LrgpV1, PascalFrancis, Corpus, bibRecord, 000B91

Hyaluronate-alginate gel as a novel biomaterial : Mechanical properties and formation mechanism

Identifieur interne : 000B91 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 000B90; suivant : 000B92

Hyaluronate-alginate gel as a novel biomaterial : Mechanical properties and formation mechanism

Auteurs : S. Oerther ; H. Le Gall ; E. Payan ; Francois Lapicque ; N. Presle ; P. Hubert ; J. Dexheimer ; P. Netter ; Francoise Lapicque

Source :

Biotechnology and bioengineering [ 0006-3592 ] ; 1999.

RBID : Pascal:99-0265579

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Biomatériau, Gel, Hyaluronique acide, Propriété rhéologique, Processus diffusion, Application industrielle, Industrie pharmaceutique, Application médicale, Alginate.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Alginates, Biomaterial, Diffusion process, Freeze, Hyaluronic acid, Industrial application, Medical application, Pharmaceutical industry, Rheological properties.

Abstract

With the aim of producing a biomaterial for surgical applications, the alginate-hyaluronate association has been investigated to combine the gel-forming properties of alginate with the healing properties of hyaluronate. Gels were prepared by diffusion of calcium into alginate-hyaluronate mixtures, with an alginate content of 20 mg/mL. The hyaluronate source was shown to have significant effect on the aspect and the properties of the gels. The gels have viscoelastic behaviour and the transient measurements carried out in creep mode could be interpreted through a Kelvin-Voigt generalised model: experimental data led to the steady state hardness and a characteristic viscosity of the gel. Gels prepared from Na rooster comb hyaluronate with weight ratio up to 0.50 have satisfactory mechanical properties, and fully stable gels are obtained after a few days; on the contrary, use of lower molecular weight hyaluronate led to loose gels for hyaluronate contents over 0.25. Gel formation was investigated by measurements of the exchange fluxes between the calcium chloride solution and the forming gel, which allowed thorough investigations of the occuring diffusion phenomena of water, calcium ion and hyaluronate. Strong interactions of water with hyaluronate reduce significantly the rate of weight loss from the gel beads and allows higher water content in steady-state gels. Calcium content in the gel samples could be correlated to the actual alginate concentration, whatever the nature and the weight ratio of hyaluronate.

Notice en format standard (ISO 2709)

Pour connaître la documentation sur le format Inist Standard.

