refractive error. In Asian populations, three genome-wide significant loci <italic>AREG</italic>, <italic>GABRR1</italic> and <italic>PDE10A</italic> also exhibit strong interactions with education (<italic>P</italic><8.5 × 10<sup>−5</sup>), whereas the interactions are less evident in Europeans. The discovery of these loci represents an important advance in understanding how gene and environment interactions contribute to the heterogeneity of myopia.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="web-summary"><p><inline-graphic id="i1" xlink:href="ncomms11008-i1.jpg"></inline-graphic>This report by the Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia uses gene-environment-wide interaction study (GEWIS) to identify genetic loci that affect environmental influence in myopia development, and identifies ethnic specific genetic loci that attribute to eye refractive errors.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><p>Myopia, or nearsightedness, has rapidly emerged as a global health concern in the last three decades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>. It is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and is associated with potentially blinding ocular complications including myopic maculopathy, glaucoma, cataract and retinal detachment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref>. Evidence from family and twin studies strongly supports the heritability of myopia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref>. Estimates for the heritability of the quantitative trait refractive error have been reported to be as high as 90% (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref>). On the other hand, the rapid upsurge of myopia in the last few decades in many parts of the world is likely to be a consequence of lifestyle changes such as the increasing educational intensity, in particular in urban East Asia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref>, and potentially gene and environment (G × E) interactions.</p><p>Major attempts undertaken in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to elucidate the genetic determination of myopia and refractive error have recently led to the discovery of >30 distinct susceptibility loci<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>. Nevertheless, collectively these genetic variants are estimated to explain <12% of phenotypic variance in refractive errror<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>. As myopia is a result of the combination of genetic and environmental factors, interplay between genes and environment may account for a substantial proportion of the phenotypic variance. In recent times, we showed interactions between education and genetic risk score of myopia derived from 26 known GWAS single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Rotterdam Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>; the combined effect of genetic predisposition and education on the risk of myopia was substantially greater than anticipated from a simple sum of these two factors. At the gene level, some genes such as <italic>SHISA6-DNAH9</italic> have been shown to interact with education level and exhibit strong genetic effects for myopia among Asians with at least higher secondary education<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">10</xref>. In the current study, we demonstrate that new genetic effects implicated in myopia development could be uncovered by studying interactions between genetic variants and education level.</p><p>In the context of the aetiology of refractive errors, education attainment is generally considered a surrogate measure for accumulated near work activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>. When viewing near objects, the eye generates extra optical power through the process of accommodation to focus the image on the retinal plane, to maintain clear vision<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref>. There is an accommodative lag (less accommodation produced than needed) in many myopes, resulting in a hyperopic defocus on the retina for near work, which has long been proposed to promote eye growth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref>, but whether this occurs before or after the onset of myopia in humans is less clear. The retina has a central role in the mechanism linking such visual input with eye growth and refractive development<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">13</xref>. Several neurotransmitters or molecules have been implicated in this process by animal studies including dopamine, acetylcholine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) and glucagon<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>. However, an organized framework for the retinal signalling mechanisms underlying refractive error development under various environmental conditions remains to be elucidated.</p><p>Factoring in environmental exposures may enhance power for the detection of genes, especially in circumstances where a genetic locus has a differential effect conditional on specific environment exposures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>. Gene–environment-wide interaction studies (GEWIS) using a joint meta-analysis (JMA) approach on SNP main effects and SNP × environment interactions have recently been described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref>. This approach has successfully identified six novel loci associated with fasting insulin and glucose accounting for interactions with body mass index<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref>. It also led to the identification of two novel loci for pulmonary function that did not emerge from analyses based on the genetic main effects alone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref>. The well-documented effects of educational attainment on myopia and refractive error make the proposed interaction an excellent analytical candidate for the GEWIS.</p><p>The availability of large-scale GWAS spherical equivalent data sets from the Consortium for Refractive Error And Myopia (CREAM) makes G × E interaction analyses feasible. To identify additional genetic variants for refractive error, we performed GEWIS-based analyses on 40,036 adults of European ancestry from 25 studies and 10,315 adults of Asian ancestry from 9 studies. We identified nine new loci using the JMA approach, where three loci exhibited G × E interaction on refractive error in Asians, including the GABA<sub>C</sub> receptor subunit ρ1 gene <italic>GABRR1</italic>.</p><sec disp-level="1"><title>Results</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Educational level and its main effects on spherical equivalent</title><p>The baseline characteristics of 50,351 participants from 34 studies in our meta-analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. A total of 40,036 participants were of European descent and 10,315 were of Asian descent; the age of the participants ranged from 20 to 99 years. We grouped individuals into two educational categories: a higher education group that included individuals who completed higher secondary or university education and a lower education group comprising those with lower secondary education or below (see Methods). Among Europeans, the proportions of participants in the higher education group ranged from 16.5% (FITSA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">20</xref> and OGP Talana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref>) to 94.4% (AREDS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref>) with an average of 50.7% (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 1</xref>). In Asians, the proportions of individuals in the higher education group ranged from 6.7% (SiMES<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref>) to 75.9% (Nagahama<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref>) with an average of 30.0%. Across all studies, individuals in the higher education group had a spherical equivalent refractive error that was on average 0.59 dioptres (D) more myopic, or less hyperopic, compared with those in the lower education group (<italic>β</italic>=−0.59 D; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.64 to −0.55 D). High education level was associated with a twofold more myopic spherical equivalent in individuals of Asian as compared with European ancestry (Asians: <italic>β</italic>=−1.09 D, 95% CI: −1.20 to −0.98 D; Europeans: <italic>β</italic>=−0.49 D, 95% CI: −0.54 to −0.44 D; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>). Among Asian studies, we also observed heterogeneity of education effects for refractive error. The education effects on spherical equivalent in Singapore Chinese were significantly larger than that in other Asian studies (Singapore Chinese: <italic>β</italic>=−1.75 D, 95% CI: −1.92 to −1.58 D; other Asian cohorts: <italic>β</italic>=−0.60 D, 95% CI: −0.75 to −0.46 D).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>GEWIS in Europeans</title><p>After stringent quality control (QC) filtering, ∼6 million SNPs in each study were eligible for the genome-wide JMA test (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 2</xref>). The JMA for SNP main effects and SNP × education interactions in 40,036 European Ancestry individuals showed an association with spherical equivalent at 12 previously implicated loci (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2a</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig 1</xref>). We also identified four previously unreported loci associated with spherical equivalent achieving genome-wide significance (<italic>P</italic><sub>JMA</sub><5.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup>; <italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub>≥0.086; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>): <italic>FAM150B-ACP1</italic>, <italic>LINC00340</italic>, <italic>FBN1</italic> and <italic>DIS3L-MAP2K1</italic>. The significant association for JMA testing at these loci in Europeans was primarily driven by SNP effects in both the lower and higher education strata (4.40 × 10<sup>−8</sup>≤<italic>P</italic><sub>main</sub>≤1.35 × 10<sup>−6</sup> and 7.61 × 10<sup>−11</sup>≤<italic>P</italic><sub>main</sub>≤1.75 × 10<sup>−6</sup>, respectively). SNP × education interaction was not significant (<italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>≥0.208). The estimated effect sizes of SNP effects on spherical equivalent were highly similar across education strata.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>GEWIS in Asians</title><p>The JMA for spherical equivalent in 10,315 individuals from the Asians cohorts identified genome-wide significant association for three genes: <italic>AREG</italic>, <italic>GABRR1</italic> and <italic>PDE10A</italic> (<italic>P</italic><sub>JMA</sub><5.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2b</xref>). SNP × education interaction effects associated with spherical equivalent were observed at all three loci, with genetic effects significantly larger within participants who had a higher level of education compared with those with a lower education level: <italic>AREG</italic> (rs12511037, <italic>β</italic><sub>int</sub>=−0.89±0.14 D, <italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=6.87 × 10<sup>−11</sup>), <italic>GABRR1</italic> (rs13215566, <italic>β</italic><sub>int</sub>=−0.56±0.14 D, <italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=8.48 × 10<sup>−5</sup>) and <italic>PDE10A</italic> (rs12206610, <italic>β</italic><sub>int</sub>=−0.72±0.13 D, <italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=2.32 × 10<sup>−8</sup>). The genotype and phenotype associations were highly significant in the higher education stratum (main genetic effects, 1.97 × 10<sup>−10</sup>≤<italic>P</italic><sub>main</sub>≤8.16 × 10<sup>−8</sup>) but were considerably weaker in the lower education stratum (0.008≤<italic>P</italic><sub>main</sub>≤0.243). There was no evidence of inter-study heterogeneity at index SNPs within <italic>AREG</italic>, <italic>GABRR1</italic> or <italic>PDE10A</italic> loci (<italic>Q</italic>-test: <italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub>≥0.122).</p><p><italic>GABRR1</italic> and <italic>PDE10A</italic> index SNPs were not associated with spherical equivalent in European samples, for either the JMA test, SNP main effect or SNP × education interaction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). <italic>AREG</italic> SNP rs12511037 was excluded in the meta-analysis of European studies after QC filtering; hence, a proxy SNP, rs1246413, in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs12511037 in Asians (<italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup>=0.97) was tested but not associated with spherical equivalent (<italic>P</italic><sub>JMA</sub>=0.527; <italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=0.176). The meta-regression including study-level characteristics as covariates in the model confirmed the heterogeneity between populations of European and Asian ancestry (<italic>GABRR1</italic>: <italic>P</italic>=0.006; <italic>PDE10A</italic>: <italic>P</italic>=0.0419; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 4</xref>). For <italic>PDE10A</italic>, besides ethnicity, average spherical equivalent of each study also explained the inter-study heterogeneity for the interaction effects (<italic>P</italic>=0.025).</p><p>We examined whether the underlying assumption of G × E independence held at these three G × E interaction loci. We performed a meta-analysis of logistic regression analysis for education level on <italic>AREG</italic> SNP rs12511037, <italic>GABRR1</italic> SNP rs13215566 and <italic>PDE10A</italic> SNP rs12296610, adjusting for age, gender and population stratification in Asian cohorts (<italic>n</italic>=10,315). Our analysis did not reveal any significant associations between these loci and education level (<italic>P</italic>≥0.102, <italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub>≥0.170; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 5</xref>). Furthermore, the three loci were not associated with educational attainment in a large meta-analysis of GWAS recently conducted in European cohorts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref>. Thus, our G × E results are unlikely to be biased due to dependence between gene and education.