Mucosal-associated invariant T cell alterations in obese and type 2 diabetic patients
Identifieur interne : 002324 ( Ncbi/Curation ); précédent : 002323; suivant : 002325Mucosal-associated invariant T cell alterations in obese and type 2 diabetic patients
Auteurs : Isabelle Magalhaes [France] ; Karine Pingris [France] ; Christine Poitou [France] ; Stéphanie Bessoles [France] ; Nicolas Venteclef [France] ; Badr Kiaf [France] ; Lucie Beaudoin [France] ; Jennifer Da Silva [France] ; Omran Allatif [France] ; Jamie Rossjohn [Australie, Royaume-Uni] ; Lars Kjer-Nielsen [Australie] ; James Mccluskey [Australie] ; Séverine Ledoux [France] ; Laurent Genser [France] ; Adriana Torcivia [France] ; Claire Soudais [France] ; Olivier Lantz [France] ; Christian Boitard [France] ; Judith Aron-Wisnewsky [France] ; Etienne Larger [France] ; Karine Clément [France] ; Agnès Lehuen [France]Source :
- The Journal of Clinical Investigation [ 0021-9738 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with low-grade inflammation, activation of immune cells, and alterations of the gut microbiota. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are innate-like T cells that recognize bacterial ligands, are present in blood and enriched in mucosal and inflamed tissues. Here, we analyzed MAIT cells in the blood and adipose tissues of patients with T2D and/or severe obesity. We determined that circulating MAIT cell frequency was dramatically decreased in both patient groups, and this population was even undetectable in some obese patients. Moreover, in both patient groups, circulating MAIT cells displayed an activated phenotype that was associated with elevated Th1 and Th17 cytokine production. In obese patients, MAIT cells were more abundant in adipose tissue than in the blood and exhibited a striking IL-17 profile. Bariatric surgery in obese patients not only improved their metabolic parameters but also increased circulating MAIT cell frequency at 3 months after surgery. Similarly, cytokine production by blood MAIT cells was strongly decreased after surgery. This study reveals profound MAIT cell abnormalities in patients harboring metabolic disorders, suggesting their potential role in these pathologies.
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DOI: 10.1172/JCI78941
PubMed: 25751065
PubMed Central: 4396481
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wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allatif, Omran" sort="Allatif, Omran" uniqKey="Allatif O" first="Omran" last="Allatif">Omran Allatif</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A4">Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A5">INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossjohn, Jamie" sort="Rossjohn, Jamie" uniqKey="Rossjohn J" first="Jamie" last="Rossjohn">Jamie Rossjohn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">ARC, Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>ARC, Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kjer Nielsen, Lars" sort="Kjer Nielsen, Lars" uniqKey="Kjer Nielsen L" first="Lars" last="Kjer-Nielsen">Lars Kjer-Nielsen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccluskey, James" sort="Mccluskey, James" uniqKey="Mccluskey J" first="James" last="Mccluskey">James Mccluskey</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ledoux, Severine" sort="Ledoux, Severine" uniqKey="Ledoux S" first="Séverine" last="Ledoux">Séverine Ledoux</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A11">AP-HP, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Centre de référence de prise en charge de l’obésité, Louis Mourier Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Centre de référence de prise en charge de l’obésité, Louis Mourier Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Genser, Laurent" sort="Genser, Laurent" uniqKey="Genser L" first="Laurent" last="Genser">Laurent Genser</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A4">Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A5">INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torcivia, Adriana" sort="Torcivia, Adriana" uniqKey="Torcivia A" first="Adriana" last="Torcivia">Adriana Torcivia</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A12">AP-HP, Département de Chirurgie, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Département de Chirurgie, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soudais, Claire" sort="Soudais, Claire" uniqKey="Soudais C" first="Claire" last="Soudais">Claire Soudais</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A7">INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lantz, Olivier" sort="Lantz, Olivier" uniqKey="Lantz O" first="Olivier" last="Lantz">Olivier Lantz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A7">INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boitard, Christian" sort="Boitard, Christian" uniqKey="Boitard C" first="Christian" last="Boitard">Christian Boitard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A13">AP-HP, Département de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Département de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement 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France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris 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Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Département de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25751065</idno><idno type="pmc">4396481</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396481</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4396481</idno><idno type="doi">10.1172/JCI78941</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001929</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001929</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001788</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001788</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000E55</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000E55</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002324</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">002324</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Mucosal-associated invariant T cell alterations in obese and type 2 diabetic patients</title><author><name sortKey="Magalhaes, Isabelle" sort="Magalhaes, Isabelle" uniqKey="Magalhaes I" first="Isabelle" last="Magalhaes">Isabelle Magalhaes</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pingris, Karine" sort="Pingris, Karine" uniqKey="Pingris K" first="Karine" last="Pingris">Karine Pingris</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poitou, Christine" sort="Poitou, Christine" uniqKey="Poitou C" first="Christine" last="Poitou">Christine