Ranibizumab in retinal vein occlusion: treatment recommendations by an expert panel
Identifieur interne : 000457 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000456; suivant : 000458Ranibizumab in retinal vein occlusion: treatment recommendations by an expert panel
Auteurs : Heinrich Gerding ; Jordi Monés ; Ramin Tadayoni ; Francesco Boscia ; Ian Pearce ; Siegfried PriglingerSource :
- The British Journal of Ophthalmology [ 0007-1161 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common cause of retinal vascular disease, resulting in potentially irreversible loss of vision despite the existence of several therapeutic options. The humanised monoclonal antibody fragment ranibizumab binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor, a key driver of macular oedema in RVO. In 2010, ranibizumab was approved in the USA for the treatment of macular oedema in RVO and, in 2011, ranibizumab was approved in the European Union for the treatment of visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary to RVO in branch and central RVO. Ranibizumab provides an additional therapeutic option for this complex disease: an option that was not fully considered during the preparation of current international guidelines. An expert panel was convened to critically evaluate the evidence for treatment with ranibizumab in patients with visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary to RVO and to develop treatment recommendations, with the aim of assisting physicians to optimise patient treatment.
Url:
DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305041
PubMed: 25075121
PubMed Central: 4345884
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PMC:4345884Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ranibizumab in retinal vein occlusion: treatment recommendations by an expert panel</title><author><name sortKey="Gerding, Heinrich" sort="Gerding, Heinrich" uniqKey="Gerding H" first="Heinrich" last="Gerding">Heinrich Gerding</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><institution>Augenzentrum Klinik Pallas</institution>,<addr-line>Olten</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany</institution></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mones, Jordi" sort="Mones, Jordi" uniqKey="Mones J" first="Jordi" last="Monés">Jordi Monés</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>Institut de la Màcula i de la Retina, Centro Médico Teknon and Barcelona Macula Foundation</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tadayoni, Ramin" sort="Tadayoni, Ramin" uniqKey="Tadayoni R" first="Ramin" last="Tadayoni">Ramin Tadayoni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Ophthalmology</addr-line>,<institution>Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Diderot—Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boscia, Francesco" sort="Boscia, Francesco" uniqKey="Boscia F" first="Francesco" last="Boscia">Francesco Boscia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sassari, Sassari</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearce, Ian" sort="Pearce, Ian" uniqKey="Pearce I" first="Ian" last="Pearce">Ian Pearce</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>St Paul's Eye Unit</addr-line>,<institution>Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Priglinger, Siegfried" sort="Priglinger, Siegfried" uniqKey="Priglinger S" first="Siegfried" last="Priglinger">Siegfried Priglinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Ophthalmology</addr-line>,<institution>General Hospital (AKH)</institution>,<addr-line>Linz</addr-line>,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25075121</idno><idno type="pmc">4345884</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4345884</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4345884</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305041</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000457</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ranibizumab in retinal vein occlusion: treatment recommendations by an expert panel</title><author><name sortKey="Gerding, Heinrich" sort="Gerding, Heinrich" uniqKey="Gerding H" first="Heinrich" last="Gerding">Heinrich Gerding</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><institution>Augenzentrum Klinik Pallas</institution>,<addr-line>Olten</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany</institution></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mones, Jordi" sort="Mones, Jordi" uniqKey="Mones J" first="Jordi" last="Monés">Jordi Monés</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>Institut de la Màcula i de la Retina, Centro Médico Teknon and Barcelona Macula Foundation</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tadayoni, Ramin" sort="Tadayoni, Ramin" uniqKey="Tadayoni R" first="Ramin" last="Tadayoni">Ramin Tadayoni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Ophthalmology</addr-line>,<institution>Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Diderot—Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boscia, Francesco" sort="Boscia, Francesco" uniqKey="Boscia F" first="Francesco" last="Boscia">Francesco Boscia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sassari, Sassari</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearce, Ian" sort="Pearce, Ian" uniqKey="Pearce I" first="Ian" last="Pearce">Ian Pearce</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>St Paul's Eye Unit</addr-line>,<institution>Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Priglinger, Siegfried" sort="Priglinger, Siegfried" uniqKey="Priglinger S" first="Siegfried" last="Priglinger">Siegfried Priglinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Ophthalmology</addr-line>,<institution>General Hospital (AKH)</institution>,<addr-line>Linz</addr-line>,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The British Journal of Ophthalmology</title><idno type="ISSN">0007-1161</idno><idno type="eISSN">1468-2079</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common cause of retinal vascular disease, resulting in potentially irreversible loss of vision despite the existence of several therapeutic options. The humanised monoclonal antibody fragment ranibizumab binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor, a key driver of macular oedema in RVO. In 2010, ranibizumab was approved in the USA for the treatment of macular oedema in RVO and, in 2011, ranibizumab was approved in the European Union for the treatment of visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary to RVO in branch and central RVO. Ranibizumab provides an additional therapeutic option for this complex disease: an option that was not fully considered during the preparation of current international guidelines. An expert panel was convened to critically evaluate the evidence for treatment with ranibizumab in patients with visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary to RVO and to develop treatment recommendations, with the aim of assisting physicians to optimise patient treatment.