Has Income-related Inequity in Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Been Improved? Evidence From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2005 and 2010
Identifieur interne : 000286 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000285; suivant : 000287Has Income-related Inequity in Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Been Improved? Evidence From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2005 and 2010
Auteurs : Eunkyoung Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Soonman Kwon [Corée du Sud] ; Ke Xu [Philippines]Source :
- Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health [ 1975-8375 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine and explain the extent of income-related inequity in health care utilization and expenditures to compare the extent in 2005 and 2010 in Korea.
We employed the concentration indices and the horizontal inequity index proposed by Wagstaff and van Doorslaer based on one- and two-part models. This study was conducted using data from the 2005 and 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined health care utilization and expenditures for different types of health care providers, including health centers, physician clinics, hospitals, general hospitals, dental care, and licensed traditional medical practitioners.
The results show the equitable distribution of overall health care utilization with pro-poor tendencies and modest pro-rich inequity in the amount of medical expenditures in 2010. For the decomposition analysis, non-need variables such as income, education, private insurance, and occupational status have contributed considerably to pro-rich inequality in health care over the period between 2005 and 2010.
We found that health care utilization in Korea in 2010 was fairly equitable, but the poor still have some barriers to accessing primary care and continuing to receive medical care.
Url:
DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.5.237
PubMed: 24137526
PubMed Central: 3796649
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000182
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000182
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000033
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3796649Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Has Income-related Inequity in Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Been Improved? Evidence From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2005 and 2010</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Eunkyoung" sort="Kim, Eunkyoung" uniqKey="Kim E" first="Eunkyoung" last="Kim">Eunkyoung Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Séoul</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwon, Soonman" sort="Kwon, Soonman" uniqKey="Kwon S" first="Soonman" last="Kwon">Soonman Kwon</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Séoul</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Ke" sort="Xu, Ke" uniqKey="Xu K" first="Ke" last="Xu">Ke Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Philippines</country><wicri:regionArea>Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manila</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24137526</idno><idno type="pmc">3796649</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3796649</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3796649</idno><idno type="doi">10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.5.237</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000182</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000182</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000182</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000182</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000033</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000286</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Has Income-related Inequity in Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Been Improved? Evidence From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2005 and 2010</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Eunkyoung" sort="Kim, Eunkyoung" uniqKey="Kim E" first="Eunkyoung" last="Kim">Eunkyoung Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Séoul</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwon, Soonman" sort="Kwon, Soonman" uniqKey="Kwon S" first="Soonman" last="Kwon">Soonman Kwon</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Séoul</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Ke" sort="Xu, Ke" uniqKey="Xu K" first="Ke" last="Xu">Ke Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Philippines</country><wicri:regionArea>Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manila</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1975-8375</idno><idno type="eISSN">2233-4521</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>The purpose of this study is to examine and explain the extent of income-related inequity in health care utilization and expenditures to compare the extent in 2005 and 2010 in Korea.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We employed the concentration indices and the horizontal inequity index proposed by Wagstaff and van Doorslaer based on one- and two-part models. This study was conducted using data from the 2005 and 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined health care utilization and expenditures for different types of health care providers, including health centers, physician clinics, hospitals, general hospitals, dental care, and licensed traditional medical practitioners.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The results show the equitable distribution of overall health care utilization with pro-poor tendencies and modest pro-rich inequity in the amount of medical expenditures in 2010. For the decomposition analysis, non-need variables such as income, education, private insurance, and occupational status have contributed considerably to pro-rich inequality in health care over the period between 2005 and 2010.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>We found that health care utilization in Korea in 2010 was fairly equitable, but the poor still have some barriers to accessing primary care and continuing to receive medical care.