A mechanistic model of intake and grazing behaviour in sheep integrating sward architecture and animal decisions
Identifieur interne : 004E78 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 004E77; suivant : 004E79A mechanistic model of intake and grazing behaviour in sheep integrating sward architecture and animal decisions
Auteurs : R. Baumont ; D. Cohen-Salmon ; S. Prache ; D. SauvantSource :
- Animal feed science and technology [ 0377-8401 ] ; 2004.
Descripteurs français
English descriptors
Abstract
The grazing process determines not only the nutrient intake of ruminants at pasture but also the intensity of their impact on vegetation. Grazing dynamics are the result of complex interactions between animal and sward characteristics. While sward is being depleted, a decline in intake rate is partly offset by longer grazing time. This behaviour may be controlled by nutritional feedback from digestion and nutrient absorption as the quality of the ingested herbage decreases. To simulate the dynamics of feeding behaviour and intake during sward exploitation, we developed a mechanistic model of intake rate that combines sward architecture and foraging decisions, and we linked this model with another focusing on control of intake. The sward was divided into horizons characterised by bulk density and nutritive value (NDF content and digestibility), enabling prediction of bite mass and potential intake rate for each grazed horizon. Animal decisions were simulated at two levels: (i) animal activity (eating, ruminating or resting) was self-regulated every minute by comparing a motivation-to-eat function with a satiation function based on a digestion and metabolic sub-model; (ii) while eating, the horizon to be grazed was decided through a choice function taking into account the relative availabilities and potential intake rates of the two upper horizons. The model simulates the animal-sward interactions from elementary parameters (bite mass, intake rate, etc.) to integrated outputs (sward height, daily intake, etc.). Hence, the interplay between characteristics of the vegetation and the internal state of the animal is dynamic taken from the level of a few bites to several successive days. Satisfactory validations were obtained on experimental data sets obtained in both rotational grazing with dry ewes and continuous grazing with lactating ewes. The sensitivity analysis highlights the balance between factors that control bite mass and intake rate and factors that control grazing time. Combining both series of factors in the same model represents significant progress in predicting intake at grazing in a mechanistic way. The model makes it possible to explore the balance between intake regulation by nutritional variables (animal needs and sward quality) and by the availability and structure of the sward. Finally, it is a promising tool to explore the sensitivity of the grazing process to characteristics of both sward (height, bulk density, nutritive value) and animals (weight, nutritional requirements, behavioural traits), and to management practices (stocking rate, rotational versus continuous grazing).
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Pour connaître la documentation sur le format Inist Standard.
| pA |
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Format Inist (serveur)
| NO : | PASCAL 04-0310453 INIST |
|---|---|
| ET : | A mechanistic model of intake and grazing behaviour in sheep integrating sward architecture and animal decisions |
| AU : | BAUMONT (R.); COHEN-SALMON (D.); PRACHE (S.); SAUVANT (D.); NAGORCKA (B.); EVANS (E.); ROBINSON (P. H.) |
| AF : | INRA-Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Site de Theix/63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle/France (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut.); INRA-Laboratoire de Nutrition et d'Alimentation, INA-PG/75231 Paris/France (2 aut., 4 aut.); CSIRO, Livestock Industries, GPO Box 1600/Canberra ACT 2601/Australie (1 aut.); Evans Technical Advisory Services, 64 Scugog Street, Bowmanville/Ontario, L1C 3J1/Canada (2 aut.); Department of Animal Science, University of California/Davis, California 95616-8521/Etats-Unis (3 aut.) |
| DT : | Publication en série; Niveau analytique |
| SO : | Animal feed science and technology; ISSN 0377-8401; Coden AFSTDH; Pays-Bas; Da. 2004; Vol. 112; No. 1-4; Pp. 5-28; Bibl. 2 p. |
| LA : | Anglais |
| EA : | The grazing process determines not only the nutrient intake of ruminants at pasture but also the intensity of their impact on vegetation. Grazing dynamics are the result of complex interactions between animal and sward characteristics. While sward is being depleted, a decline in intake rate is partly offset by longer grazing time. This behaviour may be controlled by nutritional feedback from digestion and nutrient absorption as the quality of the ingested herbage decreases. To simulate the dynamics of feeding behaviour and intake during sward exploitation, we developed a mechanistic model of intake rate that combines sward architecture and foraging decisions, and we linked this model with another focusing on control of intake. The sward was divided into horizons characterised by bulk density and nutritive value (NDF content and digestibility), enabling prediction of bite mass and potential intake rate for each grazed horizon. Animal decisions were simulated at two levels: (i) animal activity (eating, ruminating or resting) was self-regulated every minute by comparing a motivation-to-eat function with a satiation function based on a digestion and metabolic sub-model; (ii) while eating, the horizon to be grazed was decided through a choice function taking into account the relative availabilities and potential intake rates of the two upper horizons. The model simulates the animal-sward interactions from elementary parameters (bite mass, intake rate, etc.) to integrated outputs (sward