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shahid, H" uniqKey="Shahid H">H Shahid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hossain, P" uniqKey="Hossain P">P Hossain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amoaku, Wm" uniqKey="Amoaku W">WM Amoaku</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rehak, M" uniqKey="Rehak M">M Rehak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiedemann, P" uniqKey="Wiedemann P">P Wiedemann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Awdeh, Rm" uniqKey="Awdeh R">RM Awdeh</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Br J Ophthalmol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Br J Ophthalmol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">bjophthalmol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bjo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The British Journal of Ophthalmology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0007-1161</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1468-2079</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Publishing Group</publisher-name><publisher-loc>BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25075121</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4345884</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">bjophthalmol-2014-305041</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305041</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1506</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ranibizumab in retinal vein occlusion: treatment recommendations by an expert panel</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gerding</surname><given-names>Heinrich</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Monés</surname><given-names>Jordi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tadayoni</surname><given-names>Ramin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boscia</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pearce</surname><given-names>Ian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Priglinger</surname><given-names>Siegfried</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1"><label>1</label><institution>Augenzentrum Klinik Pallas</institution>,<addr-line>Olten</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff><aff id="af2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany</institution></aff><aff id="af3"><label>3</label><institution>Institut de la Màcula i de la Retina, Centro Médico Teknon and Barcelona Macula Foundation</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></aff><aff id="af4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Ophthalmology</addr-line>,<institution>Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Diderot—Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="af5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sassari, Sassari</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af6"><label>6</label><addr-line>St Paul's Eye Unit</addr-line>,<institution>Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af7"><label>7</label><addr-line>Department of Ophthalmology</addr-line>,<institution>General Hospital (AKH)</institution>,<addr-line>Linz</addr-line>,<country>Austria</country></aff><author-notes><corresp><label>Correspondence to</label> Professor Heinrich Gerding, Augenzentrum Klinik Pallas, Louis Giroud-Strasse 20, CH-4600 Olten, Switzerland; <email>heinrich.gerding@klinik-pallas.ch</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>3</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>99</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>297</fpage><lpage>304</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>3</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>30</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 3.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="bjophthalmol-2014-305041.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common cause of retinal vascular disease, resulting in potentially irreversible loss of vision despite the existence of several therapeutic options. The humanised monoclonal antibody fragment ranibizumab binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor, a key driver of macular oedema in RVO. In 2010, ranibizumab was approved in the USA for the treatment of macular oedema in RVO and, in 2011, ranibizumab was approved in the European Union for the treatment of visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary to RVO in branch and central RVO. Ranibizumab provides an additional therapeutic option for this complex disease: an option that was not fully considered during the preparation of current international guidelines. An expert panel was convened to critically evaluate the evidence for treatment with ranibizumab in patients with visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary to RVO and to develop treatment recommendations, with the aim of assisting physicians to optimise patient treatment.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Macula</kwd><kwd>Retina</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>special-feature</meta-name><meta-value>unlocked</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><sec id="s1a"><title>Background</title><p>Retinal vein occlusion (RVO), the second most common cause of retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy, is a frequent cause of vision loss.<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><sup>–</sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> According to National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ)-25 scores, RVO significantly impacts vision-related quality of life (QoL) compared with individuals with no ocular disease.<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></p><p>Until recently, the standard of care for macular oedema resulting from branch RVO (BRVO) was macular grid laser photocoagulation, based on outcomes of the Branch Vein Occlusion Study, which showed a mean 3-year improvement of 1.33 lines of vision in treated patients (n=43) versus 0.23 lines in untreated controls (n=35; p<0.0001).<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></p><p>Although macular laser treatment reduced macular oedema in individuals with central RVO (CRVO), the Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Study did not show any significant visual acuity (VA) benefit.<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> Intraocular corticosteroids have provided similar benefits to macular grid laser photocoagulation in BRVO and superior visual outcomes compared with observation in CRVO; however, these corticosteroids are associated with elevated intraocular pressure and cataract development.<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> In the GENEVA study, an intravitreal dexamethasone implant provided improvements in mean best-corrected VA (BCVA) for patients with BRVO and CRVO, but was also associated with elevated intraocular pressure and cataract.<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></p><p>In 2010, ranibizumab was approved in the USA for the treatment of macular oedema after RVO<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> and was approved in 2011 in the European Union (EU) for the treatment of visual impairment due to macular oedema secondary to BRVO and CRVO.<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12–14</xref> Current international guidelines were prepared before approval was granted;<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15–17</xref> therefore, clinical guidance on how ranibizumab can best be incorporated into clinical practice is warranted. This expert panel's recommendations are to help guide the use of ranibizumab in RVO.</p></sec><sec id="s1b"><title>Antivascular endothelial growth factor agents in RVO</title><p>In RVO, functional and structural changes in the retina, including reduced blood flow in the retinal capillaries, lead to hypoxia which, in turn, leads to upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref><xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> VEGF disrupts the blood–retinal barrier, stimulates vascular endothelial growth and increases vascular permeability.<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> Elevated VEGF concentrations have been detected in the ocular fluid of patients with BRVO and CRVO and correlate with the severity of macular oedema.