Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: Oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. Part 1: Overview
Identifieur interne : 003163 ( Ncbi/Checkpoint ); précédent : 003162; suivant : 003164Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: Oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. Part 1: Overview
Auteurs : R. Feistel [Allemagne] ; R. Wielgosz [France] ; S A Bell [Royaume-Uni] ; M F Cam Es [Portugal] ; J R Cooper [Royaume-Uni] ; P. Dexter [Australie] ; A G Dickson [États-Unis] ; P. Fisicaro [France] ; A H Harvey [États-Unis] ; M. Heinonen [Finlande] ; O. Hellmuth [Allemagne] ; H-J Kretzschmar [Allemagne] ; J W Lovell-Smith [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; T J Mcdougall [Australie] ; R. Pawlowicz [Canada] ; P. Ridout [Royaume-Uni] ; S. Seitz [Allemagne] ; P. Spitzer [Allemagne] ; D. Stoica [France] ; H. Wolf [Allemagne]Source :
- Metrologia [ 0026-1394 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Water in its three ambient phases plays the central thermodynamic role in the terrestrial climate system. Clouds control Earth’s radiation balance, atmospheric water vapour is the strongest “greenhouse” gas, and non-equilibrium relative humidity at the air-sea interface drives evaporation and latent heat export from the ocean. On climatic time scales, melting ice caps and regional deviations of the hydrological cycle result in changes of seawater salinity, which in turn may modify the global circulation of the oceans and their ability to store heat and to buffer anthropogenically produced carbon dioxide. In this paper, together with three companion articles, we examine the climatologically relevant quantities ocean salinity, seawater pH and atmospheric relative humidity, noting fundamental deficiencies in the definitions of those key observables, and their lack of secure foundation on the International System of Units, the SI. The metrological histories of those three quantities are reviewed, problems with their current definitions and measurement practices are analysed, and options for future improvements are discussed in conjunction with the recent seawater standard TEOS-10. It is concluded that the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM, in cooperation with the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS, along with other international organisations and institutions, can make significant contributions by developing and recommending state-of-the-art solutions for these long standing metrological problems in climatology.
Url:
DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/R1
PubMed: 26900179
PubMed Central: 4759657
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Canada, Finlande, France, Nouvelle-Zélande, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Californie, Colorado, District de Leipzig, Grand Londres, Saxe (Land), Île-de-France
- Leipzig, Londres, Paris
- Université de Londres
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<wicri:regionArea>Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region>
<settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kretzschmar, H J" sort="Kretzschmar, H J" uniqKey="Kretzschmar H" first="H-J" last="Kretzschmar">H-J Kretzschmar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Zittau/Goerlitz University of Applied Sciences (HSZG), D-02763 Zittau, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Zittau/Goerlitz University of Applied Sciences (HSZG), D-02763 Zittau</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>02763 Zittau</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>02763 Zittau</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>D-02763 Zittau</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lovell Smith, J W" sort="Lovell Smith, J W" uniqKey="Lovell Smith J" first="J W" last="Lovell-Smith">J W Lovell-Smith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL), PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL), PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lower Hutt</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcdougall, T J" sort="Mcdougall, T J" uniqKey="Mcdougall T" first="T J" last="Mcdougall">T J Mcdougall</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>NSW 2052</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pawlowicz, R" sort="Pawlowicz, R" uniqKey="Pawlowicz R" first="R" last="Pawlowicz">R. Pawlowicz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>V6T 1Z4</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ridout, P" sort="Ridout, P" uniqKey="Ridout P" first="P" last="Ridout">P. Ridout</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Ocean Scientific International Ltd. (OSIL), Culkin House, Penner Road, Havant, PO9 1QN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ocean Scientific International Ltd. (OSIL), Culkin House, Penner Road, Havant, PO9 1QN</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>PO9 1QN</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seitz, S" sort="Seitz, S" uniqKey="Seitz S" first="S" last="Seitz">S. Seitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spitzer, P" sort="Spitzer, P" uniqKey="Spitzer P" first="P" last="Spitzer">P. Spitzer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stoica, D" sort="Stoica, D" uniqKey="Stoica D" first="D" last="Stoica">D. Stoica</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolf, H" sort="Wolf, H" uniqKey="Wolf