height, daily intake, etc.). Hence, the interplay between characteristics of the vegetation and the internal state of the animal is dynamic taken from the level of a few bites to several successive days. Satisfactory validations were obtained on experimental data sets obtained in both rotational grazing with dry ewes and continuous grazing with lactating ewes. The sensitivity analysis highlights the balance between factors that control bite mass and intake rate and factors that control grazing time. Combining both series of factors in the same model represents significant progress in predicting intake at grazing in a mechanistic way. The model makes it possible to explore the balance between intake regulation by nutritional variables (animal needs and sward quality) and by the availability and structure of the sward. Finally, it is a promising tool to explore the sensitivity of the grazing process to characteristics of both sward (height, bulk density, nutritive value) and animals (weight, nutritional requirements, behavioural traits), and to management practices (stocking rate, rotational versus continuous grazing). |
| CC : | 002A35B15; 002A36C03 |
| FD : | Modèle; Pâturage; Mouton |
| FG : | Animal élevage; Artiodactyla; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata; Animal à viande |
| ED : | Models; Grazing; Sheep |
| EG : | Farming animal; Artiodactyla; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata; Meat animals |
| SD : | Modelo; Pastoreo; Carnero |
| LO : | INIST-17215.354000113528050010 |
| ID : | 04-0310453 |
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Cohen-Salmon</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INRA-Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Site de Theix</s1><s2>63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>INRA-Laboratoire de Nutrition et d'Alimentation, INA-PG</s1><s2>75231 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prache, S" sort="Prache, S" uniqKey="Prache S" first="S." last="Prache">S. Prache</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INRA-Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Site de Theix</s1><s2>63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sauvant, D" sort="Sauvant, D" uniqKey="Sauvant D" first="D." last="Sauvant">D. Sauvant</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>INRA-Laboratoire de Nutrition et d'Alimentation, INA-PG</s1><s2>75231 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">04-0310453</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 04-0310453 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:04-0310453</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">004E78</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">A mechanistic model of intake and grazing behaviour in sheep integrating sward architecture and animal decisions</title><author><name sortKey="Baumont, R" sort="Baumont, R" uniqKey="Baumont R" first="R." last="Baumont">R. Baumont</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INRA-Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Site de Theix</s1><s2>63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen Salmon, D" sort="Cohen Salmon, D" uniqKey="Cohen Salmon D" first="D." last="Cohen-Salmon">D. Cohen-Salmon</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INRA-Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Site de Theix</s1><s2>63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>INRA-Laboratoire de Nutrition et d'Alimentation, INA-PG</s1><s2>75231 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prache, S" sort="Prache, S" uniqKey="Prache S" first="S." last="Prache">S. Prache</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>INRA-Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Site de Theix</s1><s2>63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sauvant, D" sort="Sauvant, D" uniqKey="Sauvant D" first="D." last="Sauvant">D. Sauvant</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>INRA-Laboratoire de Nutrition et d'Alimentation, INA-PG</s1><s2>75231 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Animal feed science and technology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Anim. feed sci. technol.</title><idno type="ISSN">0377-8401</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Animal feed science and technology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Anim. feed sci. technol.</title><idno type="ISSN">0377-8401</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Grazing</term><term>Models</term><term>Sheep</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Modèle</term><term>Pâturage</term><term>Mouton</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The grazing process determines not only the nutrient intake of ruminants at pasture but also the intensity of their impact on vegetation. Grazing dynamics are the result of complex interactions between animal and sward characteristics. While sward is being depleted, a decline in intake rate is partly offset by longer grazing time. This behaviour may be controlled by nutritional feedback from digestion and nutrient absorption as the quality of the ingested herbage decreases. To simulate the dynamics of feeding behaviour and intake during sward exploitation, we developed a mechanistic model of intake rate that combines sward architecture and foraging decisions, and we linked this model with another focusing on control of intake. The sward was divided into horizons characterised by bulk density and nutritive value (NDF content and digestibility), enabling prediction of bite mass and potential intake rate for each grazed horizon. Animal decisions were simulated at two levels: (i) animal activity (eating, ruminating or resting) was self-regulated every minute by comparing a motivation-to-eat function with a satiation function based on a digestion and metabolic sub-model; (ii) while eating, the horizon to be grazed was