A01	`01`	`1`		`@0 0006-3592`
A02	`01`			`@0 BIBIAU`
A03		`1`		`@0 Biotechnol. bioeng.`
A05				`@2 63`
A06				`@2 2`
A08	`01`	`1`	`ENG`	`@1 Hyaluronate-alginate gel as a novel biomaterial : Mechanical properties and formation mechanism`
A11	`01`	`1`		`@1 OERTHER (S.)`
A11	`02`	`1`		`@1 LE GALL (H.)`
A11	`03`	`1`		`@1 PAYAN (E.)`
A11	`04`	`1`		`@1 LAPICQUE (Francois)`
A11	`05`	`1`		`@1 PRESLE (N.)`
A11	`06`	`1`		`@1 HUBERT (P.)`
A11	`07`	`1`		`@1 DEXHEIMER (J.)`
A11	`08`	`1`		`@1 NETTER (P.)`
A11	`09`	`1`		`@1 LAPICQUE (Francoise)`
A14	`01`			`@1 Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Articulaires, UMR 7561 CNRS-UHP Nancy 1 & FR CNRS W0070, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184 @2 54505 Vandoeuvre les Nancy @3 FRA @Z 1 aut. @Z 3 aut. @Z 5 aut. @Z 8 aut. @Z 9 aut.`
A14	`02`			`@1 Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, CNRS-ENSIC-INPL, BP 451 @2 54001 Nancy @3 FRA @Z 2 aut. @Z 4 aut.`
A14	`03`			`@1 UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL & FR CNRS W0070, ENSIC-INPL, BP 451 @2 54001 Nancy @3 FRA @Z 6 aut.`
A14	`04`			`@1 Laboratoire de Biologie Forestière, Faculté des Sciences, UHP, Nancy 1, BP 239 @2 54506 Vandoeuvre les Nancy @3 FRA @Z 7 aut.`
A20				`@1 206-215`
A21				`@1 1999`
A23	`01`			`@0 ENG`
A43	`01`			`@1 INIST @2 9164 @5 354000073846140090`
A44				`@0 0000 @1 © 1999 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.`
A45				`@0 33 ref.`
A47	`01`	`1`		`@0 99-0265579`
A60				`@1 P`
A61				`@0 A`
A64	`01`	`1`		`@0 Biotechnology and bioengineering`
A66	`01`			`@0 USA`
C01	`01`		`ENG`	@0 With the aim of producing a biomaterial for surgical applications, the alginate-hyaluronate association has been investigated to combine the gel-forming properties of alginate with the healing properties of hyaluronate. Gels were prepared by diffusion of calcium into alginate-hyaluronate mixtures, with an alginate content of 20 mg/mL. The hyaluronate source was shown to have significant effect on the aspect and the properties of the gels. The gels have viscoelastic behaviour and the transient measurements carried out in creep mode could be interpreted through a Kelvin-Voigt generalised model: experimental data led to the steady state hardness and a characteristic viscosity of the gel. Gels prepared from Na rooster comb hyaluronate with weight ratio up to 0.50 have satisfactory mechanical properties, and fully stable gels are obtained after a few days; on the contrary, use of lower molecular weight hyaluronate led to loose gels for hyaluronate contents over 0.25. Gel formation was investigated by measurements of the exchange fluxes between the calcium chloride solution and the forming gel, which allowed thorough investigations of the occuring diffusion phenomena of water, calcium ion and hyaluronate. Strong interactions of water with hyaluronate reduce significantly the rate of weight loss from the gel beads and allows higher water content in steady-state gels. Calcium content in the gel samples could be correlated to the actual alginate concentration, whatever the nature and the weight ratio of hyaluronate.
C02	`01`	`X`		`@0 001D09C04`
C03	`01`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Biomatériau @5 01`
C03	`01`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Biomaterial @5 01`
C03	`01`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Biomaterial @5 01`
C03	`02`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Gel @5 02`
C03	`02`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Freeze @5 02`
C03	`02`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Helada @5 02`
C03	`03`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Hyaluronique acide @2 NK @5 10`
C03	`03`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Hyaluronic acid @2 NK @5 10`
C03	`03`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Hialurónico ácido @2 NK @5 10`
C03	`04`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Propriété rhéologique @5 11`
C03	`04`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Rheological properties @5 11`
C03	`04`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Propiedad rheológica @5 11`
C03	`05`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Processus diffusion @5 12`
C03	`05`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Diffusion process @5 12`
C03	`05`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Proceso difusión @5 12`
C03	`06`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Application industrielle @5 19`
C03	`06`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Industrial application @5 19`
C03	`06`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Aplicación industrial @5 19`
C03	`07`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Industrie pharmaceutique @5 21`
C03	`07`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Pharmaceutical industry @5 21`
C03	`07`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Industria farmacéutica @5 21`
C03	`08`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Application médicale @5 35`
C03	`08`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Medical application @5 35`
C03	`08`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Aplicación medical @5 35`
C03	`09`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Alginate @5 53`
C03	`09`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Alginates @5 53`
C03	`09`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Alginato @5 53`
N21				`@1 165`

Format Inist (serveur)