H" first="H" last="Wolf">H. Wolf</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Metrologia</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0026-1394</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1681-7575</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Water in its three ambient phases plays the central thermodynamic role in the terrestrial climate system. Clouds control Earth’s radiation balance, atmospheric water vapour is the strongest “greenhouse” gas, and non-equilibrium relative humidity at the air-sea interface drives evaporation and latent heat export from the ocean. On climatic time scales, melting ice caps and regional deviations of the hydrological cycle result in changes of seawater salinity, which in turn may modify the global circulation of the oceans and their ability to store heat and to buffer anthropogenically produced carbon dioxide. In this paper, together with three companion articles, we examine the climatologically relevant quantities ocean salinity, seawater pH and atmospheric relative humidity, noting fundamental deficiencies in the definitions of those key observables, and their lack of secure foundation on the International System of Units, the SI. The metrological histories of those three quantities are reviewed, problems with their current definitions and measurement practices are analysed, and options for future improvements are discussed in conjunction with the recent seawater standard TEOS-10. It is concluded that the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM, in cooperation with the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS, along with other international organisations and institutions, can make significant contributions by developing and recommending state-of-the-art solutions for these long standing metrological problems in climatology.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>Finlande</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Nouvelle-Zélande</li>
<li>Portugal</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
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<li>Californie</li>
<li>Colorado</li>
<li>District de Leipzig</li>
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<settlement><li>Leipzig</li>
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<li>Paris</li>
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<orgName><li>Université de Londres</li>
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<tree><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Feistel, R" sort="Feistel, R" uniqKey="Feistel R" first="R" last="Feistel">R. Feistel</name>
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<name sortKey="Hellmuth, O" sort="Hellmuth, O" uniqKey="Hellmuth O" first="O" last="Hellmuth">O. Hellmuth</name>
<name sortKey="Kretzschmar, H J" sort="Kretzschmar, H J" uniqKey="Kretzschmar H" first="H-J" last="Kretzschmar">H-J Kretzschmar</name>
<name sortKey="Seitz, S" sort="Seitz, S" uniqKey="Seitz S" first="S" last="Seitz">S. Seitz</name>
<name sortKey="Spitzer, P" sort="Spitzer, P" uniqKey="Spitzer P" first="P" last="Spitzer">P. Spitzer</name>
<name sortKey="Wolf, H" sort="Wolf, H" uniqKey="Wolf H" first="H" last="Wolf">H. Wolf</name>
</country>
<country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wielgosz, R" sort="Wielgosz, R" uniqKey="Wielgosz R" first="R" last="Wielgosz">R. Wielgosz</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Fisicaro, P" sort="Fisicaro, P" uniqKey="Fisicaro P" first="P" last="Fisicaro">P. Fisicaro</name>
<name sortKey="Stoica, D" sort="Stoica, D" uniqKey="Stoica D" first="D" last="Stoica">D. Stoica</name>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bell, S A" sort="Bell, S A" uniqKey="Bell S" first="S A" last="Bell">S A Bell</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Cooper, J R" sort="Cooper, J R" uniqKey="Cooper J" first="J R" last="Cooper">J R Cooper</name>
<name sortKey="Ridout, P" sort="Ridout, P" uniqKey="Ridout P" first="P" last="Ridout">P. Ridout</name>
</country>
<country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Cam Es, M F" sort="Cam Es, M F" uniqKey="Cam Es M" first="M F" last="Cam Es">M F Cam Es</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dexter, P" sort="Dexter, P" uniqKey="Dexter P" first="P" last="Dexter">P. Dexter</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Mcdougall, T J" sort="Mcdougall, T J" uniqKey="Mcdougall T" first="T J" last="Mcdougall">T J Mcdougall</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Dickson, A G" sort="Dickson, A G" uniqKey="Dickson A" first="A G" last="Dickson">A G Dickson</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Harvey, A H" sort="Harvey, A H" uniqKey="Harvey A" first="A H" last="Harvey">A H Harvey</name>
</country>
<country name="Finlande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Heinonen, M" sort="Heinonen, M" uniqKey="Heinonen M" first="M" last="Heinonen">M. Heinonen</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Nouvelle-Zélande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lovell Smith, J W" sort="Lovell Smith, J W" uniqKey="Lovell Smith J" first="J W" last="Lovell-Smith">J W Lovell-Smith</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pawlowicz, R" sort="Pawlowicz, R" uniqKey="Pawlowicz R" first="R" last="Pawlowicz">R. Pawlowicz</name>
</noRegion>
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