decided through a choice function taking into account the relative availabilities and potential intake rates of the two upper horizons. The model simulates the animal-sward interactions from elementary parameters (bite mass, intake rate, etc.) to integrated outputs (sward height, daily intake, etc.). Hence, the interplay between characteristics of the vegetation and the internal state of the animal is dynamic taken from the level of a few bites to several successive days. Satisfactory validations were obtained on experimental data sets obtained in both rotational grazing with dry ewes and continuous grazing with lactating ewes. The sensitivity analysis highlights the balance between factors that control bite mass and intake rate and factors that control grazing time. Combining both series of factors in the same model represents significant progress in predicting intake at grazing in a mechanistic way. The model makes it possible to explore the balance between intake regulation by nutritional variables (animal needs and sward quality) and by the availability and structure of the sward. Finally, it is a promising tool to explore the sensitivity of the grazing process to characteristics of both sward (height, bulk density, nutritive value) and animals (weight, nutritional requirements, behavioural traits), and to management practices (stocking rate, rotational versus continuous grazing).</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0377-8401</s0></fA01><fA02 i1="01"><s0>AFSTDH</s0></fA02><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Anim. feed sci. technol.</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>112</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>1-4</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>A mechanistic model of intake and grazing behaviour in sheep integrating sward architecture and animal decisions</s1></fA08><fA09 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Mathematical Modeling of Animal-Plant Interactions in Livestock Enterprises</s1></fA09><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>BAUMONT (R.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>COHEN-SALMON (D.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>PRACHE (S.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>SAUVANT (D.)</s1></fA11><fA12 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>NAGORCKA (B.)</s1><s9>ed.</s9></fA12><fA12 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>EVANS (E.)</s1><s9>ed.</s9></fA12><fA12 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>ROBINSON (P. H.)</s1><s9>ed.</s9></fA12><fA14 i1="01"><s1>INRA-Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Site de Theix</s1><s2>63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>INRA-Laboratoire de Nutrition et d'Alimentation, INA-PG</s1><s2>75231 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA15 i1="01"><s1>CSIRO, Livestock Industries, GPO Box 1600</s1><s2>Canberra ACT 2601</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></fA15><fA15 i1="02"><s1>Evans Technical Advisory Services, 64 Scugog Street, Bowmanville</s1><s2>Ontario, L1C 3J1</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></fA15><fA15 i1="03"><s1>Department of Animal Science, University of California</s1><s2>Davis, California 95616-8521</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></fA15><fA20><s1>5-28</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2004</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>17215</s2><s5>354000113528050010</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2004 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>2 p.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>04-0310453</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Animal feed science and technology</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>NLD</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>The grazing process determines not only the nutrient intake of ruminants at pasture but also the intensity of their impact on vegetation. Grazing dynamics are the result of complex interactions between animal and sward characteristics. While sward is being depleted, a decline in intake rate is partly offset by longer grazing time. This behaviour may be controlled by nutritional feedback from digestion and nutrient absorption as the quality of the ingested herbage decreases. To simulate the dynamics of feeding behaviour and intake during sward exploitation, we developed a mechanistic model of intake rate that combines sward architecture and foraging decisions, and we linked this model with another focusing on control of intake. The sward was divided into horizons characterised by bulk density and nutritive value (NDF content and digestibility), enabling prediction of bite mass and potential intake rate for each grazed horizon. Animal decisions were simulated at two levels: (i) animal activity (eating, ruminating or resting) was self-regulated every minute by comparing a motivation-to-eat function with a satiation function based on a digestion and metabolic sub-model; (ii) while eating, the horizon to be grazed was decided through a choice function taking into account the relative availabilities and potential intake rates of the two upper horizons. 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Finally, it is a promising tool to explore the sensitivity of the grazing process to characteristics of both sward (height, bulk density, nutritive value) and animals (weight, nutritional requirements, behavioural traits), and to management practices (stocking rate, rotational versus continuous grazing).