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jones, Rs" uniqKey="Jones R">RS Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kwon, S" uniqKey="Kwon S">S Kwon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E Van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masseria, C" uniqKey="Masseria C">C Masseria</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wagstaff, A" uniqKey="Wagstaff A">A Wagstaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E van Doorslaer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leu, Re" uniqKey="Leu R">RE Leu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schellhorn, M" uniqKey="Schellhorn M">M Schellhorn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, Jf" uniqKey="Lu J">JF Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, Gm" uniqKey="Leung G">GM Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kwon, S" uniqKey="Kwon S">S Kwon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tin, Ky" uniqKey="Tin K">KY Tin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E Van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Donnell, O" uniqKey="O Donnell O">O O'Donnell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macinko, J" uniqKey="Macinko J">J Macinko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lima Costa, Mf" uniqKey="Lima Costa M">MF Lima-Costa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E Van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Am" uniqKey="Jones A">AM Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E Van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koolman, X" uniqKey="Koolman X">X Koolman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Puffer, F" uniqKey="Puffer F">F Puffer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E Van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koolman, X" uniqKey="Koolman X">X Koolman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Am" uniqKey="Jones A">AM Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E Van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masseria, C" uniqKey="Masseria C">C Masseria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koolman, X" uniqKey="Koolman X">X Koolman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E Van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wagstaff, A" uniqKey="Wagstaff A">A Wagstaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Burg, H" uniqKey="Van Der Burg H">H van der Burg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christiansen, T" uniqKey="Christiansen T">T Christiansen</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Graeve, D" uniqKey="De Graeve D">D De Graeve</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duchesne, I" uniqKey="Duchesne I">I Duchesne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Ourti, T" uniqKey="Van Ourti T">T Van Ourti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crespo Cebada, E" uniqKey="Crespo Cebada E">E Crespo-Cebada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urbanos Garrido, Rm" uniqKey="Urbanos Garrido R">RM Urbanos-Garrido</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, D" uniqKey="Kim D">D Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, H" uniqKey="Shin H">H Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, C" uniqKey="Kim C">C Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, J" uniqKey="Kim J">J Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, J" uniqKey="Kim J">J Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kwon, S" uniqKey="Kwon S">S Kwon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, B" uniqKey="Yang B">B Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, T" uniqKey="Lee T">T Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, J" uniqKey="Oh J">J Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, S" uniqKey="Lee S">S Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rhim, K" uniqKey="Rhim K">K Rhim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, J" uniqKey="Lee J">J Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shin, H" uniqKey="Shin H">H Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, H" uniqKey="Kim H">H Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gundgaard, J" uniqKey="Gundgaard J">J Gundgaard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pohlmeier, W" uniqKey="Pohlmeier W">W Pohlmeier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ulrich, V" uniqKey="Ulrich V">V Ulrich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jeon, Y" uniqKey="Jeon Y">Y Jeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, C" uniqKey="Kim C">C Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, J" uniqKey="Kim J">J Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, J" uniqKey="Kim J">J Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, T" uniqKey="Kim T">T Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Y" uniqKey="Choi Y">Y Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, K" uniqKey="Lee K">K Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Y" uniqKey="Lee Y">Y Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Y" uniqKey="Lee Y">Y Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Y" uniqKey="Lee Y">Y Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, C" uniqKey="Park C">C Park</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="O Donnell, O" uniqKey="O Donnell O">O O'Donnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wagstaff, A" uniqKey="Wagstaff A">A Wagstaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindelow, M" uniqKey="Lindelow M">M Lindelow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blaxter, M" uniqKey="Blaxter M">M Blaxter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E Van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wagstaff, A" uniqKey="Wagstaff A">A Wagstaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calonge, S" uniqKey="Calonge S">S Calonge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christiansen, T" uniqKey="Christiansen T">T Christiansen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerfin, M" uniqKey="Gerfin M">M Gerfin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gottschalk, P" uniqKey="Gottschalk P">P Gottschalk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kakwani, N" uniqKey="Kakwani N">N Kakwani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wagstaff, A" uniqKey="Wagstaff A">A Wagstaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E van Doorslaer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wagstaff, A" uniqKey="Wagstaff A">A Wagstaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Doorslaer, E" uniqKey="Van Doorslaer E">E van Doorslaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, N" uniqKey="Watanabe N">N Watanabe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allin, S" uniqKey="Allin S">S Allin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masseria, C" uniqKey="Masseria C">C Masseria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mossialos, E" uniqKey="Mossialos E">E Mossialos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Prev Med Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Prev Med Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPMPH</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1975-8375</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2233-4521</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24137526</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3796649</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.5.237</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Has Income-related Inequity in Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Been Improved? Evidence From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2005 and 2010</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Eunkyoung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Kwon</surname><given-names>Soonman</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Ke</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Soonman Kwon, PhD. 