How do genetically modified (GM) crops contribute to background levels of GM pollen in an agricultural landscape?
Identifieur interne : 000303 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 000302; suivant : 000304How do genetically modified (GM) crops contribute to background levels of GM pollen in an agricultural landscape?
Auteurs : Claire Lavigne ; Etienne K. Klein ; Jean-Francois Mari ; Florence Le Ber ; Katarzyna Adamczyk ; Hervé Monod ; Frédérique AngevinSource :
- Journal of applied ecology [ 0021-8901 ] ; 2008.
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Abstract
1. It is well established that pollen-mediated gene flow among natural plant populations depends on a complex interaction between the spatial distribution of pollen sources and the short- and long-distance components of pollen dispersal. Despite this knowledge, spatial isolation strategies proposed in Europe to ensure the harvest purity of conventional crops are based on distance from the nearest genetically modified (GM) crop and on empirical data from two-plot experiments. Here, we investigate the circumstances under which the multiplicity of pollen sources over the landscape should be considered in strategies to contain GM crops. 2. We simulated pollen dispersal over eighty 6 × 6 km simulated landscapes differing in field characteristics and in amount of GM and conventional maize. Pollen dispersal was modelled either via a Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG, currently used for European coexistence studies) or a bivariate Student (2Dt) kernel. These kernels differ in their amount of short- and long-distance dispersal. We used linear models to analyse the impact of local and landscape variables on impurity rates (i.e. proportion of seeds sired by pollen from a transgenic crop) in conventional fields and quantified their increase due to dispersal from other than the closest GM crops. 3. The average impurity rate over a landscape increased linearly with the proportion of GM maize over that landscape. The increase was twice as fast using the NIG kernel and was governed by the short-distance dispersal component. 4. Variation in impurity rates largely depended on the distance to the closest GM crop and the size of the receptor field. However, impurity rates were generally underestimated when only dispersal from the closest GM field was considered. 5. Synthesis and applications. Distance to the closest GM crop had most impact on impurity rates in conventional fields. However, impurity rates also depended on intermediate- to long-distance dispersal from distant GM crops. Therefore, isolation distances as currently defined will probably not allow long-term coexistence of GM and conventional crops, especially as the proportion of GM crops grown increases. We suggest strategies to account for this impact of long-distance dispersal.
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NO : | PASCAL 08-0361464 INIST |
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ET : | How do genetically modified (GM) crops contribute to background levels of GM pollen in an agricultural landscape? |
AU : | LAVIGNE (Claire); KLEIN (Etienne K.); MARI (Jean-Francois); LE BER (Florence); ADAMCZYK (Katarzyna); MONOD (Hervé); ANGEVIN (Frédérique) |
AF : | INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles/84000 Avignon/France (1 aut.); INRA, UR 546 Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux/84000 Avignon/France (2 aut.); Université Nancy 2, UMR 7503 LORIA/54500 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy/France (3 aut.); ENGEES, UMR MAI 101 CEVH/67000 Strasbourg/France (4 aut.); INRA, UR 341 Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées/78352 Jouy-en-Josas/France (5 aut., 6 aut.); INRA, UAR 1240 Eco-Innov/78850 Thiverval Grignon/France (7 aut.) |
DT : | Publication en série; Niveau analytique |
SO : | Journal of applied ecology; ISSN 0021-8901; Coden JAPEAI; Royaume-Uni; Da. 2008; Vol. 45; No. 4; Pp. 1104-1113; Bibl. 3/4 p. |
LA : | Anglais |
EA : | 1. It is well established that pollen-mediated gene flow among natural plant populations depends on a complex interaction between the spatial distribution of pollen sources and the short- and long-distance components of pollen dispersal. Despite this knowledge, spatial isolation strategies proposed in Europe to ensure the harvest purity of conventional crops are based on distance from the nearest genetically modified (GM) crop and on empirical data from two-plot experiments. Here, we investigate the circumstances under which the multiplicity of pollen sources over the landscape should be considered in strategies to contain GM crops. 