Post‐mortem ablation of the heart: a medieval funerary practice. A case observed at the cemetery of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence
Identifieur interne : 000219 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000218; suivant : 000220Post‐mortem ablation of the heart: a medieval funerary practice. A case observed at the cemetery of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence
Auteurs : B. Mafart ; J. Pelletier ; M. FixotSource :
- International Journal of Osteoarchaeology [ 1047-482X ] ; 2004-01.
English descriptors
- Entity :
- org : ABSTRACT Department of Anthropology, University of Mediterranee, Marseille, France Laboratory of Mediterranean Medieval Archeology, Aix, Anonymous, France, England and Germany, French Department of the Alpes, Italy and Northern Europe, Sons, Ltd, Sons, Ltd., University of Mediterranee.
- pers : B. Mafart, Claude Navarro, Drawing, German Custom, Haute Provence, J. Osteoarchaeol, James Douglas, John Wiley, King Baudoin, King Charles, King John, King Philip, M. Fixot, P. Pelletier, Pierre Dramard, Queen Anne, Valerie Spanu.
- place : Basel, Egypt, Europe, France, German Empire, Hildesheim, Italy, Jerusalem, Limoges, Marseille, Nantes, Narbonne, Nottingham, Paris, Perpignan, Portugal, Reading, Rome, Rouen, Scotland, St Denis, Switzerland, Tunis, Vincennes, Worcester.
- Teeft :
- Ablation, Arrow shot, Boniface viii, Burial place, Copyright, Diagonal downward, First blow, French department, French revolution, Funerary, Funerary practice, Ganagobie priory, High place, Human body, Human evolution, International journal, James douglas, John wiley son, King baudoin, King john, Macnair scott, Median sternotomy, Medieval ablation, Medieval funerary practice, Melrose abbey, Metal arrowhead, Middle age, Northern europe, Osteoarchaeol, Pope boniface viii, Posterior aspect, Right side, Skeleton, Skull, Sternum, Up edge, Viscera, Xyphoid process.
Abstract
The skeletal remains of a medieval warrior were found in an 11th century tomb in the church of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence. Examination revealed evidence of multiple injuries including an arrow in the thorax, several sword blows, and a fractured sternum. The chest had been opened probably to allow removal of the heart after the last fatal blow to the skull. Post‐mortem ablation of the heart was a widespread medieval funerary practice among elite classes in northern Europe. Numerous cases have been described involving British and French royalty. The practice was based on a mystical Middle Age belief that the heart was the spiritual and moral centre. After ablation, the heart was buried separately in a high place of holy worship where the living could pray for the salvation of deceased's soul. The rest of the body was sometimes dismembered and boiled to keep only the skeleton. Pope Boniface VIII forbade body boiling in 1299. In France the practice of removing and burying the heart in a sacred worship place continued among royalty, noblemen, and ecclesiastics until the Revolution of 1789. A few cases were reported into the 19th century. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/oa.692
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:0FC4552C30CB247BFB17D58AB190FC74DAA2EEBELe document en format XML
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<ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/">We use TEI</ref></desc></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><head>Abstract</head><p>The skeletal remains of a medieval warrior were found in an 11th century tomb in the church of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence. Examination revealed evidence of multiple injuries including an arrow in the thorax, several sword blows, and a fractured sternum. The chest had been opened probably to allow removal of the heart after the last fatal blow to the skull. Post‐mortem ablation of the heart was a widespread medieval funerary practice among elite classes in northern Europe. Numerous cases have been described involving British and French royalty. The practice was based on a mystical Middle Age belief that the heart was the spiritual and moral centre. After ablation, the heart was buried separately in a high place of holy worship where the living could pray for the salvation of deceased's soul. The rest of the body was sometimes dismembered and boiled to keep only the skeleton. Pope Boniface VIII forbade body boiling in 1299. In France the practice of removing and burying the heart in a sacred worship place continued among royalty, noblemen, and ecclesiastics until the Revolution of 1789. A few cases were reported into the 19th century. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords xml:lang="en"><term xml:id="kwd1">heart</term><term xml:id="kwd2">ablation</term><term xml:id="kwd3">sternotomy</term><term xml:id="kwd4">thorax</term><term xml:id="kwd5">funerary practice</term><term xml:id="kwd6">middle ages</term></keywords><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Short Report</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Short Reports</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2019-12-20" who="#istex" xml:id="pub2tei">formatting</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-M8634S8M-C/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisherName><publisherLoc>Chichester, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1212</doi><issn type="print">1047-482X</issn><issn type="electronic">1099-1212</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="OA"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY">International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</title><title type="short">Int. J. Osteoarchaeol.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="10"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/oa.v14:1</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="14">14</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">1</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2004-01">January/February 2004</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="shortCommunication" position="7" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/oa.692</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="OA692"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="7"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Short Report</title><title type="tocHeading1">Short Reports</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2002-07-25"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2003-03-17"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2003-03-19"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2004-01-28"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2004-01-28"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:JWSART34_TO_WML3G version:2.3.2 mode:FullText source:HeaderRef result:HeaderRef" date="2010-03-06"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-02-06"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-24"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">67</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">73</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Laboratoire d' Anthropologie, UMR 6569, University of Mediterranée, Faculty of Medicine, Secteur Nord, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France.</correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:OA.OA692.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="5"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="21"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en">Post‐mortem ablation of the heart: a medieval funerary practice. A case observed at the cemetery of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence</title><title type="short" xml:lang="en">Medieval Post‐mortem Ablation of the Heart</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="au1" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>B.</givenNames><familyName>Mafart</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email>bmafart@aol.com</email></contactDetails></creator><creator xml:id="au2" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af2"><personName><givenNames>J.‐P.</givenNames><familyName>Pelletier</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au3" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af2"><personName><givenNames>M.</givenNames><familyName>Fixot</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="af1" countryCode="FR" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Anthropology, University of Mediterranee, Marseille, France</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af2" countryCode="FR" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Laboratory of Mediterranean Medieval Archeology, Aix‐en‐Provence, France</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1">heart</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2">ablation</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">sternotomy</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd4">thorax</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd5">funerary practice</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd6">middle ages</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>The skeletal remains of a medieval warrior were found in an 11th century tomb in the church of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence. Examination revealed evidence of multiple injuries including an arrow in the thorax, several sword blows, and a fractured sternum. The chest had been opened probably to allow removal of the heart after the last fatal blow to the skull. Post‐mortem ablation of the heart was a widespread medieval funerary practice among elite classes in northern Europe. Numerous cases have been described involving British and French royalty. The practice was based on a mystical Middle Age belief that the heart was the spiritual and moral centre. After ablation, the heart was buried separately in a high place of holy worship where the living could pray for the salvation of deceased's soul. The rest of the body was sometimes dismembered and boiled to keep only the skeleton. Pope Boniface VIII forbade body boiling in 1299. In France the practice of removing and burying the heart in a sacred worship place continued among royalty, noblemen, and ecclesiastics until the Revolution of 1789. A few cases were reported into the 19th century. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Post‐mortem ablation of the heart: a medieval funerary practice. A case observed at the cemetery of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Medieval Post‐mortem Ablation of the Heart</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Post‐mortem ablation of the heart: a medieval funerary practice. A case observed at the cemetery of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Mafart</namePart><affiliation>Department of Anthropology, University of Mediterranee, Marseille, France</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bmafart@aol.com</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence address: Laboratoire d' Anthropologie, UMR 6569, University of Mediterranée, Faculty of Medicine, Secteur Nord, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.‐P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Pelletier</namePart><affiliation>Laboratory of Mediterranean Medieval Archeology, Aix‐en‐Provence, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Fixot</namePart><affiliation>Laboratory of Mediterranean Medieval Archeology, Aix‐en‐Provence, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="brief-communication" displayLabel="shortCommunication" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-S9SX2MFS-0">brief-communication</genre><originInfo><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Chichester, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2004-01</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2002-07-25</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2003-03-19</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2004</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">5</extent><extent unit="tables">0</extent><extent unit="references">21</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The skeletal remains of a medieval warrior were found in an 11th century tomb in the church of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence. Examination revealed evidence of multiple injuries including an arrow in the thorax, several sword blows, and a fractured sternum. The chest had been opened probably to allow removal of the heart after the last fatal blow to the skull. Post‐mortem ablation of the heart was a widespread medieval funerary practice among elite classes in northern Europe. Numerous cases have been described involving British and French royalty. The practice was based on a mystical Middle Age belief that the heart was the spiritual and moral centre. After ablation, the heart was buried separately in a high place of holy worship where the living could pray for the salvation of deceased's soul. The rest of the body was sometimes dismembered and boiled to keep only the skeleton. Pope Boniface VIII forbade body boiling in 1299. In France the practice of removing and burying the heart in a sacred worship place continued among royalty, noblemen, and ecclesiastics until the Revolution of 1789. A few cases were reported into the 19th century. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>heart</topic><topic>ablation</topic><topic>sternotomy</topic><topic>thorax</topic><topic>funerary practice</topic><topic>middle ages</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Int. J. 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