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. Tel: +82-2-880-2721/2701, Fax: +82-2-762-2888, <email>kwons@snu.ac.kr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>237</fpage><lpage>248</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>7</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>The purpose of this study is to examine and explain the extent of income-related inequity in health care utilization and expenditures to compare the extent in 2005 and 2010 in Korea.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We employed the concentration indices and the horizontal inequity index proposed by Wagstaff and van Doorslaer based on one- and two-part models. This study was conducted using data from the 2005 and 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined health care utilization and expenditures for different types of health care providers, including health centers, physician clinics, hospitals, general hospitals, dental care, and licensed traditional medical practitioners.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The results show the equitable distribution of overall health care utilization with pro-poor tendencies and modest pro-rich inequity in the amount of medical expenditures in 2010. For the decomposition analysis, non-need variables such as income, education, private insurance, and occupational status have contributed considerably to pro-rich inequality in health care over the period between 2005 and 2010.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>We found that health care utilization in Korea in 2010 was fairly equitable, but the poor still have some barriers to accessing primary care and continuing to receive medical care.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Income-related inequity</kwd><kwd>Delivery of health care</kwd><kwd>Health expenditures</kwd><kwd>Decomposition</kwd><kwd>Korea</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(A) Decomposition of inequality for the probability of visits of outpatient care. (B) Decomposition of inequality for the number of visits of outpatient care. (C) Decomposition of inequality for total visits of outpatient care. The left figures are for 2005 and the right figures are for 2010. The Income variable was transformed into logarithm form. LTMPs, licensed traditional medical practitioners; GC (ε), contribution of the error term.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jpmph-46-237-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(A) Decomposition of inequality for the probability of days of inpatient care. (B) Decomposition of inequality for the number of days of inpatient care. (C) Decomposition of inequality for total days of inpatient care. The left figures are for 2005 and the right figures are for 2010. The Income variable was transformed into logarithm form. GC (ε), contribution of the error term.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jpmph-46-237-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>(A) Decomposition of inequality for medical expenditure per use (or day) in 2005. (B) Decomposition of inequality for medical expenditure per use (or day) in 2010. The Income variable was transformed into logarithm form. GC (ε), contribution of the error term.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jpmph-46-237-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Horizontal inequity index (HI) in primary outpatient care in comparison with selected OECD countries. (B) HI indices in secondary outpatient care in comparison with selected OECD countries. (C) HI indices in inpatient care in comparison with selected OECD countries. Yellow color indicates data for Korea in 2005 and red color indicates data for Korea in 2010. Modified from Van Doorslaer E, et al. Health Econ 2004;13(7):629-647 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] for (A) and (B), and Van Doorslaer E, et al. Income-related inequality in the use of medical care in 21 OECD countries. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2004 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>] for (C). LTMP<sub>S</sub>, licensed traditional medical practitioners.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jpmph-46-237-g004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>General characteristics of the study sample</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jpmph-46-237-i001"></graphic><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as n (%) or mean±SD.</p><p>The income and expenditures were not deflated or inflated for comparison.</p><p>SD, standard deviation; LTMPs, licensed traditional medical practitioners.</p><p><sup>1</sup>Korean won (unit).</p><p><sup>2</sup>During the past two weeks.</p><p><sup>3</sup>During the past one year.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Income-related inequality and inequity in health care utilization and health care expenditures</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jpmph-46-237-i002"></graphic><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>The logarithm of the positive medical expenditure was employed in the second stage of the two-part model.</p><p>C<sub>M</sub>, concentration index for actual health care utilization; HI, horizontal inequity index; LTMPs, licensed traditional medical practitioners.</p><p><sup>1</sup>At least one visit/day or positive amounts of expenditure.</p><p><sup>2</sup>During the past two weeks.</p><p><sup>3</sup>During the past one year.</p><p><sup>*</sup><italic>p</italic><0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Corée du Sud</li><li>Philippines</li></country><region><li>Région capitale de Séoul</li></region><settlement><li>Séoul</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université nationale de Séoul</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Corée du Sud"><region name="Région capitale de Séoul"><name sortKey="Kim, Eunkyoung" sort="Kim, Eunkyoung" uniqKey="Kim E" first="Eunkyoung" last="Kim">Eunkyoung Kim</name></region><name sortKey="Kwon, Soonman" sort="Kwon, Soonman" uniqKey="Kwon S" first="Soonman" last="Kwon">Soonman Kwon</name></country><country name="Philippines"><noRegion><name sortKey="Xu, Ke" sort="Xu, Ke" uniqKey="Xu K" first="Ke" last="Xu">Ke Xu</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Lorraine/explor/LrgpV1/Data/Ncbi/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000286 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 000286 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Lorraine
|area= LrgpV1
|flux= Ncbi
|étape= Merge
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:3796649
|texte= Has Income-related Inequity in Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Been Improved? Evidence From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2005 and 2010
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24137526" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a LrgpV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |