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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and atherosclerosis: Clinical impact and mechanisms</title>
<author><name sortKey="Adinolfi, Luigi E" sort="Adinolfi, Luigi E" uniqKey="Adinolfi L" first="Luigi E" last="Adinolfi">Luigi E. Adinolfi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zampino, Rosa" sort="Zampino, Rosa" uniqKey="Zampino R" first="Rosa" last="Zampino">Rosa Zampino</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Restivo, Luciano" sort="Restivo, Luciano" uniqKey="Restivo L" first="Luciano" last="Restivo">Luciano Restivo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lonardo, Amedeo" sort="Lonardo, Amedeo" uniqKey="Lonardo A" first="Amedeo" last="Lonardo">Amedeo Lonardo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guerrera, Barbara" sort="Guerrera, Barbara" uniqKey="Guerrera B" first="Barbara" last="Guerrera">Barbara Guerrera</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marrone, Aldo" sort="Marrone, Aldo" uniqKey="Marrone A" first="Aldo" last="Marrone">Aldo Marrone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nascimbeni, Fabio" sort="Nascimbeni, Fabio" uniqKey="Nascimbeni F" first="Fabio" last="Nascimbeni">Fabio Nascimbeni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Florio, Anna" sort="Florio, Anna" uniqKey="Florio A" first="Anna" last="Florio">Anna Florio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loria, Paola" sort="Loria, Paola" uniqKey="Loria P" first="Paola" last="Loria">Paola Loria</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">24707124</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3974508</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3974508</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3974508</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3410</idno>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and atherosclerosis: Clinical impact and mechanisms</title>
<author><name sortKey="Adinolfi, Luigi E" sort="Adinolfi, Luigi E" uniqKey="Adinolfi L" first="Luigi E" last="Adinolfi">Luigi E. Adinolfi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zampino, Rosa" sort="Zampino, Rosa" uniqKey="Zampino R" first="Rosa" last="Zampino">Rosa Zampino</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Restivo, Luciano" sort="Restivo, Luciano" uniqKey="Restivo L" first="Luciano" last="Restivo">Luciano Restivo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lonardo, Amedeo" sort="Lonardo, Amedeo" uniqKey="Lonardo A" first="Amedeo" last="Lonardo">Amedeo Lonardo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guerrera, Barbara" sort="Guerrera, Barbara" uniqKey="Guerrera B" first="Barbara" last="Guerrera">Barbara Guerrera</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marrone, Aldo" sort="Marrone, Aldo" uniqKey="Marrone A" first="Aldo" last="Marrone">Aldo Marrone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nascimbeni, Fabio" sort="Nascimbeni, Fabio" uniqKey="Nascimbeni F" first="Fabio" last="Nascimbeni">Fabio Nascimbeni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Florio, Anna" sort="Florio, Anna" uniqKey="Florio A" first="Anna" last="Florio">Anna Florio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loria, Paola" sort="Loria, Paola" uniqKey="Loria P" first="Paola" last="Loria">Paola Loria</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1007-9327</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major health issue worldwide due to its burden of chronic liver disease and extrahepatic manifestations including cardiovascular diseases, which are associated with excess mortality. Analysis of published studies supports the view that HCV infection should be considered a risk factor for the development of carotid atherosclerosis, heart failure and stroke. In contrast, findings from studies addressing coronary artery disease and HCV have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, meta-analytic reviews and prospective studies are warranted. The pathogenic mechanisms connecting HCV infection, chronic liver disease, and atherogenesis are not completely understood. However, it has been hypothesized that HCV may promote atherogenesis and its complications through several direct and indirect biological mechanisms involving HCV colonization and replication within arterial walls, liver steatosis and fibrosis, enhanced and imbalanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, endotoxemia, mixed cryoglobulinemia, perturbed cellular and humoral immunity, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypo-adiponectinaemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and other components of the metabolic syndrome. Understanding these complex mechanisms is of fundamental importance for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent and to treat vascular complications in patients with chronic HCV infection. Currently, it seems that HCV clearance by interferon and ribavirin treatment significantly reduces non-liver-related mortality; moreover, interferon-based treatment appears to decrease the risk of ischemic stroke.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">World J Gastroenterol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">World J. Gastroenterol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">WJG</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1007-9327</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24707124</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3974508</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">jWJG.v20.i13.pg3410</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3410</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Topic Highlight</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and atherosclerosis: Clinical impact and mechanisms</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adinolfi</surname>
<given-names>Luigi E</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zampino</surname>
<given-names>Rosa</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Restivo</surname>
<given-names>Luciano</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lonardo</surname>
<given-names>Amedeo</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guerrera</surname>
<given-names>Barbara</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marrone</surname>
<given-names>Aldo</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nascimbeni</surname>
<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Florio</surname>
<given-names>Anna</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loria</surname>
<given-names>Paola</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<aff>Luigi E Adinolfi, Rosa Zampino, Luciano Restivo, Barbara Guerrera, Aldo Marrone, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy</aff>
<aff>Amedeo Lonardo, Fabio Nascimbeni, Paola Loria, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy</aff>
<aff>Anna Florio, Vascular Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><fn><p>Author contributions: Adinolfi LE conceived and drafted the article, and approved the final version; Zampino R contributed to drafting the article and approved the final version; Restivo L, Guerrera B, Marrone A, Nascimbeni F and Florio A reviewed the literature and approved the final version of this article; Lonardo A and Loria P critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version of this article.</p>
<p>Correspondence to: Luigi E Adinolfi, MD, Professor, Director of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Marcianise (CE), 80100 Naples, Italy. <email>luigielio.adinolfi@unina2.it</email>
</p>
<p>Telephone: +39-8-23690642 Fax: +39-8-23690642</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>7</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>7</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>13</issue>
<fpage>3410</fpage>
<lpage>3417</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>30</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major health issue worldwide due to its burden of chronic liver disease and extrahepatic manifestations including cardiovascular diseases, which are associated with excess mortality. Analysis of published studies supports the view that HCV infection should be considered a risk factor for the development of carotid atherosclerosis, heart failure and stroke. In contrast, findings from studies addressing coronary artery disease and HCV have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, meta-analytic reviews and prospective studies are warranted. The pathogenic mechanisms connecting HCV infection, chronic liver disease, and atherogenesis are not completely understood. However, it has been hypothesized that HCV may promote atherogenesis and its complications through several direct and indirect biological mechanisms involving HCV colonization and replication within arterial walls, liver steatosis and fibrosis, enhanced and imbalanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, endotoxemia, mixed cryoglobulinemia, perturbed cellular and humoral immunity, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypo-adiponectinaemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and other components of the metabolic syndrome. Understanding these complex mechanisms is of fundamental importance for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent and to treat vascular complications in patients with chronic HCV infection. Currently, it seems that HCV clearance by interferon and ribavirin treatment significantly reduces non-liver-related mortality; moreover, interferon-based treatment appears to decrease the risk of ischemic stroke.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Hepatitis C virus</kwd>
<kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary artery disease</kwd>
<kwd>Stroke</kwd>
<kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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