NO :	PASCAL 99-0265579 INIST
ET :	Hyaluronate-alginate gel as a novel biomaterial : Mechanical properties and formation mechanism
AU :	OERTHER (S.); LE GALL (H.); PAYAN (E.); LAPICQUE (Francois); PRESLE (N.); HUBERT (P.); DEXHEIMER (J.); NETTER (P.); LAPICQUE (Francoise)
AF :	Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Articulaires, UMR 7561 CNRS-UHP Nancy 1 & FR CNRS W0070, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184/54505 Vandoeuvre les Nancy/France (1 aut., 3 aut., 5 aut., 8 aut., 9 aut.); Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, CNRS-ENSIC-INPL, BP 451/54001 Nancy/France (2 aut., 4 aut.); UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL & FR CNRS W0070, ENSIC-INPL, BP 451/54001 Nancy/France (6 aut.); Laboratoire de Biologie Forestière, Faculté des Sciences, UHP, Nancy 1, BP 239/54506 Vandoeuvre les Nancy/France (7 aut.)
DT :	Publication en série; Niveau analytique
SO :	Biotechnology and bioengineering; ISSN 0006-3592; Coden BIBIAU; Etats-Unis; Da. 1999; Vol. 63; No. 2; Pp. 206-215; Bibl. 33 ref.
LA :	Anglais
EA :	With the aim of producing a biomaterial for surgical applications, the alginate-hyaluronate association has been investigated to combine the gel-forming properties of alginate with the healing properties of hyaluronate. Gels were prepared by diffusion of calcium into alginate-hyaluronate mixtures, with an alginate content of 20 mg/mL. The hyaluronate source was shown to have significant effect on the aspect and the properties of the gels. The gels have viscoelastic behaviour and the transient measurements carried out in creep mode could be interpreted through a Kelvin-Voigt generalised model: experimental data led to the steady state hardness and a characteristic viscosity of the gel. Gels prepared from Na rooster comb hyaluronate with weight ratio up to 0.50 have satisfactory mechanical properties, and fully stable gels are obtained after a few days; on the contrary, use of lower molecular weight hyaluronate led to loose gels for hyaluronate contents over 0.25. Gel formation was investigated by measurements of the exchange fluxes between the calcium chloride solution and the forming gel, which allowed thorough investigations of the occuring diffusion phenomena of water, calcium ion and hyaluronate. Strong interactions of water with hyaluronate reduce significantly the rate of weight loss from the gel beads and allows higher water content in steady-state gels. Calcium content in the gel samples could be correlated to the actual alginate concentration, whatever the nature and the weight ratio of hyaluronate.
CC :	001D09C04
FD :	Biomatériau; Gel; Hyaluronique acide; Propriété rhéologique; Processus diffusion; Application industrielle; Industrie pharmaceutique; Application médicale; Alginate
ED :	Biomaterial; Freeze; Hyaluronic acid; Rheological properties; Diffusion process; Industrial application; Pharmaceutical industry; Medical application; Alginates
SD :	Biomaterial; Helada; Hialurónico ácido; Propiedad rheológica; Proceso difusión; Aplicación industrial; Industria farmacéutica; Aplicación medical; Alginato
LO :	INIST-9164.354000073846140090
ID :	99-0265579