2. We simulated pollen dispersal over eighty 6 × 6 km simulated landscapes differing in field characteristics and in amount of GM and conventional maize. Pollen dispersal was modelled either via a Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG, currently used for European coexistence studies) or a bivariate Student (2Dt) kernel. These kernels differ in their amount of short- and long-distance dispersal. We used linear models to analyse the impact of local and landscape variables on impurity rates (i.e. proportion of seeds sired by pollen from a transgenic crop) in conventional fields and quantified their increase due to dispersal from other than the closest GM crops. 3. The average impurity rate over a landscape increased linearly with the proportion of GM maize over that landscape. The increase was twice as fast using the NIG kernel and was governed by the short-distance dispersal component. 4. Variation in impurity rates largely depended on the distance to the closest GM crop and the size of the receptor field. However, impurity rates were generally underestimated when only dispersal from the closest GM field was considered. 5. Synthesis and applications. Distance to the closest GM crop had most impact on impurity rates in conventional fields. However, impurity rates also depended on intermediate- to long-distance dispersal from distant GM crops. Therefore, isolation distances as currently defined will probably not allow long-term coexistence of GM and conventional crops, especially as the proportion of GM crops grown increases. We suggest strategies to account for this impact of long-distance dispersal. |
CC : | 002A14D01; 002A31D07E; 215 |
FD : | Organisme génétiquement modifié; Pollen; Milieu rural; Coexistence; Maïs; Allogamie; Modèle; Dispersion; Répartition spatiale; Plante transgénique; Paysage rural; Pollinisation croisée |
ED : | Genetically modified organism; Pollen; Rural environment; Coexistence; Corn; Allogamy; Models; Dispersion; Spatial distribution; Transgenic plant; Rural landscape; Cross pollination |
SD : | Organismo modificado genéticamente; Polen; Medio rural; Coexistencia; Maiz; Modelo; Dispersión; Distribución espacial; Planta transgénica; Paisaje rural; Polinizacion cruzada |
LO : | INIST-11538.354000197666750120 |
ID : | 08-0361464 |
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Pascal:08-0361464Le document en format XML
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">1. It is well established that pollen-mediated gene flow among natural plant populations depends on a complex interaction between the spatial distribution of pollen sources and the short- and long-distance components of pollen dispersal. Despite this knowledge, spatial isolation strategies proposed in Europe to ensure the harvest purity of conventional crops are based on distance from the nearest genetically modified (GM) crop and on empirical data from two-plot experiments. Here, we investigate the circumstances under which the multiplicity of pollen sources over the landscape should be considered in strategies to contain GM crops. 2. We simulated pollen dispersal over eighty 6 × 6 km simulated landscapes differing in field characteristics and in amount of GM and conventional maize. Pollen dispersal was modelled either via a Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG, currently used for European coexistence studies) or a bivariate Student (2Dt) kernel. These kernels differ in their amount of short- and long-distance dispersal. We used linear models to analyse the impact of local and landscape variables on impurity rates (i.e. proportion of seeds sired by pollen from a transgenic crop) in conventional fields and quantified their increase due to dispersal from other than the closest GM crops. 3. The average impurity rate over a landscape increased linearly with the proportion of GM maize over that landscape. The increase was twice as fast using the NIG kernel and was governed by the short-distance dispersal component. 4. Variation in impurity rates largely depended on the distance to the closest GM crop and the size of the receptor field. However, impurity rates were generally underestimated when only dispersal from the closest GM field was considered. 5. Synthesis and applications. Distance to the closest GM crop had most impact on impurity rates in conventional fields. However, impurity rates also depended on intermediate- to long-distance dispersal from distant GM crops. Therefore, isolation distances as currently defined will probably not allow long-term coexistence of GM and conventional crops, especially as the proportion of GM crops grown increases. We suggest strategies to account for this impact of long-distance dispersal.</div>
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<s5>09</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Plante transgénique</s0>
<s5>49</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Transgenic plant</s0>