<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20–24</xref></p><p>Anti-VEGF therapies have been approved for ocular use for 10 years, initially for treatment of neovascular AMD (nAMD).<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> Ranibizumab has been approved for treatment of diabetic macular oedema and macular oedema following RVO and choroidal neovascularisation in pathological myopia,<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> and aflibercept has been licensed for the treatment of nAMD and CRVO.<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> Bevacizumab, despite not being licenced for use in ophthalmic indications, and ranibizumab, are the two most commonly used anti-VEGF drugs in ophthalmic patients, although aflibercept has shown rapid uptake.<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></p><p>Bevacizumab has been compared with ranibizumab for the treatment of nAMD in several randomised clinical trials.<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28–31</xref> These studies demonstrated equivalence of bevacizumab and ranibizumab in terms of clinical efficacy. However, they were not powered to compare safety, and questions on this matter are still outstanding, although no significant differences were found concerning arteriothrombotic events.</p><p>Several anti-VEGF agents have been evaluated for the treatment of RVO, including ranibizumab, bevacizumab, pegaptanib and aflibercept. Case series have indicated that treatment with bevacizumab can benefit patients with RVO,<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32–36</xref> although bevacizumab is not licensed for intraocular use, and the optimal dosing schedule, long-term outcomes and risks of adverse events (AE) for patients with RVO remain unclear. A retrospective study of 81 patients compared the efficacy of ranibizumab to bevacizumab for the treatment of macular oedema secondary to RVO and observed that both were effective with no significant difference in change in BCVA.<xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> Ranibizumab has not been compared with pegaptanib or aflibercept in this indication.</p><p>Studies to investigate the use of anti-VEGF agents for the treatment of RVO are ongoing; for example, the Study of Comparative Treatments for RVO (SCORE2) is a multicentre, prospective, randomised, non-inferiority trial for macular oedema secondary to CRVO, comparing bevacizumab with aflibercept.<xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> At the time of writing, this trial was not yet open for enrolment; the estimated completion date is March 2018.</p><p>Available data show that patients with RVO achieved improvements in VA after treatment with pegaptanib or aflibercept compared with sham injections.<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref><xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref> Pegaptanib was assessed in a phase II study of 65 patients, although this was only over 30 weeks and the long-term response remains unclear.<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref> The phase III COPERNICUS trial investigated aflibercept treatment for macular oedema secondary to CRVO in 114 patients.<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref> The results of this study demonstrated that the proportion of patients gaining ≥15 letters in BCVA from baseline at weeks 24, 52 and 100 was significantly greater for patients receiving aflibercept compared with sham injection (p<0.001). The most frequent ocular serious AE from baseline to 100 weeks was vitreous haemorrhage (0.9% vs 6.8% with sham injection).<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></p><p>Therefore, anti-VEGF therapy is a generally well-accepted approach to the treatment of RVO, and there is no evidence to suggest either the superiority of, or preference for, any of the currently available agents. As such, the use of ranibizumab and alternative anti-VEGF agents differs considerably between countries.</p></sec><sec id="s1c"><title>Development of recommendations for ranibizumab in patients with RVO</title><p>An independent European expert panel was convened to discuss the available evidence from clinical studies of ranibizumab in patients with RVO.</p><p>Recommendations were based on evidence from prospective, randomised controlled trials (see online <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bjo.bmj.com/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305041/-/DC1">supplementary material</ext-link>). For clinical scenarios for which robust clinical evidence was limited, small single-centre studies or case series were also considered, with appropriate reservations. The panel sought the advice of an expanded committee of 43 European ophthalmologists for specific clinical questions when available evidence was limited.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><title>Ranibizumab in RVO: summary of evidence</title><p>The BRAVO (B<italic>RA</italic>nch Retinal <italic>V</italic>ein <italic>O</italic>cclusion) and CRUISE (Central Retinal Vein OcclUsIon) studies were pivotal phase III trials for the approval of ranibizumab for the treatment of visual impairment due to macular oedema secondary to RVO.<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref><xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref> Patients with macular oedema secondary to BRVO or CRVO were randomised 1:1:1 to receive six monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab 0.3 mg, ranibizumab 0.5 mg or sham, followed by a 6-month, as-needed (PRN) phase, during which all patients were eligible for ranibizumab treatment. In the BRAVO study, rescue grid macular laser photocoagulation was permitted from month 3.<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref> In these studies, ranibizumab treatment was associated with significant improvements in BCVA, observed from day 7, with BCVA gains sustained over 12 months of treatment.<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref><xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></p><sec id="s2a"><title>Visual outcomes in the BRAVO study</title><p>In the BRAVO study, the mean change in BCVA from baseline at month 6 was +18.3 letters in the ranibizumab 0.5 mg group (n=131) compared with +7.3 letters with sham (n=132; p<0.0001).<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref><xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref> Overall, 61.1% of patients treated with ranibizumab 0.5 mg and 28.8% of patients who received sham gained ≥15 letters at month 6 (p<0.0001).<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref> At month 12, mean BCVA improvements were +18.3 letters for ranibizumab 0.5 mg versus +12.1 letters with delayed treatment (p<0.01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="BJOPHTHALMOL2014305041F1">figure 1</xref>A).<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref> The proportion of patients gaining ≥15 letters with ranibizumab 0.5 mg at month 12 (60.3%) was similar to that at month 6 (61.1%), but this increased from 28.8% to 43.9% for the delayed treatment group.<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref><xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></p><fig id="BJOPHTHALMOL2014305041F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The (A) BRAVO and (B) CRUISE studies: mean change in baseline BCVA letter score in study eye over time to month 12 after treatment with ranibizumab 0.3 mg, 0.5 mg or sham.