</p><p>We also evaluated the association for spherical equivalent in Asian cohorts for four loci identified from European populations. Two of them showed significant associations in the JMA test: <italic>FAM150B-ACP1</italic> (<italic>P</italic><sub>JMA</sub>=0.031) and <italic>DIS3L-MAP2K1</italic> (<italic>P</italic><sub>JMA</sub>=0.0042; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The SNP effect sizes in lower and higher education strata in Asians were similar at <italic>FAM150B-ACP1</italic>. The signal at the <italic>DIS3L-MAP2K1</italic> locus was mainly driven by SNP × education interaction in Asians (<italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=7.95 × 10<sup>−4</sup>), whereas the interaction effect was not statistically significant in Europeans (<italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=0.208).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Combined GEWIS of all cohorts</title><p>We subsequently conducted a JMA in the combined data including both the European and Asian participants of all 34 studies. This analysis revealed two additional SNPs: <italic>ARID2-SNAT1</italic> (<italic>P</italic><sub>JMA</sub>=4.38 × 10<sup>−8</sup>) and <italic>SLC14A2</italic> (<italic>P</italic><sub>JMA</sub>=2.54 × 10<sup>−8</sup>). Both loci showed suggestive association with spherical equivalent in European cohorts, with the same direction of effect and similar effect sizes in Asian cohorts (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). We also detected genome-wide significant associations with spherical equivalent for 17 known loci<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref> identified in our previous CREAM GWAS (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 3</xref>). The regional plots of the identified novel loci are presented in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig 2</xref>.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Gene and education interactions for GWAS known loci</title><p>We also evaluated the interactions between education and previously reported genetic association with spherical equivalent at 39 loci identified from recent two large GWAS studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>. Two SNP × education interactions were nominally significant (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 6</xref>): <italic>TJP2</italic> in Europeans (rs11145488, <italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=6.91 × 10<sup>−3</sup>) and <italic>SHISA6-DNAH9</italic> in Asians (rs2969180, <italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=4.02 × 10<sup>−3</sup>). In general, the index SNPs tested at 39 loci had larger SNP × education interaction effect on spherical equivalent in Asians versus Europeans (meta-regression <italic>P</italic> for fold changes<0.001; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 3</xref>). For 20 SNPs with the same direction of the interaction effect, the magnitudes of interaction effects were fourfold larger on average in Asians than in Europeans (<italic>P</italic>=0.003).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Gene and near work interactions for three identified loci</title><p>High education levels may reflect an estimator for the greater accumulative effect of near work<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref>. We thus examined whether there was evidence for SNP × near work interactions associated with spherical equivalent at the three loci (<italic>AREG</italic>, <italic>GABRR1</italic> and <italic>PDE10A</italic>) in paediatric cohorts (SCORM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref>, Guangzhou Twins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref> and ALSPAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">30</xref>; combined <italic>n</italic>=5,835; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 7</xref>). Tentative support for a SNP × near work interaction was observed for <italic>PDE10A</italic> (rs12206610, <italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=0.032, <italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub>=0.658), with the stronger genetic effect in children spending more hours on reading, writing or compute use. Weaker support for an interaction was noted at <italic>GABRR1</italic> (rs13215566, <italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=0.309, <italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub>=0.655), although the direction of meta-analysed interaction effect was largely consistent across paediatric studies with that observed in adults. We did not observe the interaction at <italic>AREG</italic> (rs12511037, <italic>P</italic><sub>int</sub>=0.795, <italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub>=0.062).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Gene expression in human tissues</title><p>Using the Ocular Tissue Database<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref>, we examined the expression of the associated genes in 20 normal human donor eyes. The majority of genes identified were expressed in human retina, sclera, choroid or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 8</xref>). Among these genes, <italic>GABRR1</italic>, <italic>ACP1</italic> and <italic>SNAT1</italic> had the highest expression in the retina. The Probe Logarithmic Intensity Error-normalized messenger RNA expression levels in the retina ranged from 121.66 to 236.69. Of note, <italic>MAP2K1</italic> was widely expressed in the retina, sclera and choroid/RPE.</p></sec></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Discussion</title><p>This study represents the most comprehensive genome-wide scan of gene and education interactions to date, for refractive error. Here we identified novel genetic loci associated with refractive error by testing the joint contribution of SNP main effects and SNP × education effects in large multi-ethnic populations. Three loci (<italic>AREG</italic>, <italic>GABRR1</italic> and <italic>PDE10A</italic>) showed strong interactions with education in populations of Asian descent, with larger genetic effects within participants who had a higher level of education compared with those with a lower education level; no interactions achieved statistical significance in Europeans for top JMA associations or known myopic loci. Apart from confirming known associations at 17 previous published loci, we identified six new loci (<italic>FAM150B-ACP1</italic>, <italic>LINC00340</italic>, <italic>FBN1</italic>, <italic>DIS3L-MAP2K1</italic>, <italic>ARID2-SNAT1</italic> and <italic>SLC14A2</italic>) significantly associated with spherical equivalent using the combined multi-racial cohort.</p><p>A recent meta-analysis of GWAS in multi-ethnic populations comprises 32 studies (<italic>n</italic>=45,756) from CREAM and a large GWAS in Europeans (<italic>n</italic>=45,771) have reported a total of 39 genetic loci associated with refractive phenotypes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>. The current genome-wide meta-analysis included ∼5,000 more subjects than the previous GWAS of main effects. We identified nine additional novel loci using the JMA approach. These loci can be placed within the biological context of the visually evoked signalling cascade that begins in the retina and mediates sclera remodelling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref>. The newly identified genes are involved in retinal neurotransmission (<italic>GABRR1</italic> and <italic>SNAT1</italic>), extracellular matrix remodelling (<italic>FBN1</italic>, <italic>MAP2K1</italic> and <italic>AREG</italic>), circadian rhythm (<italic>PDE10A</italic>) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor signalling (<italic>ACP1</italic>) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 9</xref>). Network analysis revealed that most of the novel genes may tend to be co-expressed and co-localized with the known myopia susceptibility genes through multiple biological networks such as <italic>LAMA2</italic>, <italic>GJD2</italic>, <italic>RASGRF1</italic>, <italic>BMP3</italic>, <italic>RDH5</italic>, <italic>ZMAT4</italic>, <italic>RBFOX1</italic>, <italic>RDH5</italic> and so on (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 4</xref>). Our data, in line with previous findings, substantiate the assumption of heterogeneity in the molecular mechanisms involved in refractive error and myopia.</p><p>Among the novel loci, <italic>GABRR1</italic> on chromosome 6q15 (53 kb), encoding GABA<sub>C</sub> receptor subunit ρ1, is an interesting functional candidate suggestive of a role in myopia development. Modulation of synaptic plasticity via GABA-mediated inhibition would be well placed to alter the ‘gain' of the visually guided feedback system controlling refractive development<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">33</xref>. The lead SNP rs13215566 in <italic>GABRR1</italic>, together with seven SNPs within the LD block (<italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup>≥0.8), are intronic, potentially affecting regulatory motifs (such as zfp128 and gcm1) that may influence transcriptional regulation (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 10</xref>). The variant rs13215029, in LD (<italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup>=1) with rs13215566, is associated with <italic>cis</italic>-acting expression of <italic>GABRR1</italic> (<italic>P</italic>=2.3 × 10<sup>−4</sup>) in skin tissues (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 9</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref>. A recent pharmacological study provided evidence that retinal dopaminergic and GABAergic neurotransmitters play a substantial role in the modulation of refractive development in form-deprivation myopia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">36</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">37</xref>. Stone <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref> have reported that antagonists to GABA-A, -B and -C receptors inhibited form-deprivation myopia in chicks, with greatest effect in the equatorial dimension. GABA receptors, expressed in bipolar and ganglion neuron cells, also interact with dopamine pathways in the retina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">36</xref>. A recent proteomics study determined that levels of GABA transporter-1 were significantly reduced in myopic murine retina after atropine treatment, implying that GABA signalling is involved in the anti-myopic effects of atropine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">37</xref>. Altogether, these data suggest that GABA<sub>C</sub> receptor ρ1 may regulate the development of myopia through functional feedback from RPE to neuron cells in the retina. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of genetic deletion of <italic>GABRR1</italic> on refractive eye development and the role of the GABAergic pathway in myopia development using gene knockout mice. Therefore, our result in humans is in line with animal experiments, supporting the notion that the GABAergic neurotransmitter signalling pathway in the retina could be a potential factor in the progression of myopia.</p><p>SNP rs10889855 on chromosome 6 is an intronic variant within the <italic>ARID2</italic> gene (AT-rich interactive domain 2) and 500 kb downstream of <italic>SNAT1</italic> (solute carrier family 38, member, alias <italic>SLC38A1</italic>). SNAT1 is a transporter of glutamine, a precursor of GABA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">38</xref>. It is also highly expressed in human retina. In our previous meta-analysis in CREAM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>, we identified variants in another glutamate receptor gene <italic>GRIA4</italic> (encoding glutamate receptor, ionotropic); altogether, current evidence supports the notion that retinal neurotransmitters GABA and glutamine may be involved in the refractive development.</p><p>The strongest association signal for gene and environment interactions was from rs12511037, located 14 kb downstream the <italic>AREG</italic> gene (amphiregulin). AREG is a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor promoting the growth of normal epithelial cells, which is critical for cell differentiation and proliferation such as regrowth of the wounded cornea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref>. A link has been found between the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, dominant in myopia progression, and the epidermal growth factor receptor in muscarinic system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">40</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">41</xref>.</p><p>Another novel association, rs16949788 on chromosome 15, derives from a region that spans <italic>DIS3L</italic> and <italic>MAP2K1</italic>. <italic>MAP2K1</italic> encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, which binds to muscarinic receptors during proliferation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">42</xref> and inhibits the proliferation of human scleral fibroblasts exposed to all-<italic>trans</italic> retinoic acid<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">43</xref>. All-<italic>trans</italic> retinoic acid is a modulator of ocular growth, inhibiting the proliferation of human scleral fibroblasts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">44</xref>.</p><p><italic>FBN1</italic> (Fibrillin 1), a member of the fibrillin family, encodes a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein. Mutations in <italic>FBN1</italic> cause Marfan's syndrome, a disorder of connective tissue affecting the ocular, skeletal and cardiovascular systems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45">45</xref>. As a candidate gene for myopia, attempts to study its association with myopia previously produced inconclusive results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">46</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47">47</xref>, probably owing, in part, to underpowered studies with insufficient sample sizes. Using data from a large multi-ethnic population, our results support the role of <italic>FBN1</italic> in myopia development.