<s5>49</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Planta transgénica</s0>
<s5>49</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Paysage rural</s0>
<s4>CD</s4>
<s5>96</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Rural landscape</s0>
<s4>CD</s4>
<s5>96</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Paisaje rural</s0>
<s4>CD</s4>
<s5>96</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pollinisation croisée</s0>
<s4>CD</s4>
<s5>97</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Cross pollination</s0>
<s4>CD</s4>
<s5>97</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Polinizacion cruzada</s0>
<s4>CD</s4>
<s5>97</s5>
</fC03>
<fN21><s1>231</s1>
</fN21>
<fN44 i1="01"><s1>OTO</s1>
</fN44>
<fN82><s1>OTO</s1>
</fN82>
</pA>
</standard>
<server><NO>PASCAL 08-0361464 INIST</NO>
<ET>How do genetically modified (GM) crops contribute to background levels of GM pollen in an agricultural landscape?</ET>
<AU>LAVIGNE (Claire); KLEIN (Etienne K.); MARI (Jean-Francois); LE BER (Florence); ADAMCZYK (Katarzyna); MONOD (Hervé); ANGEVIN (Frédérique)</AU>
<AF>INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles/84000 Avignon/France (1 aut.); INRA, UR 546 Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux/84000 Avignon/France (2 aut.); Université Nancy 2, UMR 7503 LORIA/54500 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy/France (3 aut.); ENGEES, UMR MAI 101 CEVH/67000 Strasbourg/France (4 aut.); INRA, UR 341 Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées/78352 Jouy-en-Josas/France (5 aut., 6 aut.); INRA, UAR 1240 Eco-Innov/78850 Thiverval Grignon/France (7 aut.)</AF>
<DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT>
<SO>Journal of applied ecology; ISSN 0021-8901; Coden JAPEAI; Royaume-Uni; Da. 2008; Vol. 45; No. 4; Pp. 1104-1113; Bibl. 3/4 p.</SO>
<LA>Anglais</LA>
<EA>1. It is well established that pollen-mediated gene flow among natural plant populations depends on a complex interaction between the spatial distribution of pollen sources and the short- and long-distance components of pollen dispersal. Despite this knowledge, spatial isolation strategies proposed in Europe to ensure the harvest purity of conventional crops are based on distance from the nearest genetically modified (GM) crop and on empirical data from two-plot experiments. Here, we investigate the circumstances under which the multiplicity of pollen sources over the landscape should be considered in strategies to contain GM crops. 2. We simulated pollen dispersal over eighty 6 × 6 km simulated landscapes differing in field characteristics and in amount of GM and conventional maize. Pollen dispersal was modelled either via a Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG, currently used for European coexistence studies) or a bivariate Student (2Dt) kernel. These kernels differ in their amount of short- and long-distance dispersal. We used linear models to analyse the impact of local and landscape variables on impurity rates (i.e. proportion of seeds sired by pollen from a transgenic crop) in conventional fields and quantified their increase due to dispersal from other than the closest GM crops. 3. The average impurity rate over a landscape increased linearly with the proportion of GM maize over that landscape. The increase was twice as fast using the NIG kernel and was governed by the short-distance dispersal component. 4. Variation in impurity rates largely depended on the distance to the closest GM crop and the size of the receptor field. However, impurity rates were generally underestimated when only dispersal from the closest GM field was considered. 5. Synthesis and applications. Distance to the closest GM crop had most impact on impurity rates in conventional fields. However, impurity rates also depended on intermediate- to long-distance dispersal from distant GM crops. Therefore, isolation distances as currently defined will probably not allow long-term coexistence of GM and conventional crops, especially as the proportion of GM crops grown increases. We suggest strategies to account for this impact of long-distance dispersal.</EA>
<CC>002A14D01; 002A31D07E; 215</CC>
<FD>Organisme génétiquement modifié; Pollen; Milieu rural; Coexistence; Maïs; Allogamie; Modèle; Dispersion; Répartition spatiale; Plante transgénique; Paysage rural; Pollinisation croisée</FD>
<ED>Genetically modified organism; Pollen; Rural environment; Coexistence; Corn; Allogamy; Models; Dispersion; Spatial distribution; Transgenic plant; Rural landscape; Cross pollination</ED>
<SD>Organismo modificado genéticamente; Polen; Medio rural; Coexistencia; Maiz; Modelo; Dispersión; Distribución espacial; Planta transgénica; Paisaje rural; Polinizacion cruzada</SD>
<LO>INIST-11538.354000197666750120</LO>
<ID>08-0361464</ID>
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