</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002A35B15</s0></fC02><fC02 i1="02" i2="X"><s0>002A36C03</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Modèle</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Models</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Modelo</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pâturage</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Grazing</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Pastoreo</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Mouton</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Sheep</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Carnero</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Animal élevage</s0><s5>08</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Farming animal</s0><s5>08</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Animal cría</s0><s5>08</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Artiodactyla</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Artiodactyla</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Artiodactyla</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Ungulata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Ungulata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Ungulata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Mammalia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Mammalia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Mammalia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Vertebrata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vertebrata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Vertebrata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Animal à viande</s0><s5>49</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Meat animals</s0><s5>49</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Animales de carne</s0><s5>49</s5></fC07><fN21><s1>187</s1></fN21><fN44 i1="01"><s1>OTO</s1></fN44><fN82><s1>OTO</s1></fN82></pA></standard><server><NO>PASCAL 04-0310453 INIST</NO><ET>A mechanistic model of intake and grazing behaviour in sheep integrating sward architecture and animal decisions</ET><AU>BAUMONT (R.); COHEN-SALMON (D.); PRACHE (S.); SAUVANT (D.); NAGORCKA (B.); EVANS (E.); ROBINSON (P. H.)</AU><AF>INRA-Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Site de Theix/63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle/France (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut.); INRA-Laboratoire de Nutrition et d'Alimentation, INA-PG/75231 Paris/France (2 aut., 4 aut.); CSIRO, Livestock Industries, GPO Box 1600/Canberra ACT 2601/Australie (1 aut.); Evans Technical Advisory Services, 64 Scugog Street, Bowmanville/Ontario, L1C 3J1/Canada (2 aut.); Department of Animal Science, University of California/Davis, California 95616-8521/Etats-Unis (3 aut.)</AF><DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT><SO>Animal feed science and technology; ISSN 0377-8401; Coden AFSTDH; Pays-Bas; Da. 2004; Vol. 112; No. 1-4; Pp. 5-28; Bibl. 2 p.</SO><LA>Anglais</LA><EA>The grazing process determines not only the nutrient intake of ruminants at pasture but also the intensity of their impact on vegetation. Grazing dynamics are the result of complex interactions between animal and sward characteristics. While sward is being depleted, a decline in intake rate is partly offset by longer grazing time. This behaviour may be controlled by nutritional feedback from digestion and nutrient absorption as the quality of the ingested herbage decreases. To simulate the dynamics of feeding behaviour and intake during sward exploitation, we developed a mechanistic model of intake rate that combines sward architecture and foraging decisions, and we linked this model with another focusing on control of intake. The sward was divided into horizons characterised by bulk density and nutritive value (NDF content and digestibility), enabling prediction of bite mass and potential intake rate for each grazed horizon. Animal decisions were simulated at two levels: (i) animal activity (eating, ruminating or resting) was self-regulated every minute by comparing a motivation-to-eat function with a satiation function based on a digestion and metabolic sub-model; (ii) while eating, the horizon to be grazed was decided through a choice function taking into account the relative availabilities and potential intake rates of the two upper horizons. The model simulates the animal-sward interactions from elementary parameters (bite mass, intake rate, etc.) to integrated outputs (sward height, daily intake, etc.). Hence, the interplay between characteristics of the vegetation and the internal state of the animal is dynamic taken from the level of a few bites to several successive days. Satisfactory validations were obtained on experimental data sets obtained in both rotational grazing with dry ewes and continuous grazing with lactating ewes. The sensitivity analysis highlights the balance between factors that control bite mass and intake rate and factors that control grazing time. Combining both series of factors in the same model represents significant progress in predicting intake at grazing in a mechanistic way. The model makes it possible to explore the balance between intake regulation by nutritional variables (animal needs and sward quality) and by the availability and structure of the sward. Finally, it is a promising tool to explore the sensitivity of the grazing process to characteristics of both sward (height, bulk density, nutritive value) and animals (weight, nutritional requirements, behavioural traits), and to management practices (stocking rate, rotational versus continuous grazing).</EA><CC>002A35B15; 002A36C03</CC><FD>Modèle; Pâturage; Mouton</FD><FG>Animal élevage; Artiodactyla; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata; Animal à viande</FG><ED>Models; Grazing; Sheep</ED><EG>Farming animal; Artiodactyla; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata; Meat animals</EG><SD>Modelo; Pastoreo; Carnero</SD><LO>INIST-17215.354000113528050010</LO><ID>04-0310453</ID></server></inist></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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