</p><p>The genome-wide significant SNPs from the JMA approach did not exhibit any interactions with education in Europeans, in contrast to the significant interactive effect among Asians. In particular, the G × E interactions at <italic>AREG</italic>, <italic>GABRR1</italic> and <italic>PDE10A</italic> were only evident in Asian populations. There are a number of possible reasons for the observed differences. First, the variation of LD patterns and joint effects of genetic variants might affect the transferability of G × E signals across populations. Similar LD patterns were seen at <italic>GABRR1</italic> and <italic>PDE10A</italic> regions across populations whereas a long stretch of LD flanking AREG was present only in Asian populations (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 5</xref>). As the true causal variants transferrable across populations are probably not implicated in our study, the identified novel myopia risk loci provide a much-needed starting point for follow-up and functional downstream analyses. Second, we used education level in adults as a surrogate measure of the underlying risk factors for influencing refractive development. Ideally, near work intensity would be measured prospectively in children before the onset of myopia. Studies included in our analyses do not have additional data on relevant childhood exposures. Thus, the best available surrogate measure of cumulative near work exposure in adult cohorts is educational level. We nevertheless believe that education is a highly reliable proxy for the relevant exposures underlying refractive development and is universally associated with refractive error in our study. Third, the differences of G × E interactions in Asian versus Europeans may reflect quantitative differences in near work intensity during childhood. For example, 6- and 7- year-old children in England and Australia reported less near work activity outside of school (1.0–2.3 h per day)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">48</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49">49</xref> compared with children in Singapore and China (2.7–3.5 h per day)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50">50</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">51</xref>. A similar trend was observed in older children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">48</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52">52</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53">53</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54">54</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55">55</xref>. We thus speculate that the total exposure to near work activity may be greater in East Asians compared with European-derived populations with the same levels of education; hence, G × E interaction estimates would tend to be inflated in Asian populations compared with European groups. Fourth, other environmental factors such as outdoor activities could also interact with genes. East Asian children tend to have less exposure to outdoor activities compared with their European peers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56">56</xref>. However, the majority of adult cohorts did not report time outdoors and thus could not be accounted for in the current study. Finally, the population mean of refractive error is less myopic in Europeans (0.10 D) versus Asians (−0.60 D). Of note, for the previously known myopia loci, the magnitudes of interaction effects were fourfold larger on average in Asians than in Europeans (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 2</xref>). The impact of G × E interactions may be seen at certain severity levels of myopia.</p><p>The risk alleles of rs12511037 in <italic>AREG</italic>, rs1321556 in <italic>GABRR1</italic> and rs12206610 in <italic>PDE10A</italic> had no or weak influence on myopic shift in the lower education group compared with the higher education group. This suggests that the hereditary predisposition to myopia could be latent for the risk allele carriers, if they are less exposed to the myopiagenic environment associated with high-level education. A lack of strong SNP × near work associations in children might be due to the inadequate statistical power in paediatric cohorts of relatively small sample sizes, or the possibility that environmental risk exposures other than near work might underlie the SNP × education interaction seen in the adult Asian samples.</p><p>In summary, we identified nine novel loci associated with refractive error in a large multi-ethnic cohort study by GEWIS approach. Our data provide evidence that specific genetic variants interact with education, to influence refractive development, and further support a role for GABA neurotransmitter signalling in myopia development. These findings provide promising candidate genes for follow-up work and may lead to new genetic targets for therapeutic interventions on myopia.</p></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Methods</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Study participants</title><p>Thirty-four studies from members of CREAM, comprising 40,036 individuals of European ancestry from 25 studies and 10,315 individuals of Asian ancestry from 9 studies, were made available for this analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Note 1</xref>). Individuals aged <20 years were excluded and so were those who had undergone cataract surgery, laser or other intra-ocular procedures that could alter refraction. Many of these studies were also included in the previous CREAM GWAS on spherical equivalent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>. All studies adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by their local research ethics committees. The exact names of the Institutional Research Board committees can be found under <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Note 2</xref>. All participants provided a signed consent form before the start of the study.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Phenotyping and education levels</title><p>All participants underwent ophthalmological examinations (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 1</xref>). Non-cycloplegic refraction was measured by autorefraction and/or subjective refraction. Spherical equivalent was calculated as the sphere power plus half of the cylinder power for each eye. The mean spherical equivalent of the right and left eyes was used as a quantitative outcome. When data from only one eye was available, the spherical equivalent of that eye was used. For each study, the participants reported the highest level of education achieved or the years of schooling through a self-reported questionnaire, or in an interview.</p><p>We dichotomized education for all participants in each study. The higher education group consisted of those who had achieved the highest educational level of A-levels, high school (higher secondary education), vocational training (for example, diploma), university degree or those with ≥12 years spent in formal education (beginning from first grade). Those who had achieved the highest educational level of O-level, middle school (lower secondary education) or those with <12 years of formal education were classified into the lower education group. If both number of formal study years and education levels were available in the cohort, we classified participants based on years of formal education. For the four cohorts of relatively young European participants (BATS, DCCT, RAINE and WESDR; total <italic>n</italic>=2,349), almost all of them had completed 12 or more years of schooling. We thus chose to categorize individuals with tertiary or university education as the higher education group in these studies. Sensitivity analysis excluding these four cohorts did not appreciably change our meta-analysis results.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Genotyping and imputation</title><p>Detailed information on the genotyping platforms and QC procedures for each study is provided in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Note 1</xref>. Each study applied stringent QC filters for GWAS. In general, duplicate DNA samples, individuals with low call rate (<95%), gender mismatch or ethnic outliers were excluded. SNPs were excluded if low genotyping call rate (>5% missingness), monomorphic SNPs, with minor allele frequency (MAF) <1% or in Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium (<italic>P</italic><10<sup>−6</sup>). After QC filtering, the array genotypes of each study were imputed using the 1000 Genomes Project data as reference panels (build 37, phase 1 release, March 2012) with the software Minimac<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57">57</xref> or IMPUTE2 (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">58</xref>). Approximately six million SNPs that passed imputation quality thresholds (MACH: <italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup>>0.5 or IMPUTE info score >0.5) and with MAF ≥5% were eligible for the meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 2</xref>).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Statistical models</title><p>For each study, a linear regression model for each genotyped or imputed SNP was constructed with the mean spherical equivalent as the outcome. We assumed an additive genetic model where the number of risk alleles is an ordinal variable (0, 1 and 2) for directly genotyped SNPs or a continuous variable of allele dosage probability ranging from 0 to 2 for imputed SNPs. The primary analytic model included SNP, education and SNP × education interaction term, as well as age and sex as covariates. Additional adjustments for the top principal components of genomic marker variations were performed in individual studies when applicable (that is, when there was evidence of population stratification).</p><p>We used the following additive genetic model to test for a joint effect of SNP (<italic>β</italic><sub>SNP</sub>) and SNP × education interaction (<italic>β</italic><sub>SNP × education</sub>) on mean spherical equivalent:</p><p><disp-formula id="eq1"><inline-graphic id="d33e3419" xlink:href="ncomms11008-m1.jpg"></inline-graphic></disp-formula></p><p>where <italic>Y</italic> is the mean spherical equivalent and education is a dichotomous variable (0=lower education group and 1=higher education group); <italic>cov</italic> is a set of covariates such as age, sex and first top five principal components when applicable. For family-based studies, the kinship matrix was estimated empirically from the SNP data and included as a random effect in the generalized mixed model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">59</xref>. To test an effect of SNP × education interaction, we assessed <italic>β</italic><sub>SNP × education</sub> from <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="eq1">equation (1)</xref>.</p><p>The linear regression analyses in each study were conducted with Quickes or ProbABEL for the unrelated samples and MixABEL for family-based data (see URLs). The command ‘robust' was used in the above software to calculate the robust (‘sandwich', Huber-White) s.e. of <italic>β</italic><sub>SNP</sub> and <italic>β</italic><sub>SNP × education</sub>, and error covariance of <italic>β</italic>, to correct the potential inflation of false positive rate for the interaction <italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b60">60</xref>.</p><p>In addition, each study also tested the main effect of education on spherical equivalent by adjusting for age and gender using the linear regression model:</p><p><disp-formula id="eq2"><inline-graphic id="d33e3463" xlink:href="ncomms11008-m2.jpg"></inline-graphic></disp-formula></p><p>where the definition of each variable is the same as in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="eq1">equation (1)</xref>. We performed meta-analysis of the education effects on mean spherical equivalent in Europeans, Asians (Singapore Chinese versus others) and combined data using a fixed-effect model with inverse-variance weighting (R package ‘meta').</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>GEWIS join meta-analyses</title><p>We adopted the JMA approach<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61">61</xref>, to simultaneously test both SNP main effects and SNP × education interactions for spherical equivalent with a fixed-effect model, using SNP and SNP × education regression coefficients (<italic>β</italic><sub>SNP</sub> and <italic>β</italic><sub>SNP × education</sub>, respectively) and a <italic>β</italic>'s covariance matrix from each study. A Wald's statistic, following a <italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>-distribution with two degrees of freedom, was used to test the joint significance of the <italic>β</italic><sub>SNP</sub> and <italic>β</italic><sub>SNP × education</sub>. The JMA was performed with METAL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62">62</xref>, as previously described by Manning <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61">61</xref>. A Cochran's <italic>Q</italic>-test was used to assess heterogeneity of the <italic>β</italic>-coefficients across studies for the SNP and interaction effects. To test for interaction between the SNP and education, we conducted a secondary meta-analysis of the SNP × education interaction effects for spherical equivalent (<italic>β</italic><sub>SNP × education</sub>, one degree of freedom), with a fixed-effects model using inverse-variance weighting in METAL; this is a traditional meta-analysis to investigate SNP × education interactions <italic>per se</italic>. Effects and s.e. of the SNP effect on spherical equivalent in the lower education group (<italic>β</italic><sub>SNP</sub>) and higher education group (<italic>β</italic><sub>SNP</sub>+<italic>β</italic><sub>SNP × education</sub>) were derived from the JMA output<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61">61</xref>. We used the <italic>P</italic>-value of 5 × 10<sup>−8</sup> as a significant threshold for JMA test. For the SNP and SNP × education effects for the identified top loci, the <italic>P</italic>-value threshold for significance was set at 0.0055=0.05/9 (9 index SNPs underlying analyses).</p><p>We performed a meta-regression to explore sources of heterogeneity in our meta-analysis for three loci showing G × E interactions (R package ‘metafor'). Meta-regression included the following study-specific variables as covariates: study sample size, proportion of individuals in the higher education group, average spherical equivalent, education main effects on spherical equivalent (higher education level versus lower), ethnicity (Asian versus European), study design (independent samples versus family-based studies), study year and average age. Meta-regression was also conducted to test the fold changes of the interaction <italic>β</italic>-coefficients in Asians versus Europeans for the 39 known myopia loci.