Poitou</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A4">Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A5">INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bessoles, Stephanie" sort="Bessoles, Stephanie" uniqKey="Bessoles S" first="Stéphanie" last="Bessoles">Stéphanie Bessoles</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A7">INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venteclef, Nicolas" sort="Venteclef, Nicolas" uniqKey="Venteclef N" first="Nicolas" last="Venteclef">Nicolas Venteclef</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A4">Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A5">INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiaf, Badr" sort="Kiaf, Badr" uniqKey="Kiaf B" first="Badr" last="Kiaf">Badr Kiaf</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beaudoin, Lucie" sort="Beaudoin, Lucie" uniqKey="Beaudoin L" first="Lucie" last="Beaudoin">Lucie Beaudoin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva, Jennifer" sort="Da Silva, Jennifer" uniqKey="Da Silva J" first="Jennifer" last="Da Silva">Jennifer Da Silva</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allatif, Omran" sort="Allatif, Omran" uniqKey="Allatif O" first="Omran" last="Allatif">Omran Allatif</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A4">Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A5">INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossjohn, Jamie" sort="Rossjohn, Jamie" uniqKey="Rossjohn J" first="Jamie" last="Rossjohn">Jamie Rossjohn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">ARC, Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>ARC, Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kjer Nielsen, Lars" sort="Kjer Nielsen, Lars" uniqKey="Kjer Nielsen L" first="Lars" last="Kjer-Nielsen">Lars Kjer-Nielsen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccluskey, James" sort="Mccluskey, James" uniqKey="Mccluskey J" first="James" last="Mccluskey">James Mccluskey</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ledoux, Severine" sort="Ledoux, Severine" uniqKey="Ledoux S" first="Séverine" last="Ledoux">Séverine Ledoux</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A11">AP-HP, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Centre de référence de prise en charge de l’obésité, Louis Mourier Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Centre de référence de prise en charge de l’obésité, Louis Mourier Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Genser, Laurent" sort="Genser, Laurent" uniqKey="Genser L" first="Laurent" last="Genser">Laurent Genser</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A4">Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A5">INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torcivia, Adriana" sort="Torcivia, Adriana" uniqKey="Torcivia A" first="Adriana" last="Torcivia">Adriana Torcivia</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A12">AP-HP, Département de Chirurgie, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Département de Chirurgie, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soudais, Claire" sort="Soudais, Claire" uniqKey="Soudais C" first="Claire" last="Soudais">Claire Soudais</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A7">INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lantz, Olivier" sort="Lantz, Olivier" uniqKey="Lantz O" first="Olivier" last="Lantz">Olivier Lantz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A7">INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boitard, Christian" sort="Boitard, Christian" uniqKey="Boitard C" first="Christian" last="Boitard">Christian Boitard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A13">AP-HP, Département de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Département de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aron Wisnewsky, Judith" sort="Aron Wisnewsky, Judith" uniqKey="Aron Wisnewsky J" first="Judith" last="Aron-Wisnewsky">Judith Aron-Wisnewsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A4">Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A5">INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Larger, Etienne" sort="Larger, Etienne" uniqKey="Larger E" first="Etienne" last="Larger">Etienne Larger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A13">AP-HP, Département de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Département de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clement, Karine" sort="Clement, Karine" uniqKey="Clement K" first="Karine" last="Clément">Karine Clément</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A4">Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A5">INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1166, Institut de Cardiometabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICAN, Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de la Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehuen, Agnes" sort="Lehuen, Agnes" uniqKey="Lehuen A" first="Agnès" last="Lehuen">Agnès Lehuen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A2">CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR8104, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A13">AP-HP, Département de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Département de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of Clinical Investigation</title><idno type="ISSN">0021-9738</idno><idno type="eISSN">1558-8238</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with low-grade inflammation, activation of immune cells, and alterations of the gut microbiota. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are innate-like T cells that recognize bacterial ligands, are present in blood and enriched in mucosal and inflamed tissues. Here, we analyzed MAIT cells in the blood and adipose tissues of patients with T2D and/or severe obesity. We determined that circulating MAIT cell frequency was dramatically decreased in both patient groups, and this population was even undetectable in some obese patients. Moreover, in both patient groups, circulating MAIT cells displayed an activated phenotype that was associated with elevated Th1 and Th17 cytokine production. In obese patients, MAIT cells were more abundant in adipose tissue than in the blood and exhibited a striking IL-17 profile. Bariatric surgery in obese patients not only improved their metabolic parameters but also increased circulating MAIT cell frequency at 3 months after surgery. Similarly, cytokine production by blood MAIT cells was strongly decreased after surgery. This study reveals profound MAIT cell abnormalities in patients harboring metabolic disorders, suggesting their potential role in these pathologies.</p></div></front></TEI></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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