Links to Exploration step

Pascal:99-0265579

Le document en format XML

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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">With the aim of producing a biomaterial for surgical applications, the alginate-hyaluronate association has been investigated to combine the gel-forming properties of alginate with the healing properties of hyaluronate. Gels were prepared by diffusion of calcium into alginate-hyaluronate mixtures, with an alginate content of 20 mg/mL. The hyaluronate source was shown to have significant effect on the aspect and the properties of the gels. The gels have viscoelastic behaviour and the transient measurements carried out in creep mode could be interpreted through a Kelvin-Voigt generalised model: experimental data led to the steady state hardness and a characteristic viscosity of the gel. Gels prepared from Na rooster comb hyaluronate with weight ratio up to 0.50 have satisfactory mechanical properties, and fully stable gels are obtained after a few days; on the contrary, use of lower molecular weight hyaluronate led to loose gels for hyaluronate contents over 0.25. Gel formation was investigated by measurements of the exchange fluxes between the calcium chloride solution and the forming gel, which allowed thorough investigations of the occuring diffusion phenomena of water, calcium ion and hyaluronate. Strong interactions of water with hyaluronate reduce significantly the rate of weight loss from the gel beads and allows higher water content in steady-state gels. Calcium content in the gel samples could be correlated to the actual alginate concentration, whatever the nature and the weight ratio of hyaluronate.</div>
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<fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Hyaluronate-alginate gel as a novel biomaterial : Mechanical properties and formation mechanism</s1>
</fA08>
<fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>OERTHER (S.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>LE GALL (H.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>PAYAN (E.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>LAPICQUE (Francois)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>PRESLE (N.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>HUBERT (P.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>DEXHEIMER (J.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>NETTER (P.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>LAPICQUE (Francoise)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA14 i1="01"><s1>Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Articulaires, UMR 7561 CNRS-UHP Nancy 1 & FR CNRS W0070, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184</s1>
<s2>54505 Vandoeuvre les Nancy</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="02"><s1>Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, CNRS-ENSIC-INPL, BP 451</s1>
<s2>54001 Nancy</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="03"><s1>UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL & FR CNRS W0070, ENSIC-INPL, BP 451</s1>
<s2>54001 Nancy</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire de Biologie Forestière, Faculté des Sciences, UHP, Nancy 1, BP 239</s1>
<s2>54506 Vandoeuvre les Nancy</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA20><s1>206-215</s1>
</fA20>
<fA21><s1>1999</s1>
</fA21>
<fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0>
</fA23>
<fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1>
<s2>9164</s2>
<s5>354000073846140090</s5>
</fA43>
<fA44><s0>0000</s0>
<s1>© 1999 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1>
</fA44>
<fA45><s0>33 ref.</s0>
</fA45>
<fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>99-0265579</s0>
</fA47>
<fA60><s1>P</s1>
</fA60>
<fA61><s0>A</s0>
</fA61>
<fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Biotechnology and bioengineering</s0>
</fA64>
<fA66 i1="01"><s0>USA</s0>
</fA66>
<fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>With the aim of producing a biomaterial for surgical applications, the alginate-hyaluronate association has been investigated to combine the gel-forming properties of alginate with the healing properties of hyaluronate. Gels were prepared by diffusion of calcium into alginate-hyaluronate mixtures, with an alginate content of 20 mg/mL. The hyaluronate source was shown to have significant effect on the aspect and the properties of the gels. The gels have viscoelastic behaviour and the transient measurements carried out in creep mode could be interpreted through a Kelvin-Voigt generalised model: experimental data led to the steady state hardness and a characteristic viscosity of the gel. Gels prepared from Na rooster comb hyaluronate with weight ratio up to 0.50 have satisfactory mechanical properties, and fully stable gels are obtained after a few days; on the contrary, use of lower molecular weight hyaluronate led to loose gels for hyaluronate contents over 0.25. Gel formation was investigated by measurements of the exchange fluxes between the calcium chloride solution and the forming gel, which allowed thorough investigations of the occuring diffusion phenomena of water, calcium ion and hyaluronate. Strong interactions of water with hyaluronate reduce significantly the rate of weight loss from the gel beads and allows higher water content in steady-state gels. Calcium content in the gel samples could be correlated to the actual alginate concentration, whatever the nature and the weight ratio of hyaluronate.</s0>
</fC01>
<fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>001D09C04</s0>