</p><p>The study-specific genomic control inflation factors <italic>λ</italic><sub>gc</sub> for the joint test for SNP and interaction terms ranged from 1.009 to 1.125 with an average of 1.019 (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 2</xref>), calculated by the ratio of the observed median <italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup> divided by the expected median of the 2df <italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>-distribution (1.382). Genomic control correction was applied to each individual study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b63">63</xref>. For studies of small sample sizes (<italic>n</italic><500) with <italic>λ</italic><sub>gc</sub> >1.05, we further, before starting the meta-analysis, excluded SNPs showing significant joint <italic>P</italic>-value <1 × 10<sup>−5</sup> but neither the SNP nor SNP × education effects supported such an association. Quantile–quantile plots showed only modest inflation of the test statistics in the JMA test (Europeans: <italic>λ</italic><sub>gc</sub>=1.081; Asians: <italic>λ</italic><sub>gc</sub>=1.053; Combined: <italic>λ</italic><sub>gc</sub>=1.092; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 1</xref>), similar to previous GEWIS studies with comparable sample sizes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref>. We excluded a small number of markers in the meta-analysis with <italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub><0.0001. The <italic>λ</italic><sub>gc</sub> for the SNP × education interaction term in the individual studies ranged from 1.01 to 1.08, indicating little evidence of test statistic inflation on SNP × education effect for each study.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Annotation of genetic variants and gene expression in humans</title><p>The coordinates and variant identifiers are reported on the NCBI B37 (hg19) genome build and annotated using UCSC Genome Browser<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b64">64</xref>. We identified variants within each of the LD blocks (<italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup>≥0.8) in European and Asian populations of the 1000 Genomes Project (100 kb flanking the top SNP at each locus), to apply functional annotations of transcription regulation using HaploReg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b65">65</xref> and Encyclopedia of DNA Elements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b66">66</xref> data. We also generated funcational association and co-expression network using GeneMANIA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67">67</xref>, to determine whether the disease-related genes identified in this study and previous GWAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref> are functionally connected.</p><p>To assess gene expression in human tissues, we examined the Ocular Tissue Database and the EyeSAGE database<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b68">68</xref>. The estimated gene and exome-level abundances are available online (see URL). Normalization of gene expression used the Probe Logarithmic Intensity Error method with genomic control-background correction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref>. Relationships between genotype and <italic>cis</italic> regulation of gene expression levels (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 9</xref>) were assessed using expression quantitative trait locus associations in multiple human tissues from UK samples<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref>, as well as gene expression profiles obtained from GTExPortal database<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b69">69</xref>.</p></sec></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Additional information</title><p><bold>How to cite this article:</bold> Fan, Q. <italic>et al</italic>. Meta-analysis of gene–environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error. <italic>Nat. Commun.</italic> 7:11008 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11008 (2016).</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="S1"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="d33e18" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>Supplementary Information</title><p>Supplementary Figures 1-5, Supplementary Tables 1-10, Supplementary Notes 1-2 and Supplementary References</p></caption><media xlink:href="ncomms11008-s1.pdf"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><p>We gratefully thank all the participants or volunteers who participated in the studies. A full list of funding information and acknowledgements by study can be found in the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Note 2</xref>.</p><p>URLs</p><p>Quickest: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://toby.freeshell.org/software/quicktest.shtml">http://toby.freeshell.org/software/quicktest.shtml</ext-link></p><p>ProbABEL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.genabel.org/packages/ProbABEL">http://www.genabel.org/packages/ProbABEL</ext-link></p><p>MixABLE: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.genabel.org/packages/MixABEL">http://www.genabel.org/packages/MixABEL</ext-link></p><p>METAL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/abecasis/metal/">www.sph.umich.edu/csg/abecasis/metal/</ext-link></p><p>SCAN: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scandb.org/newinterface/about.html">http://www.scandb.org/newinterface/about.html</ext-link></p><p>GeneCards: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.genecards.org/">http://www.genecards.org/</ext-link></p><p>LocusZoom: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://csg.sph.umich.edu/locuszoom">http://csg.sph.umich.edu/locuszoom</ext-link></p><p>Ocular tissue database: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://genome.uiowa.edu/otdb">https://genome.uiowa.edu/otdb</ext-link></p><p>R: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.rproject.org">http://www.rproject.org</ext-link></p><p>HaploReg v2: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/mammals/haploreg/haploreg.php">http://www.broadinstitute.org/mammals/haploreg/haploreg.php</ext-link></p><p>GTExPortal database: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gtexportal.org/home">http://www.gtexportal.org/home</ext-link></p><p>GeneMANIA: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.genemania.org">http://www.genemania.org</ext-link></p></ack><ref-list><ref id="b1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Morgan</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ohno-Matsui</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Saw</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><article-title>Myopia</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><volume>379</volume>, <fpage>1739</fpage>–<lpage>1748</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22559900</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Saw</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gazzard</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Shih-Yen</surname><given-names>E. C.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Chua</surname><given-names>W. H.</given-names></name><article-title>Myopia and associated pathological complications</article-title>. <source>Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt.</source><volume>25</volume>, <fpage>381</fpage>–<lpage>391</lpage> (<year>2005</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16101943</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wojciechowski</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><article-title>Nature and nurture: the complex genetics of myopia and refractive error</article-title>. <source>Clin. Genet.</source><volume>79</volume>, <fpage>301</fpage>–<lpage>320</lpage> (<year>2011</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21155761</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sanfilippo</surname><given-names>P. G.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hewitt</surname><given-names>A. W.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hammond</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Mackey</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><article-title>The heritability of ocular traits</article-title>. <source>Surv. Ophthalmol.</source><volume>55</volume>, <fpage>561</fpage>–<lpage>583</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20851442</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>T. Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>41</volume>, <fpage>2486</fpage>–<lpage>2494</lpage> (<year>2000</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10937558</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kempen</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia</article-title>. <source>Arch. Ophthalmol.</source><volume>122</volume>, <fpage>495</fpage>–<lpage>505</lpage> (<year>2004</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15078666</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kiefer</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Genome-wide analysis points to roles for extracellular matrix remodeling, the visual cycle, and neuronal development in myopia</article-title>. <source>PLoS Genet.</source><volume>9</volume>, <fpage>e1003299</fpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23468642</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Verhoeven</surname><given-names>V. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia</article-title>. <source>Nat. Genet.</source><volume>45</volume>, <fpage>314</fpage>–<lpage>318</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23396134</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Verhoeven</surname><given-names>V. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Education influences the role of genetics in myopia</article-title>. <source>Eur. J. Epidemiol.</source><volume>28</volume>, <fpage>973</fpage>–<lpage>980</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24142238</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Fan</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Education influences the association between genetic variants and refractive error: a meta-analysis of five Singapore studies</article-title>. <source>Hum. Mol. Genet.</source><volume>23</volume>, <fpage>546</fpage>–<lpage>554</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24014484</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Goss</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><article-title>Nearwork and myopia</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><volume>356</volume>, <fpage>1456</fpage>–<lpage>1457</lpage> (<year>2000</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11081523</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gwiazda</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Thorn</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Held</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><article-title>Accommodation, accommodative convergence, and response AC/A ratios before and at the onset of myopia in children</article-title>. <source>Optom. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>82</volume>, <fpage>273</fpage>–<lpage>278</lpage> (<year>2005</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15829855</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Strauss</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><article-title>The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function</article-title>. <source>Physiol. Rev.</source><volume>85</volume>, <fpage>845</fpage>–<lpage>881</lpage> (<year>2005</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15987797</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Rymer</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Wildsoet</surname><given-names>C. F.</given-names></name><article-title>The role of the retinal pigment epithelium in eye growth regulation and myopia: a review</article-title>. <source>Vis. Neurosci.</source><volume>22</volume>, <fpage>251</fpage>–<lpage>261</lpage> (<year>2005</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16079001</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Cottriall</surname><given-names>C. L.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Brew</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Vessey</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>McBrien</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><article-title>Diisopropylfluorophosphate alters retinal neurotransmitter levels and reduces experimentally-induced myopia</article-title>. <source>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol.</source><volume>364</volume>, <fpage>372</fpage>–<lpage>382</lpage> (<year>2001</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11683525</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><article-title>Gene--environment-wide association studies: emerging approaches</article-title>. <source>Nat. Rev. Genet.</source><volume>11</volume>, <fpage>259</fpage>–<lpage>272</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20212493</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Aschard</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hancock</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>London</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Kraft</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><article-title>Genome-wide meta-analysis of joint tests for genetic and gene-environment interaction effects</article-title>. <source>Hum. Hered.</source><volume>70</volume>, <fpage>292</fpage>–<lpage>300</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21293137</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Manning</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>A genome-wide approach accounting for body mass index identifies genetic variants influencing fasting glycemic traits and insulin resistance</article-title>. <source>Nat. Genet.</source><volume>44</volume>, <fpage>659</fpage>–<lpage>669</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22581228</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hancock</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Genome-wide joint meta-analysis of SNP and SNP-by-smoking interaction identifies novel loci for pulmonary function</article-title>. <source>PLoS Genet.</source><volume>8</volume>, <fpage>e1003098</fpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23284291</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Parssinen</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Heritability of spherical equivalent: a population-based twin study among 63- to 76-year-old female twins</article-title>. <source>Ophthalmology</source><volume>117</volume>, <fpage>1908</fpage>–<lpage>1911</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20630598</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Biino</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Ocular refraction: heritability and genome-wide search for eye morphometry traits in an isolated Sardinian population</article-title>. <source>Hum. Genet.</source><volume>116</volume>, <fpage>152</fpage>–<lpage>159</lpage> (<year>2005</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15611866</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research, G. <article-title>A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8</article-title>. <source>Arch. Ophthalmol.</source><volume>119</volume>, <fpage>1417</fpage>–<lpage>1436</lpage> (<year>2001</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11594942</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Foong</surname><given-names>A. W.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Rationale and methodology for a population-based study of eye diseases in Malay people: The Singapore Malay eye study (SiMES)</article-title>. <source>Ophthalmic Epidemiol.</source><volume>14</volume>, <fpage>25</fpage>–<lpage>35</lpage> (<year>2007</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17365815</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nakata</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Prevalence and characteristics of age-related macular degeneration in the Japanese population: the Nagahama study</article-title>. <source>Am. J. Ophthalmol.</source><volume>156</volume>, <fpage>1002</fpage>–<lpage>1009 e2</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23938127</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Rietveld</surname><given-names>C. A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment</article-title>. <source>Science</source><volume>340</volume>, <fpage>1467</fpage>–<lpage>1471</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23722424</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Y. Y.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lo</surname><given-names>C. T.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sheu</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>J. L.</given-names></name><article-title>What factors are associated with myopia in young adults? A survey study in Taiwan Military Conscripts</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>54</volume>, <fpage>1026</fpage>–<lpage>1033</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23322575</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Coggon</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cruddas</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Hwang</surname><given-names>C. H.</given-names></name><article-title>Education, reading, and familial tendency as risk factors for myopia in Hong Kong fishermen</article-title>. <source>J. Epidemiol. Community Health</source><volume>47</volume>, <fpage>50</fpage>–<lpage>53</lpage> (<year>1993</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8436895</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Saw</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hong</surname><given-names>C. Y.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Chia</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Stone</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><article-title>Nearwork and myopia in young children</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><volume>357</volume>, <fpage>390</fpage> (<year>2001</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11211020</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ding</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>He</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><article-title>The Guangzhou Twin Project: an update</article-title>. <source>Twin Res. Hum. Genet.</source><volume>16</volume>, <fpage>73</fpage>–<lpage>78</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23186635</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Fraser</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Cohort Profile: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort</article-title>. <source>Int. J. Epidemiol.</source><volume>42</volume>, <fpage>97</fpage>–<lpage>110</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22507742</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wagner</surname><given-names>A. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Exon-level expression profiling of ocular tissues</article-title>. <source>Exp. Eye Res.</source><volume>111</volume>, <fpage>105</fpage>–<lpage>111</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23500522</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Metlapally</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Shay</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><article-title>Complex trait genetics of refractive error</article-title>. <source>Arch. Ophthalmol.</source><volume>125</volume>, <fpage>38</fpage>–<lpage>48</lpage> (<year>2007</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17210850</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Y. P.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Selective breeding for susceptibility to myopia reveals a gene-environment interaction</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>52</volume>, <fpage>4003</fpage>–<lpage>4011</lpage> (<year>2011</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21436268</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Grundberg</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Mapping cis- and trans-regulatory effects across multiple tissues in twins</article-title>. <source>Nat. Genet.</source><volume>44</volume>, <fpage>1084</fpage>–<lpage>1089</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22941192</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Stone</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>GABA, experimental myopia, and ocular growth in chick</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>44</volume>, <fpage>3933</fpage>–<lpage>3946</lpage> (<year>2003</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12939312</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Schmid</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Strasberg</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Rayner</surname><given-names>C. L.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Hartfield</surname><given-names>P. J.</given-names></name><article-title>The effects and interactions of GABAergic and dopaminergic agents in the prevention of form deprivation myopia by brief periods of normal vision</article-title>. <source>Exp. Eye Res.</source><volume>110</volume>, <fpage>88</fpage>–<lpage>95</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23474145</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Barathi</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Involvement of GABA transporters in atropine-treated myopic retina as revealed by iTRAQ quantitative proteomics</article-title>. <source>J. Proteome Res.</source> (<year>2014</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b38"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Albrecht</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Zielinska</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Aschner</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><article-title>Roles of glutamine in neurotransmission</article-title>. <source>Neuron Glia. Biol.</source><volume>6</volume>, <fpage>263</fpage>–<lpage>276</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22018046</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Yamamoto</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Chin</surname><given-names>J. R.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Werb</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Vu</surname><given-names>T. H.</given-names></name><article-title>Epidermal growth factor receptor-deficient mice have delayed primary endochondral ossification because of defective osteoclast recruitment</article-title>. <source>J. Biol. Chem.</source><volume>279</volume>, <fpage>53848</fpage>–<lpage>53856</lpage> (<year>2004</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15456762</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b40"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tsai</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Morielli</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Peralta</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name><article-title>The m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor transactivates the EGF receptor to modulate ion channel activity</article-title>. <source>EMBO J.</source><volume>16</volume>, <fpage>4597</fpage>–<lpage>4605</lpage> (<year>1997</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9303304</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b41"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Duncan</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Collison</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name><article-title>Role of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the eye: a review</article-title>. <source>Life Sci.</source><volume>72</volume>, <fpage>2013</fpage>–<lpage>2019</lpage> (<year>2003</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12628451</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b42"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wotta</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wattenberg</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Langason</surname><given-names>R. B.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>el-Fakahany</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><article-title>M1, M3 and M5 muscarinic receptors stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase</article-title>. <source>Pharmacology</source><volume>56</volume>, <fpage>175</fpage>–<lpage>186</lpage> (<year>1998</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9566019</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b43"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Huo</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>All-trans retinoic acid modulates mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation in human scleral fibroblasts through retinoic acid receptor beta</article-title>. <source>Mol. Vis.</source><volume>19</volume>, <fpage>1795</fpage>–<lpage>1803</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23946634</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b44"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Arumugam</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>McBrien</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><article-title>Muscarinic antagonist control of myopia: evidence for M4 and M1 receptor-based pathways in the inhibition of experimentally-induced axial myopia in the tree shrew</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>53</volume>, <fpage>5827</fpage>–<lpage>5837</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22836762</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b45"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Dietz</surname><given-names>H. C.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Pyeritz</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name><article-title>Mutations in the human gene for fibrillin-1 (FBN1) in the Marfan syndrome and related disorders</article-title>. <source>Hum. Mol. Genet.</source><fpage>1799</fpage>–<lpage>1809</lpage> (<year>1995</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8541880</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b46"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Farbrother</surname><given-names>J. E.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Linkage analysis of the genetic loci for high myopia on 18p, 12q, and 17q in 51 U.K. families</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>45</volume>, <fpage>2879</fpage>–<lpage>2885</lpage> (<year>2004</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15326098</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b47"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Yip</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>A DNA pooling-based case-control study of myopia candidate genes COL11A1, COL18A1, FBN1, and PLOD1 in a Chinese population</article-title>. <source>Mol. Vis.</source><volume>17</volume>, <fpage>810</fpage>–<lpage>821</lpage> (<year>2011</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21527992</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b48"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>French</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Morgan</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mitchell</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Rose</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><article-title>Risk factors for incident myopia in Australian schoolchildren: the Sydney adolescent vascular and eye study</article-title>. <source>Ophthalmology</source><volume>120</volume>, <fpage>2100</fpage>–<lpage>2108</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23672971</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b49"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Guggenheim</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Time outdoors and physical activity as predictors of incident myopia in childhood: a prospective cohort study</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>53</volume>, <fpage>2856</fpage>–<lpage>2865</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22491403</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b50"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Saw</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Nearwork in early-onset myopia</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>43</volume>, <fpage>332</fpage>–<lpage>339</lpage> (<year>2002</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11818374</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b51"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Myopic shift and outdoor activity among primary school children: one-year follow-up study in Beijing</article-title>. <source>PLoS ONE</source><volume>8</volume>, <fpage>e75260</fpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24086484</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b52"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Mutti</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mitchell</surname><given-names>G. L.