<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref><xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref> In both studies, visual gains during treatment were generally maintained in the ranibizumab treatment groups during the observation periods. There were substantial improvements in visual acuity in the sham/ranibizumab 0.5 mg groups during observation; however, in the BRAVO and CRUISE studies the mean change from baseline BCVA score of the sham/ranibizumab 0.5 mg groups remained significantly different from those of the ranibizumab 0.3 mg and 0.5 mg groups at month 12. In both studies, the earliest statistically significant group difference was at day 7. The last-observation carried forward method was used to impute missing values. Vertical bars are±1 SE of the mean. *p<0.0001 vs sham; **p<0.01 vs sham/ranibizumab 0.5 mg; †p<0.0001 vs sham, ††p<0.001 vs sham/ranibizumab 0.5 mg. BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; PRN, as needed.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="bjophthalmol-2014-305041f01"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="s2b"><title>Visual outcomes in the CRUISE study</title><p>In the CRUISE study, 6-month BCVA outcomes showed significant improvements of +14.9 letters in the ranibizumab 0.5 mg group (n=130) compared with +0.8 letters in the sham group (n=130; p<0.0001).<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref><xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref> BCVA improvements with ranibizumab 0.5 mg were sustained to month 12 and were significantly greater than those for the delayed treatment group (+13.9 letters vs +7.3 letters, respectively; p<0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="BJOPHTHALMOL2014305041F1">figure 1</xref>B).<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref> At month 6, the proportion of patients who gained ≥15 letters with ranibizumab 0.5 mg was significantly greater compared with sham (47.7% vs 16.9%, respectively; p<0.0001),<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref> and was also greater in the delayed treatment group at month 12 (50.8% vs 33.1%, respectively).<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></p></sec><sec id="s2c"><title>Anatomical outcomes in the BRAVO and CRUISE studies</title><p>The BRAVO and CRUISE studies demonstrated that ranibizumab was associated with significantly greater mean reductions in central foveal thickness (CFT). At month 6 of the BRAVO study, the mean CFT reduction was –345.2 μm with ranibizumab 0.5 mg and –157.7 μm with sham (p<0.0001).<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref> This reduction was sustained to month 12 with ranibizumab 0.5 mg (–347.4 μm) compared with a reduction of –273.7 μm in the delayed treatment group (p<0.05).<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></p><p>Similarly, at month 6 of the CRUISE study, mean reductions in CFT of –452.3 μm and –167.7 μm were observed with ranibizumab 0.5 mg and sham, respectively (p<0.0001).<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref> At month 12, the mean CFT reduction was –462.1 μm with ranibizumab 0.5 mg compared with –427.2 μm with delayed treatment.<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></p></sec><sec id="s2d"><title>Safety outcomes in the BRAVO and CRUISE studies</title><p>Ranibizumab was generally well tolerated, with no new safety risks identified up to month 12. In the BRAVO study, cataract was reported in 6.2% of the ranibizumab 0.5 mg group, 3.1% of the sham group up to month 6, and 2.6% from months 6 to 12 after patients switched to ranibizumab 0.5 mg. One incidence of endophthalmitis in the ranibizumab 0.5 mg group was reported. Six serious AEs (SAE) potentially related to VEGF inhibition were reported with ranibizumab 0.5 mg: one each of haemorrhagic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, hypertension, non-ocular haemorrhage and intestinal perforation. In the delayed treatment group, one SAE of haemorrhagic stroke was reported up to month 6 and one SAE each of acute myocardial infarction and hypertension was reported during months 6–12.<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></p><p>In the CRUISE study, cataract was reported in 7.0% of patients treated with ranibizumab 0.5 mg, 1.8% in the delayed treatment group, and 0% in the sham group. Endophthalmitis was not reported for any treatment group. Four SAEs possibly related to VEGF inhibition were reported in the 0.5 mg group (ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, myocardial infarction and angina pectoris). In the delayed treatment group, there were two SAEs (myocardial infarction and hypertension) up to month 6, but none reported during months 6–12.<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></p></sec><sec id="s2e"><title>The HORIZON study</title><p>Patients completing the BRAVO and CRUISE trials were eligible for the open-label HORIZON cohort 2 study.<xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref> One-year results (corresponding to 2 years of treatment) suggest that PRN ranibizumab dosing was adequate to maintain visual gains in patients with BRVO. Net gains of 17.5 letters and 15.6 letters from BRAVO baseline were observed for patients initially randomised to ranibizumab 0.5 mg (n=104) and sham (n=97), respectively. Although some loss of efficacy was observed in patients with CRVO, there was an overall improvement of 12.0 letters and 7.6 letters, respectively, from the CRUISE baseline for patients initially randomised to ranibizumab 0.5 mg (n=99) and sham (n=98). Of note, the negative impact of delayed treatment was reduced in BRVO patients over the 12-month period, possibly because of the availability of rescue laser photocoagulation from month 3 in the BRAVO study. During the entire 24-month study period, increased intraocular pressure was reported for two patients with BRVO and one patient with CRVO. There were no cases of traumatic cataract (lens damage). Two patients with CRVO experienced endophthalmitis.</p></sec><sec id="s2f"><title>The retinal vein occlusion (ROCC) study</title><p>This 6-month, prospective randomised trial compared the efficacy and safety of ranibizumab (n=15) with sham (n=14) in patients with CRVO.<xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref> Patients received three consecutive monthly injections of ranibizumab 0.5 mg or sham: subsequent treatment was administered if macular oedema in the central macular area persisted. At month 6, a mean number of 4.3 ranibizumab injections was associated with a BCVA mean improvement of 12 letters (p=0.040) compared with a loss of 1 letter with sham treatment (p=0.765). The mean CFT reduction at month 6 was –304 μm with ranibizumab (p<0.001) and –151 μm in the sham group (p=0.017), with significantly greater improvements with ranibizumab versus sham (p=0.05). No cases of endophthalmitis, infection, retinal detachment or iatrogenic cataract formation were reported.</p><p>Additional studies, including prospective, open-label studies and randomised controlled trials, provide further evidence of the benefits of ranibizumab in the treatment of BRVO and CRVO (<xref ref-type="table" rid="BJOPHTHALMOL2014305041TB1">table 1</xref>).<xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">47–53</xref> So far, no controlled study data are available on the impact of ranibizumab on intraretinal or cilioretinal shunt or collateral vessel formation in eyes with venous occlusion.