</fC02>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Biomatériau</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Biomaterial</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Biomaterial</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Gel</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Freeze</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Helada</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Hyaluronique acide</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Hyaluronic acid</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Hialurónico ácido</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Propriété rhéologique</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Rheological properties</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Propiedad rheológica</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Processus diffusion</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Diffusion process</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Proceso difusión</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Application industrielle</s0>
<s5>19</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Industrial application</s0>
<s5>19</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Aplicación industrial</s0>
<s5>19</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Industrie pharmaceutique</s0>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Pharmaceutical industry</s0>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Industria farmacéutica</s0>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Application médicale</s0>
<s5>35</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Medical application</s0>
<s5>35</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Aplicación medical</s0>
<s5>35</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Alginate</s0>
<s5>53</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Alginates</s0>
<s5>53</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Alginato</s0>
<s5>53</s5>
</fC03>
<fN21><s1>165</s1>
</fN21>
</pA>
</standard>
<server><NO>PASCAL 99-0265579 INIST</NO>
<ET>Hyaluronate-alginate gel as a novel biomaterial : Mechanical properties and formation mechanism</ET>
<AU>OERTHER (S.); LE GALL (H.); PAYAN (E.); LAPICQUE (Francois); PRESLE (N.); HUBERT (P.); DEXHEIMER (J.); NETTER (P.); LAPICQUE (Francoise)</AU>
<AF>Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Articulaires, UMR 7561 CNRS-UHP Nancy 1 & FR CNRS W0070, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184/54505 Vandoeuvre les Nancy/France (1 aut., 3 aut., 5 aut., 8 aut., 9 aut.); Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, CNRS-ENSIC-INPL, BP 451/54001 Nancy/France (2 aut., 4 aut.); UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL & FR CNRS W0070, ENSIC-INPL, BP 451/54001 Nancy/France (6 aut.); Laboratoire de Biologie Forestière, Faculté des Sciences, UHP, Nancy 1, BP 239/54506 Vandoeuvre les Nancy/France (7 aut.)</AF>
<DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT>
<SO>Biotechnology and bioengineering; ISSN 0006-3592; Coden BIBIAU; Etats-Unis; Da. 1999; Vol. 63; No. 2; Pp. 206-215; Bibl. 33 ref.</SO>
<LA>Anglais</LA>
<EA>With the aim of producing a biomaterial for surgical applications, the alginate-hyaluronate association has been investigated to combine the gel-forming properties of alginate with the healing properties of hyaluronate. Gels were prepared by diffusion of calcium into alginate-hyaluronate mixtures, with an alginate content of 20 mg/mL. The hyaluronate source was shown to have significant effect on the aspect and the properties of the gels. The gels have viscoelastic behaviour and the transient measurements carried out in creep mode could be interpreted through a Kelvin-Voigt generalised model: experimental data led to the steady state hardness and a characteristic viscosity of the gel. Gels prepared from Na rooster comb hyaluronate with weight ratio up to 0.50 have satisfactory mechanical properties, and fully stable gels are obtained after a few days; on the contrary, use of lower molecular weight hyaluronate led to loose gels for hyaluronate contents over 0.25. Gel formation was investigated by measurements of the exchange fluxes between the calcium chloride solution and the forming gel, which allowed thorough investigations of the occuring diffusion phenomena of water, calcium ion and hyaluronate. Strong interactions of water with hyaluronate reduce significantly the rate of weight loss from the gel beads and allows higher water content in steady-state gels. Calcium content in the gel samples could be correlated to the actual alginate concentration, whatever the nature and the weight ratio of hyaluronate.</EA>
<CC>001D09C04</CC>
<FD>Biomatériau; Gel; Hyaluronique acide; Propriété rhéologique; Processus diffusion; Application industrielle; Industrie pharmaceutique; Application médicale; Alginate</FD>
<ED>Biomaterial; Freeze; Hyaluronic acid; Rheological properties; Diffusion process; Industrial application; Pharmaceutical industry; Medical application; Alginates</ED>
<SD>Biomaterial; Helada; Hialurónico ácido; Propiedad rheológica; Proceso difusión; Aplicación industrial; Industria farmacéutica; Aplicación medical; Alginato</SD>
<LO>INIST-9164.354000073846140090</LO>
<ID>99-0265579</ID>
</server>
</inist>
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Hyaluronate-alginate gel as a novel biomaterial : Mechanical properties and formation mechanism

Hyaluronate-alginate gel as a novel biomaterial : Mechanical properties and formation mechanism

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