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Moeschberger</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Zadnik</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><article-title>Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>43</volume>, <fpage>3633</fpage>–<lpage>3640</lpage> (<year>2002</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12454029</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b53"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Haworth</surname><given-names>C. M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Plomin</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><article-title>Twins Early Development Study (TEDS): a genetically sensitive investigation of cognitive and behavioral development from childhood to young adulthood</article-title>. <source>Twin Res. Hum. Genet.</source><volume>16</volume>, <fpage>117</fpage>–<lpage>125</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23110994</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b54"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Near work, outdoor activity, and their association with refractive error</article-title>. <source>Optom. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>91</volume>, <fpage>376</fpage>–<lpage>382</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24637483</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b55"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Associations between near work, outdoor activity, and myopia among adolescent students in rural China: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study report no. 2</article-title>. <source>Arch. Ophthalmol.</source><volume>127</volume>, <fpage>769</fpage>–<lpage>775</lpage> (<year>2009</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19506196</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b56"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>French</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ashby</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Morgan</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Rose</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><article-title>Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia</article-title>. <source>Exp. Eye Res.</source><volume>114</volume>, <fpage>58</fpage>–<lpage>68</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23644222</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b57"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Howie</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Fuchsberger</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Stephens</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Marchini</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Abecasis</surname><given-names>G. R.</given-names></name><article-title>Fast and accurate genotype imputation in genome-wide association studies through pre-phasing</article-title>. <source>Nat. Genet.</source><volume>44</volume>, <fpage>955</fpage>–<lpage>959</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22820512</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b58"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Howie</surname><given-names>B. N.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Donnelly</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Marchini</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><article-title>A flexible and accurate genotype imputation method for the next generation of genome-wide association studies</article-title>. <source>PLoS Genet.</source><volume>5</volume>, <fpage>e1000529</fpage> (<year>2009</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19543373</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b59"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Aulchenko</surname><given-names>Y. S.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ripke</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Isaacs</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>van Duijn</surname><given-names>C. M.</given-names></name><article-title>GenABEL: an R library for genome-wide association analysis</article-title>. <source>Bioinformatics</source><volume>23</volume>, <fpage>1294</fpage>–<lpage>1296</lpage> (<year>2007</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17384015</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b60"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Voorman</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lumley</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>McKnight</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Rice</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><article-title>Behavior of QQ-plots and genomic control in studies of gene-environment interaction</article-title>. <source>PLoS ONE</source><volume>6</volume>, <fpage>e19416</fpage> (<year>2011</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21589913</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b61"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Manning</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Meta-analysis of gene-environment interaction: joint estimation of SNP and SNP × environment regression coefficients</article-title>. <source>Genet. Epidemiol.</source><volume>35</volume>, <fpage>11</fpage>–<lpage>18</lpage> (<year>2011</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21181894</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b62"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Willer</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Abecasis</surname><given-names>G. R.</given-names></name><article-title>METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans</article-title>. <source>Bioinformatics</source><volume>26</volume>, <fpage>2190</fpage>–<lpage>2191</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20616382</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b63"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Devlin</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Roeder</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><article-title>Genomic control for association studies</article-title>. <source>Biometrics</source><volume>55</volume>, <fpage>997</fpage>–<lpage>1004</lpage> (<year>1999</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11315092</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b64"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kent</surname><given-names>W. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>The human genome browser at UCSC</article-title>. <source>Genome Res.</source><volume>12</volume>, <fpage>996</fpage>–<lpage>1006</lpage> (<year>2002</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12045153</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b65"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ward</surname><given-names>L. D.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Kellis</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><article-title>HaploReg: a resource for exploring chromatin states, conservation, and regulatory motif alterations within sets of genetically linked variants</article-title>. <source>Nucleic Acids Res.</source><volume>40</volume>, <fpage>D930</fpage>–<lpage>D934</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22064851</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b66"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Consortium</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome</article-title>. <source>Nature</source><volume>489</volume>, <fpage>57</fpage>–<lpage>74</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22955616</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b67"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Warde-Farley</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>The GeneMANIA prediction server: biological network integration for gene prioritization and predicting gene function</article-title>. <source>Nucleic Acids Res.</source><volume>38</volume>, <fpage>W214</fpage>–<lpage>W220</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20576703</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b68"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bowes Rickman</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Defining the human macula transcriptome and candidate retinal disease genes using EyeSAGE</article-title>. <source>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</source><volume>47</volume>, <fpage>2305</fpage>–<lpage>2316</lpage> (<year>2006</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16723438</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b69"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Rivas</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Human genomics. Effect of predicted protein-truncating genetic variants on the human transcriptome</article-title>. <source>Science</source><volume>348</volume>, <fpage>666</fpage>–<lpage>669</lpage> (<year>2015</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25954003</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Author contributions</bold> Q.F., V.J.M.V., R.W., C.-Y.C, C.J.H., C.C.W.K. and S.-M.S. conceived the project. Q.F., V.J.M.V., R.W., V.A.B., P.G.H., J.A.G., R.H., V.V., A.P.K., S.M.H., T.L., Y.L., T.H., J.X., C.D.,L.P., J.W.,P.G., C.V., M.M., A.W.H., X.G., J.M., R.P.I., C.L.S., C.B., A.D.P., J.E.B.-W., Y.-Y.T., X.W., X.W., E.T.-H.B., C.E.H.H. and W.L. performed analyses. J.E.H., K.M.W., K.Y., O.P., H.C., I.R., Z.V., J.F.W., P.K.J, G.M., B.S.P., D.M.E., T.-H.S.-A., A.M., A.C.-G., M.B., O.R., M.K., I.S., T.Z., T.M., J.S.R., C.G., M.P., E.M.v.L., N.A., A.G.U., F.R., A.H., J.R.V., Y.X.W., M.K.I., C.S., P.G., V.T., L.Z., R.W.B., R.S., E.-S.T., E.V., E.M., C.-C.K., C.H., R.N.L., P.J.F., B.E.K.K., R.K., H.-S.W., P.M., A.M., T.A., T.L.Y., M.H., O.P., C.M.v.D., J.J.W., C.W., J.B.J.,Y.-Y.T., D.A.M., K.O., N.Y., N.P., T.-Y.W, P.N.B., D.S., C.-Y.C. and C.J.H. were responsible for collecting clinic data and performing genotyping in each study. Q.F., V.J.M.V., R.W., C.C.W.K. and S.-M.S. drafted the paper. P.G.H., V.A.B., J.A.G., V.V., R.H., A.P.K., A.D.P., S.M.H., T.Y., J.J.W., T.-Y.W., P.N.B., C.J.H. and C.-Y.C. critically reviewed the manuscript.</p></fn></fn-group></back><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Forest plot of education main effects on spherical equivalent across studies.</title><p>The <italic>β</italic>-coefficient represents the differences of dioptres in refractive error comparing individuals in higher education group versus lower education group in Europeans (<italic>n</italic>=40,036), Asians (<italic>n</italic>=10,315) and all studies (<italic>n</italic>=50,351). The studies are sorted by effect size of education on spherical equivalent within Europeans and Asians studies, respectively.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11008-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Manhattan plots of −log<sub>10</sub>(<italic>P</italic>) for the JMA on SNP main effects and SNP × education effects on spherical equivalent in (a) European ancestry populations and (b) Asian populations.</title><p>The horizontal red line indicates the genome-wide significance level of <italic>P</italic><sub>JMA</sub><5 × 10<sup>−8</sup>. The horizontal blue line indicates the suggestive significance level of <italic>P</italic><sub>JMA</sub><1 × 10<sup>−5</sup>. Novel loci reaching genome-wide significance are labelled in red and known loci are in grey.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11008-f2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Characteristics of study participants.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="char" char="("></col><col align="center"></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="("></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Study</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Study year</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">Age (s.d.)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Age range</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Male (%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">Spherical equivalent</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td colspan="7" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Europeans (</italic>n=<italic>40,036)</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> ALIENOR</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">509</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2006–2008</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">79.2 (4.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">73–93</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">43.2</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.98 (1.98)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> ALSPAC</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,865</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1999–2000</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">45.9 (4.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">32–59</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.76 (2.16)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> AREDS</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,842</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1992</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">68.1 (4.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">55–81</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">41.0</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.54 (2.15)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> BATS</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">383</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1992–2013</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">24.8 (7.