</p><table-wrap id="BJOPHTHALMOL2014305041TB1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Published studies providing primary data on ranibizumab in patients with visual impairment or macular oedema secondary to RVO<xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">47–53</xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risard <italic>et al</italic><xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Campochiaro <italic>et al</italic><xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spaide <italic>et al</italic><xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Campochiaro <italic>et al</italic><xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study design</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prospective, open label</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prospective, randomised, masked trial</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Randomised, open label</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Randomised, uncontrolled</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration (months)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36<break></break>24-month data available</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Perfused CRVO</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BRVO/CRVO</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CRVO</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BRVO/CRVO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of patients</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (BRVO, n=20; CRVO, n=20)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (BRVO, n=20; CRVO, n=20)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ranibizumab treatment</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort 1: 0.3 mg (n=5) or 0.5 mg (n=5); 3×monthly then PRN (q3 m monitoring amended to monthly in year 2);<break></break>Cohort 2: 0.3 mg (n=5) or 0.5 mg (n=5); 3×monthly then PRN (q1 m monitoring)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg or 0.5 mg at BL and months 1 and 2 then PRN after month 12</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg at BL and months 1 and 2, then PRN</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3×monthly 0.3 mg or 0.5 mg<break></break><break></break></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean number of ranibizumab injections</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (BRVO); 3.5 (CRVO)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean BCVA change at month 6 (letters)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled):*<break></break>+16.1 (BRVO); +12.0 (CRVO)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg: +10.4<break></break>(p=0.001)*</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg: +11 (CRVO)†<break></break>0.5 mg: +3 (CRVO)†<break></break>0.3 mg: +15 (BRVO)†<break></break>0.5 mg: +14.5 (BRVO)†</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean BCVA change at month 12 (letters)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort 1: +10.0<break></break>Cohort 2: +3.7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled):‡<break></break>+17.8 (BRVO); +8.5 (CRVO)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg: +18.5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients gaining ≥15 letters at month 12 (%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort 1: 30<break></break>Cohort 2: 30</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled):‡<break></break>59 (BRVO); 28.6 (CRVO)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg: 56.3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg pooled: 70<break></break>0.5 mg pooled: 40</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">OCT change at month 6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled) CFT:* –264.4 μm (BRVO);<break></break>–260.5 μm (CRVO)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg: –317 μm CMT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg: –220 μm (CRVO)<break></break>0.5 mg: –86 μm (CRVO)<break></break>0.3 mg: –213.5 μm (BRVO)<break></break>0.5 mg: –214.5 μm (BRVO)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">OCT change at month 12</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort 1: –304 μm CRT*<break></break>Cohort 2: –282 μm CRT*</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled) CFT:‡ –229.5 μm (BRVO);<break></break>–129 μm (CRVO)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg:<break></break>–389 μm CFT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence of ocular AEs (n)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 increased oedema/ischaemia<break></break>1 myocardial infarction<break></break>1 cerebrovascular accident</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 treatment-related AEs</td></tr></tbody></table><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alfaro <italic>et al</italic><xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pieramici <italic>et al</italic><xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wykrota <italic>et al</italic><xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study design</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non-randomised, open label</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Randomised, open label</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non-randomised, interventional case series</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration (months)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BRVO</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CRVO</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BRVO/CRVO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of patients</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20§</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (BRVO, n=11; CRVO, n=5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ranibizumab treatment</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg or 0.5 mg at BL and months 1 and 2, then PRN</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg or 0.5 mg at BL and months 1 and 2, then PRN</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg**</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean number of ranibizumab injections</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean BCVA change at month 6 (letters or Snellen equivalent)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled): +15.5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg: +8.0<break></break>0.5 mg: 3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg: 20/400 at BL to 20/100 at month 6 (p=0.01 at month 6 compared with BL)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean BCVA change at month 12 (letters)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled): +16.2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled): +1¶<break></break>(p=0.859)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients gaining ≥15 letters at month 12 (%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled): 55</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg: 20¶<break></break>0.5 mg: 40¶</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">OCT change at month 6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled): –164.4 μm CRT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled): –88 μm CRT (p=0.154)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg: –366 μm CRT</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">OCT change at month 12</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled): –167.9 μm CRT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence of ocular AEs (n)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled): 0 SAEs</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 mg and 0.5 mg (pooled): 0 SAEs</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 mg: 0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*3-month data provided.
†Median values reported.
‡24-month data provided for 17 patients with BRVO and 14 patients with CRVO.</p></fn><fn><p>§Expected enrolment, data available for 11 patients.</p></fn><fn><p>¶9-month data provided.</p></fn><fn><p>**Dosing regimen not provided.</p></fn><fn><p>AE, adverse event; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; BL, baseline; BRVO, branch retinal vein occlusion; CFT, central foveal thickness; CMT, central macular thickness; CRT, central retinal thickness; CRVO, central retinal vein occlusion; NR, not reported; OCT, optical coherence tomography; PRN, as needed; q1 m, every month; q3 m, every 3 months; RVO, retinal vein occlusion; SAE, serious adverse event.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Ranibizumab in RVO: treatment recommendations</title><p>Recommendations for the use of ranibizumab in the treatment of RVO are summarised in the <xref ref-type="boxed-text" rid="bx">box 1</xref>.
<boxed-text id="bx" position="float"><label>Box 1</label><caption><title>Summary of recommendations for ranibizumab in RVO</title></caption><p><italic>Eligibility for ranibizumab treatment</italic><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Ranibizumab is indicated for the treatment of visual impairment due to macular oedema secondary to BRVO or CRVO. For hemiretinal RVO, a treatment approach similar to that for BRVO is suggested.</p></list-item><list-item><p>When treating newly diagnosed RVO, physicians should be aware of common risk factors, to follow good clinical practice and refer patients to the appropriate specialist if necessary.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Physicians should be vigilant for signs of rubeosis during follow-up of all RVO cases, particularly CRVO. The role of ranibizumab in the prevention and management of rubeosis is still unclear and requires further study.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ranibizumab is generally not recommended for patients presenting with irreversible ischaemic visual loss because of the limited availability of phase III trial data in this patient population. However, ranibizumab treatment may be considered when macular oedema is present in the perfused retinal areas adjacent to the macular ischaemic retinal zones, because some patients may experience a benefit.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Commencement of ranibizumab treatment</italic><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Early treatment is recommended to optimise long-term VA benefits.</p></list-item><list-item><p>There are different approaches regarding when to commence treatment, ranging from immediate treatment to treatment after 1–3 months of observation.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Evidence suggests that delaying ranibizumab treatment results in slower overall anatomical improvements and lower net improvements in BCVA and vision-related QoL.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Initiation of ranibizumab treatment</italic><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>In accordance with the approved label, ranibizumab treatment should be initiated with monthly injections and continued until the patient's VA is stable for three consecutive monthly assessments performed while on treatment.</p></list-item><list-item><p>OCT permits detailed assessment and quantification of the degree and type of oedema and, as such, is considered essential for determining whether visual impairment in patients with RVO is caused by macular oedema.</p></list-item><list-item><p>If patients do not experience any improvement in BCVA for the initial three monthly assessments while on treatment, continued treatment is not recommended.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Treatment interruption</italic><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The attainment of stable VA for 3 consecutive months while on treatment (at least three injections when ranibizumab is initiated and a minimum of two injections if treatment is restarted) is considered sufficient for temporary interruption of treatment. Patients should continue to undergo monthly monitoring for VA.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Follow-up examinations to determine retreatment need</italic><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Monthly ranibizumab treatment is reinitiated when a loss of VA resulting from macular oedema secondary to RVO is observed.</p></list-item><list-item><p>No threshold for VA loss to trigger retreatment has been defined.</p></list-item><list-item><p>OCT should be performed to determine the extent of macular oedema; if VA has not changed but OCT clearly shows worsening, treatment may be considered on an individual basis (eg, according to previous history of dynamics of the VA related to OCT).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Formal assessments of QoL may be impractical in daily practice. However, the patient's perception of the benefits of the chosen treatment should be considered.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Additional laser treatment</italic><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>There is no evidence that combining grid macular laser photocoagulation with ranibizumab treatment provides additional clinical benefit for patients with visual impairment resulting from macular oedema secondary to BRVO.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Focal or panretinal laser photocoagulation in combination with anti-VEGF therapy is recommended by some physicians in the treatment of ischaemic retinal areas; the rationale for this approach is to decrease the amount of VEGF by reducing the ischaemic trigger.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Although not proven, this approach seems logical, but randomised clinical trials will be required to verify this approach.</p></list-item></list></p><p>BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; BRVO, branch retinal vein occlusion; CRVO, central retinal vein occlusion; OCT, optical coherence tomography; QoL, quality of life; RVO, retinal vein occlusion; VA, visual acuity; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="s3a"><title>Eligibility for ranibizumab treatment</title><sec id="s3a1"><title>Visual impairment</title><p>Ranibizumab is indicated for the treatment of visual impairment due to macular oedema secondary to BRVO or CRVO.<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> Reduced VA is a universally recognised indicator of visual impairment and the measure employed to indicate when ranibizumab treatment should commence. Although 20/40 has often been used as a threshold for VA impairment in clinical trials, many ophthalmologists would consider this too low. The physician's own judgement may better determine what VA loss or visual function loss is significant to the individual patient to commence treatment. There is no level of VA for which treatment is contraindicated as a rule; even patients with normal VA could present with significant impairment of contrast sensitivity or visual field. Therefore, although VA may be the leading indicator for treatment with ranibizumab in patients with RVO, other functional parameters may be useful on a patient-by-patient basis to fully determine the need for treatment.</p></sec><sec id="s3a2"><title>Hemiretinal vein occlusions</title><p>There is currently no universally accepted definition for hemiretinal vein occlusion. Previously, physicians have treated hemiretinal vein occlusion in the same manner as CRVO<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>; however, with the introduction of ranibizumab, a clinical approach similar to BRVO has been adopted.</p></sec><sec id="s3a3"><title>Ischaemic RVO</title><p>Ischaemic RVO has not been systematically addressed in clinical trials with ranibizumab. In the BRAVO and CRUISE studies, no patients from the BRAVO, and only two patients from the CRUISE study met the generally accepted definition for ischaemic RVO<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref><xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref><xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref> (≥10 disc areas of capillary non-perfusion).<xref rid="R55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref> Patients with brisk afferent pupillary defect,<xref rid="R56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref> a recognised indicator of ischaemia, were excluded from these studies.<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref><xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref> Because of the limited clinical experience with ranibizumab in the treatment of ischaemic RVO, the approved EU label does not recommend ranibizumab for patients presenting with irreversible ischaemic visual loss.</p><p>Physicians should use their own judgement in patients with macular ischaemia affecting the fovea as to whether any functional improvement might be achieved with ranibizumab treatment.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3b"><title>When should treatment with ranibizumab commence?</title><p>The correlation between duration of macular oedema and poorer visual outcomes in patients with RVO suggests that prompt initiation of treatment is beneficial. Although spontaneous resolution of macular oedema is seen in some patients,<xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref> it is difficult to predict the prognosis for patients with BRVO in the acute phase of the disease.<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> Patients with untreated, symptomatic BRVO presenting with poor VA (baseline VA ranging from 20/40 to 20/200) may experience some VA improvement over time; however, vision rarely improves beyond 20/40.<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref><xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref><xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref></p><p>In the BRAVO and CRUISE studies, significant improvements in BCVA were observed as early as 7 days after the first ranibizumab injection.<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref><xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref> Delaying ranibizumab treatment by 3 months (retinal vein occlusion) or 6 months (BRAVO and CRUISE) resulted in slower overall anatomical improvements and lower net improvements in BCVA and vision-related QoL at month 12.<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref><xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref><xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref> There are different approaches to initiating treatment, ranging from immediate treatment to treatment after 1–3 months of observation so as not to treat transitory decrease of vision associated with some forms of RVO. Although administration of intravitreal ranibizumab is not without risk, these risks may be minimal compared with delayed recovery and potential permanent damage from delaying treatment. Early treatment is recommended for patients with CRVO. In cases of BRVO in which VA is marginally affected, the benefit of observation versus early treatment should be thoroughly discussed with the patient. In general, early treatment is recommended to optimise long-term VA benefits.</p></sec><sec id="s3c"><title>Recommendations for the initiation of treatment</title><p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) permits detailed assessment and quantification of the degree and type of oedema and, as such, is considered essential for determining whether visual impairment is due to macular oedema in patients with RVO. In accordance with the approved label, ranibizumab treatment should be initiated with monthly injections and continued until maximum VA is achieved (ie, when VA is stable for three consecutive monthly assessments performed while on treatment; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="BJOPHTHALMOL2014305041F2">figure 2</xref>A). Because of the inherent variability in BCVA assessments, physicians should use their clinical judgement to determine when stable VA has been achieved.</p><fig id="BJOPHTHALMOL2014305041F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Timing of treatment initiation, interruption, retreatment and treatment termination with ranibizumab in retinal vein occlusion. (A) Monthly treatment is initiated and continued until maximum VA is achieved (‘maximum VA’ defined as: VA stable for three consecutive monthly assessments while on ranibizumab treatment). (B) Treatment is resumed when loss of VA is observed during monthly monitoring (monthly injections should be administered until VA is again stable for three consecutive monthly assessments while on ranibizumab treatment). (C) If no improvement in VA is observed over a course of three injections, continued treatment with ranibizumab is not recommended. BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; VA, visual acuity.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="bjophthalmol-2014-305041f02"></graphic></fig><p>Patients who do not experience any improvement in BCVA for the initial three monthly assessments while on treatment can be considered as non-responders to ranibizumab and continued treatment is not recommended. Fluorescein angiography may be performed during follow-up of these patients to evaluate any progression of ischaemia, but is not considered essential. OCT evaluation of these patients may also be important to guide future treatment.</p><p>When initiating treatment for RVO, physicians should be aware of systemic risk factors and refer patients to the appropriate specialist if necessary (see tables S1 and S2; online <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bjo.bmj.com/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305041/-/DC1">supplementary material</ext-link>).<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></p></sec><sec id="s3d"><title>Follow-up examinations to determine retreatment need</title><sec id="s3d1"><title>Best-corrected VA</title><p>Once stable VA is achieved, treatment can be interrupted; however, monthly monitoring should continue. Monthly ranibizumab treatment is reinitiated when a loss of VA resulting from macular oedema secondary to RVO is observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="BJOPHTHALMOL2014305041F2">figure 2</xref>B), and this treatment is continued until stable VA is again achieved for three consecutive monthly assessments while on treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="BJOPHTHALMOL2014305041F2">figure 2</xref>C). This recommendation is based on a retrospective analysis of VA response to initiation, interruption and reinitiation of ranibizumab treatment in the BRAVO and CRUISE studies. The visit at which VA had been stable for three consecutive monthly assessments while on treatment was named the ‘stability visit’. Mean VA change 1 month after the VA stability visit was +0.8 letters (BRAVO) and +1.7 letters (CRUISE). The mean VA change 1 month after ranibizumab reinitiation after VA loss was +6.6 letters (BRAVO) and +9.8 letters (CRUISE).<xref rid="R58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> Currently, the threshold at which to initiate retreatment because of VA loss has not been defined.</p></sec><sec id="s3d2"><title>Anatomical evaluation</title><p>At treatment initiation, OCT evaluation should be performed to determine whether the observed loss of VA can be attributed to macular oedema. Fluorescein angiography is recommended to assess the presence and extent of ischaemia (foveal and peripheral) as well as retinal neovascularisation, unless haemorrhage has prevented sufficient visibility.</p></sec><sec id="s3d3"><title>Quality of life</title><p>Formal assessments of QoL may be impractical in everyday clinical practice; however, the patient's perception of the benefits of the chosen treatment is an important factor and may be considered. At month 6, patients with BRVO treated with ranibizumab 0.5 mg experienced a mean improvement in the NEI VFQ-25 composite score of 10.4 points, compared with 5.4 points in the sham group (p<0.005).<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref><xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref> The corresponding values for patients with CRVO were 6.2 points compared with 2.8 points, respectively (p<0.01).<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref> During months 6–12, improvements in the ranibizumab 0.5 mg groups were maintained with PRN ranibizumab, and VFQ-25 scores increased when patients on sham were switched to ranibizumab.<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref><xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></p></sec></sec><sec id="s3e"><title>Additional laser treatment</title><p>For peripheral ischaemia, most ophthalmologists consider a degree of ischaemia of 5 disc diameters in BRVO, and 10 disc diameters in CRVO as significant. There is no evidence that addition of grid macular laser panretinal photocoagulation to ranibizumab treatment provides any additional clinical benefit for patients with visual impairment due to macular oedema secondary to BRVO. In fact, in the recent RABAMES Study (Hattenbach <italic>et al</italic>, 2013 submitted), additional laser treatment was shown to have no beneficial effect.</p><p>Selective scatter photocoagulation in combination with anti-VEGF therapy is recommended by some physicians for the treatment of extensive peripheral ischaemia. Indirect evidence suggests that laser treatment of ischaemic areas can decrease the amount of VEGF within the eye and, therefore, might have a synergistic effect with the anti-VEGF therapy, decreasing the number of injections required.<xref rid="R59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref> Although not proven, this approach seems logical, but randomised clinical trials are required to verify this approach. Of note, anti-VEGF therapy does not treat peripheral ischaemia and should be considered as supplemental therapy rather than replacement therapy. Laser therapy should not be performed before initiation of ranibizumab injections because this will worsen macular oedema.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Future considerations</title><p>These recommendations are likely to be updated as additional long-term data on the treatment of visual impairment caused by macular oedema secondary to RVO with ranibizumab become available. Endeavours to optimise therapeutic outcomes in patients with RVO while decreasing treatment burden and improving QoL are desirable, and increased clinical experience will ultimately allow physicians to make the best choices for their patients.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>The authors would like to acknowledge the following for their contribution to these guidelines: David Epstein (Sweden); Urban Eriksson (Sweden); Reinier Schlingemann (The Netherlands); Marta Misiuk-Hojło (Poland); Torben Lykke Sørensen (Denmark); Jana Stefanickova (Slovakia); Rufino Silva (Portugal); Rita Flores (Portugal); Jiří Řehák (Czech Republic); Laurence Postelmans (Belgium); Eleni Loukianou (Cyprus); Sebastian Wolf (Switzerland); Justus Garweg (Switzerland); Nicole Eter (Germany); Nicolas Feltgen (Germany); Stavros Dimitrakos (Greece); Valerie Krivosic (France); Catherine Creuzot-Garcher (France); Francesco Bandello (Italy); Paolo Lanzetta (Italy); Andrea Sodi (Italy); Monica Varano (Italy); Yit Yang (UK); Francisco Gómez-Ulla (Spain); Luis Arias (Spain); and Marta S Figueroa (Spain). The authors would also like to acknowledge Kate Haynes of Chameleon Communications International, who provided medical writing services with funding from Novartis Pharma AG.</p></ack><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Funding:</bold> The expert panel meeting was sponsored by Novartis Pharma AG. As funding sponsors, they have had the opportunity to review the manuscript, but did not have authority to change any aspect of the manuscript. Funding for the expert panel meeting and medical writing services was provided by Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Competing interests:</bold> HG received payment as a consultant to Novartis, Bayer and Allergan, and lecture honoraria from Novartis, Bayer and Heidelberg Engineering. JM has acted as a consultant/advisor to Novartis, Alcon, Allergan, Bayer, Ophthotech, Notal vision and Alimera. He has received grant support from Novartis, Bayer and Ophthotech and lecture fees from Novartis, Allergan and Ophthotech. RT has financial relationships with the following: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Allergan, Alcon, Bausch + Lomb, Bayer HealthCare, Alimera, DORC, FCI, Pfizer, Thea and Takeda. FB has received payment as a consultant to Novartis, Bayer, Alcon, ThromboGenics, Alimera and Allergan, and lecture honoraria from Novartis and Bayer. 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