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">20–67</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">41.3</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.67 (1.58)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> BMES</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,896</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1992–2009</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">66.8 (8.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">49–94</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">43.8</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.58 (1.94)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> CROATIA-Korcula</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">807</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2007–2008</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">56.2 (13.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–94</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">34.9</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.13 (1.59)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> CROATIA-Split</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">787</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2008–2009</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">51.9 (13.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–80</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">38.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−1.27 (1.59)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> DCCT</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,057</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1982–1993</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">35.4 (5.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–49</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">54.1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−1.47 (1.80)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> EGCUT</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">904</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2002–2013</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">56 (17.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–99</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">38.8</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.33 (3.36)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> EPIC</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,083</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2004–2011</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">68.8 (7.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">50–88</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">43.8</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.34 (2.27)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> ERF</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2,604</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2002–2005</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">48.9 (14.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–87</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">45.0</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.12 (2.03)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> FES</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2,479</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1973–1975/ 1989–1991</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">54.8 (9.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">28–84</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">55.3</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.27 (2.37)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> FITSA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">188</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2000–2001</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">68.5 (3.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">63–76</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.44 (2.08)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> GHS1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3,178</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2007–2008</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">55.3 (10.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35–74</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">50.4</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.38 (2.47)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> GHS2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,354</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2008</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">54.6 (10.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36–74</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">49.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.39 (2.51)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> KORA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2326</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2004–2006</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">55.1 (11.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35–84</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">49.4</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.26 (2.18)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> OGP Talana</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">456</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2002</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">52.6 (16.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–89</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">57.3</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.20 (0.24)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> ORCADES</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,124</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2009</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">56.5 (13.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29–92</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">39.1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.10 (2.07)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> RAINE</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">348</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2010–2012</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">20.4 (0.34)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">20–22</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">49.1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.03 (1.29)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> RS1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5,702</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1991–1993</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">68.7 (8.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">55–99</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">41.0</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.83 (2.55)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> RS2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2,021</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2000–2002</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">64.3 (7.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">55–95</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">46.0</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.48 (2.51)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> RS3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2,918</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2006–2009</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">56.9 (6.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">45–86</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">44.0</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.28 (2.60)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> TwinsUK</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2,154</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1998–2010</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">53.8 (11.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–84</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">8.4</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.96 (2.78)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> WESDR</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">561</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1979–2007</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">31.7 (7.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–65</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">50.3</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−1.65 (2.07)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold> </bold>YFS</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,490</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2011</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">41.9 (5.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">34–49</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">44.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−1.09 (2.16)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Asians (</italic>n=<italic>10,315)</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> BES</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">589</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2006–2011</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">62.1 (8.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">50–90</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">34.0</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.06 (1.86)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Nagahama</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">723</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2008–2010</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">49.2 (15.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">30–74</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">33.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−1.93 (2.46)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> SCES-610K</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,710</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2009–2011</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">57.5 (7.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">44–84</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">51.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.72 (2.69)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> SCES-OmniE</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">543</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2011–2012</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">59.3 (8.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">46–83</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">51.2</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.89 (2.74)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> SiMES</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2,256</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2004–2006</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">46.8 (10.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">40–80</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">49.1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−0.03 (1.81)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> SINDI</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2,088</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2007–2009</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">55.8 (8.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">43–84</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">51.5</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.04 (2.07)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> SP2-1M</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">811</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1992–1998</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">46.8 (10.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–80</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">62.3</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−1.80 (2.84)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> SP2-610</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">854</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1992–1998</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">48.4(11.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25–82</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">19.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−1.44 (2.89)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> STARS</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">741</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2007–2009</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">38.5 (5.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26–58</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">52.4</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">−2.80 (2.85)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>ALIENOR, antioxydants, lipids essentiels, nutrition et maladies oculaiRes; ALSPAC, avon longitudinal study of parents and children; AREDS, age-related eye disease study; BATS, Brisbane adolescent twins study; BMES, blue mountains eye study; DCCT, diabetes control and complications trial; EGCUT, estonian genome center of the university of Tartu; EPIC, EPIC-Norfolk eye study; ERF, erasmus rucphen family study; FES, Framingham eye study; FITSA, finnish twin study on aging; GHS, Gutenberg health study; KORA, cooperative health research in the region of Augsburg; OGP Talana, ogliastra genetic park, talana study; ORCADES, orkney complex disease study; RAINE, RAINE eye health study; RS, Rotterdam study; TwinsUK, Twins UK study; WESDR, Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy; YFS, young finns study; BES, Beijing eye study; SCES, Singapore Chinese eye study; SiMES, Singapore Malay eye study; SINDI, Singapore Indian eye study; SP2, Singapore prospective study program; STARS, strabismus, amblyopia and refractive error study in preschool singaporean children. s.d., standard deviation; age in years; spherical equivalent in dioptres.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn2"><p>Details of each study cohort are described in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Note 1</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Six genetic loci associated with spherical equivalent from the JMA in the European populations and combined analyses.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SNP (Chr:BP)</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Gene</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Allele</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FREQ</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Subgroup</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Europeans (<italic>n</italic>=40,036)<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Asians (<italic>n</italic>=10,315)<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">All (<italic>n</italic>=50,351)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">rs60843830 (2:286756)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>FAM150B-ACP1</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">C/G</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.66/0.74</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">JMA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.71 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.086</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.031</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.980</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.27 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.395</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lower education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.73 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.010</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.65 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Higher education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.75 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.509</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9.83 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">rs10946507 (6:22100367)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>LINC00340 (6p22.3)</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">A/G</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.47/0.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">JMA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.07 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.213</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.433</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.396</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.24 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.249</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lower education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.08 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.313</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.13 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Higher education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.19 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.450</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.20 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">rs8023401 (15:48703823)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>FBN1</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">G/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.87/0.95</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">JMA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.66 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.180</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.572</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.979</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.85 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.495</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lower education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.40 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.304</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.17 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Higher education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.61 × 10<sup>−11</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.828</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.02 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">rs16949788 (15:66590037)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>DIS3L-MAP2K1</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">T/C</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.91/0.94</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">JMA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.34 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.721</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0042</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.219</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.19 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.245</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lower education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.35 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.103</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.88 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Higher education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.89 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.014</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.90 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">rs10880855 (12:46144855)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>ARID2-SNAT1</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">T/C</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.51/0.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">JMA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.83 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.790</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.019</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.779</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.38 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.867</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lower education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.26 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.067</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.42 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Higher education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.60 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.033</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.55 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">rs10853531 (18:42824449)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SLC14A2</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">G/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.80/0.83</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">JMA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.82 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.052</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0023</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.812</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.54 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.111</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lower education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.27 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9.01 × 10<sup>−4</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.38 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Higher education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.12 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.288</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.14 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2-fn1"><p><italic>β</italic>, <italic>β</italic>-coefficient corresponds to the effect in spherical equivalent (dioptres) for 1 additional copy of the risk allele in the higher or lower education group. FREQ, allele frequency of the risk allele in European/Asian cohorts; JMA, joint meta-analysis on SNP effect and SNP × education interaction effect on spherical equivalent; <italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub>, <italic>P</italic>-value for the test of heterogeneity at each SNP; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism. Allele, risk allele/other allele.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Three genetic loci associated with spherical equivalent with a significant SNP × education interaction in Asians and results in European populations.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SNP (Chr:BP)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Gene</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Allele</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FREQ</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Subgroup</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Asians (<italic>n</italic>=10,315)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Europeans (<italic>n</italic>=40,036)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">rs12511037<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn3">*</xref> (4:75334864)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>AREG</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">C/T</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.91/0.95</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lower education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.243</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.323</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Higher education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.97 × 10<sup>−10</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.579</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SNP × education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.87 × 10<sup>−11</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.704</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.176</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.284</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">JMA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.55 × 10<sup>−10</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.405</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.527</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.186</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">rs13215566 (6:89918638)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>GABRR1</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">C/G</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.94/0.84</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lower education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.13</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.030</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.258</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Higher education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.68</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.46 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.817</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SNP × education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.48 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.134</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.459</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.457</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">JMA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.81 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.122</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.502</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.630</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">rs12206610 6:166016800</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>PDE10A</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">C/T</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.90/0.87</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lower education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.008</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.759</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Higher education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.16 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.810</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SNP × education</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.72</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.32 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.920</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.002</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.421</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.111</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">JMA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9.21 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.902</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.954</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.305</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t3-fn1"><p><italic>β</italic> (higher education/lower education), <italic>β</italic>-coefficient corresponds to the effect in spherical equivalent (dioptres) for 1 additional copy of the effect allele in the higher/lower education group; <italic>β</italic> (SNP × education), <italic>β</italic>-coefficient corresponds to the difference in spherical equivalent (dioptres) for 1 additional copy of the effect allele in the higher versus lower education group; FREQ, allele frequency of the effect allele in Asian/European cohorts; JMA, joint meta-analysis on SNP effect and SNP × education interaction effect on spherical equivalent; LD, linkage disequilibrium; <italic>P</italic><sub>het</sub>, <italic>P</italic>-value for the test of heterogeneity; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.</p></fn><fn id="t3-fn2"><p><italic>β</italic> and <italic>P</italic>-values for SNP × education interaction were calculated by the meta-analysis of conducting a 1df Wald's test of single interaction parameter. Allele is listed as effect allele/other allele.</p></fn><fn id="t3-fn3"><p><sup>*</sup>SNP rs12511037 was not present in European studies after quality control. Here we present the results of a proxy SNP rs1246413 (<italic>T</italic>/<italic>G</italic>, frequency of risk allele <italic>T</italic>=0.95) in LD with rs12511037 (<italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup>=0.97).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000764 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000764 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |