Revision of the Afrotropical Oberthuerellinae (Cynipoidea, Liopteridae)
Identifieur interne : 000438 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000437; suivant : 000439Revision of the Afrotropical Oberthuerellinae (Cynipoidea, Liopteridae)
Auteurs : Matthew L. Buffington ; Simon Van NoortSource :
- ZooKeys [ 1313-2989 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
The Afrotropical
Url:
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.202.2136
PubMed: 22773909
PubMed Central: 3381702
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Revision of the Afrotropical Oberthuerellinae (Cynipoidea, Liopteridae)</title><author><name sortKey="Buffington, Matthew L" sort="Buffington, Matthew L" uniqKey="Buffington M" first="Matthew L." last="Buffington">Matthew L. Buffington</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Systematic Entomology Lab, USDA, c/o Smithsonian NMNH, 10th & Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC 20013</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Noort, Simon" sort="Van Noort, Simon" uniqKey="Van Noort S" first="Simon" last="Van Noort">Simon Van Noort</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22773909</idno><idno type="pmc">3381702</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3381702</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3381702</idno><idno type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.202.2136</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000438</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Revision of the Afrotropical Oberthuerellinae (Cynipoidea, Liopteridae)</title><author><name sortKey="Buffington, Matthew L" sort="Buffington, Matthew L" uniqKey="Buffington M" first="Matthew L." last="Buffington">Matthew L. Buffington</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Systematic Entomology Lab, USDA, c/o Smithsonian NMNH, 10th & Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC 20013</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Noort, Simon" sort="Van Noort, Simon" uniqKey="Van Noort S" first="Simon" last="Van Noort">Simon Van Noort</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ZooKeys</title><idno type="ISSN">1313-2989</idno><idno type="eISSN">1313-2970</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><label>Abstract</label><p>The Afrotropical <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerellinae</named-content> are revised, and new dichotomous and multi-entry keys to the species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic> are provided. All previously described species in these genera are redescribed; descriptions are augmented by color images of the holotype for each species. The following 11 species are described as new: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella cyclopia</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella eschara</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic> van Noort & Buffington; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella sharkeyi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella simba</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips ronquisti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort. We provide identification keys to the genera and species occurring in the Afrotropical region. Online dichotomous and interactive Lucid keys to genera and species are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm">http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm</ext-link></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benoit, Plg" uniqKey="Benoit P">PLG Benoit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benoit, Plg" uniqKey="Benoit P">PLG Benoit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buffington, Ml" uniqKey="Buffington M">ML Buffington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gates, M" uniqKey="Gates M">M Gates</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buffington, Ml" uniqKey="Buffington M">ML Buffington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burks, R" uniqKey="Burks R">R Burks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcneil, L" uniqKey="Mcneil L">L McNeil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buffington, Ml" uniqKey="Buffington M">ML Buffington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Noort, S" uniqKey="Van Noort S">S van Noort</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fontal Cazalla, Fm" uniqKey="Fontal Cazalla F">FM Fontal-Cazalla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buffington, Ml" uniqKey="Buffington M">ML Buffington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nordlander, G" uniqKey="Nordlander G">G Nordlander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liljeblad, J" uniqKey="Liljeblad J">J Liljeblad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ros Farre, P" uniqKey="Ros Farre P">P Ros-Farré</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nieves Aldrey, Jl" uniqKey="Nieves Aldrey J">JL Nieves-Aldrey,</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pujade Villar, J" uniqKey="Pujade Villar J">J Pujade-Villar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ronquist, F" uniqKey="Ronquist F">F Ronquist</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harris, Ra" uniqKey="Harris R">RA Harris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hedicke, H" uniqKey="Hedicke H">H Hedicke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hedicke, H" uniqKey="Hedicke H">H Hedicke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerrich, G" uniqKey="Kerrich G">G Kerrich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Internation Code Of Zoological Nomenclature" uniqKey="Internation Code Of Zoological Nomenclature">Internation Code of Zoological Nomenclature</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnson, N" uniqKey="Johnson N">N Johnson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kerr, P" uniqKey="Kerr P">P Kerr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, E" uniqKey="Fisher E">E Fisher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buffington, Ml" uniqKey="Buffington M">ML Buffington</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kieffer, J J" uniqKey="Kieffer J">J-J Kieffer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kieffer, J J" uniqKey="Kieffer J">J-J Kieffer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kieffer, J J" uniqKey="Kieffer J">J-J Kieffer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Z" uniqKey="Liu Z">Z Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ronquist, F" uniqKey="Ronquist F">F Ronquist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nordlander, G" uniqKey="Nordlander G">G Nordlander</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liljeblad, J" uniqKey="Liljeblad J">J Liljeblad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nieves Aldrey, Jl" uniqKey="Nieves Aldrey J">JL Nieves-Aldrey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neser, S" uniqKey="Neser S">S Neser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Melika, G" uniqKey="Melika G">G Melika</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Melika, G" uniqKey="Melika G">G Melika</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prinsloo, Gl" uniqKey="Prinsloo G">GL Prinsloo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quinlan, J" uniqKey="Quinlan J">J Quinlan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Penev, L" uniqKey="Penev L">L Penev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharkey, M" uniqKey="Sharkey M">M Sharkey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erwin, T" uniqKey="Erwin T">T Erwin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Noort, S" uniqKey="Van Noort S">S van Noort</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buffington, M" uniqKey="Buffington M">M Buffington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seltmann, K" uniqKey="Seltmann K">K Seltmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, N" uniqKey="Johnson N">N Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, M" uniqKey="Taylor M">M Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, C" uniqKey="Thompson C">C Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dallwitz, M" uniqKey="Dallwitz M">M Dallwitz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ronquist, F" uniqKey="Ronquist F">F Ronquist</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ronquist, F" uniqKey="Ronquist F">F Ronquist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nordlander, G" uniqKey="Nordlander G">G Nordlander</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saussure, H De" uniqKey="Saussure H">H de Saussure</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Noort, S" uniqKey="Van Noort S">S van Noort</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stone, Gn" uniqKey="Stone G">GN Stone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whitehead, Vb" uniqKey="Whitehead V">VB Whitehead</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nieves Aldrey, Jl" uniqKey="Nieves Aldrey J">JL Nieves-Aldrey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weld, Lh" uniqKey="Weld L">LH Weld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weld, Lh" uniqKey="Weld L">LH Weld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yoder, Mj" uniqKey="Yoder M">MJ Yoder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mik, I" uniqKey="Mik I">I Mikó</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seltmann, K" uniqKey="Seltmann K">K Seltmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertone, Ma" uniqKey="Bertone M">MA Bertone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deans, Ar" uniqKey="Deans A">AR Deans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ZooKeys</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22773909</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3381702</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.202.2136</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Revision of the Afrotropical Oberthuerellinae (Cynipoidea, Liopteridae)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buffington</surname><given-names>Matthew L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:603275DE-9AE3-40C6-8AD7-6A2AF7485F35</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Noort</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:7CCD166F-F1FA-43DA-B582-4E84EAF59AD1</uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Systematic Entomology Lab, USDA, c/o Smithsonian NMNH, 10th & Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC 20013</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Matthew L. Buffington (<email>matt.buffington@ars.usda.gov</email>)</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Academic editor: N. Johnson</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><issue>202</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>154</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>9</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Matthew L. Buffington, Simon van Noort</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4E2F5872-37BF-4ECB-8518-29E40735F4B3</self-uri><abstract><label>Abstract</label><p>The Afrotropical <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerellinae</named-content> are revised, and new dichotomous and multi-entry keys to the species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic> are provided. All previously described species in these genera are redescribed; descriptions are augmented by color images of the holotype for each species. The following 11 species are described as new: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella cyclopia</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella eschara</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic> van Noort & Buffington; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella sharkeyi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella simba</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort; and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips ronquisti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort. We provide identification keys to the genera and species occurring in the Afrotropical region. Online dichotomous and interactive Lucid keys to genera and species are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm">http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm</ext-link></p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd>Africa</kwd><kwd>Afrotropical region</kwd><kwd>Cynipoidea</kwd><kwd>Hymenoptera</kwd><kwd>identification key</kwd><kwd>Liopteridae</kwd><kwd>Madagascar</kwd><kwd>systematics</kwd><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>
</kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The Afrotropical <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cynipoidea</named-content> are taxonomically and biologically poorly known, a situation typical for the majority of wasp taxa from this region. The lack of knowledge on cynipoid systematics is exemplified by the recent revision of the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pycnostigminae</named-content> (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Figitidae</named-content>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Buffington and van Noort 2007</xref>), where species richness of the Afrotropical members of this subfamily was elevated by 86%. As a consequence of the under-documentation of the region's diversity, the process of unraveling the biology of the Afrotropical cynipoid wasps is also in its infancy. Some recent headway has been made with a recent biological study of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rhoophilus loewi</named-content></italic> (van Noort et al. 2006) and the discovery of two true indigenous gall formers, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phanacis neserorum</named-content></italic> (Melika & Prinsloo, 2007), and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Qwaqwaia scolopiae</named-content></italic> Liljeblad, Nieves-Aldrey and Melika, the latter meriting the description of a new genus and establishment of a new tribe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Liljeblad et al. 2011</xref>). However, the biology of the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Liopteridae</named-content> is even more poorly known, with only a few published rearing records: two species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kiefferiella</named-content></italic> Ashmead were reared from buprestids (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acmaeodera pulchella</named-content></italic> (Herbst)) in infested logs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Weld 1956</xref>); a <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Kieferiella</named-content></italic> species and a <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paramablynotus</named-content></italic> Cameron species were reared from trees in the family <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Fabaceae</named-content>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Prosopis glandulosa</named-content></italic> Torr. and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dalberghia fusca</named-content></italic> Pierre, respectively (Ronquist, 1995). These associations are all for representatives of the subfamily <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Mayrellinae</named-content> with no records available for the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Liopterinae</named-content> or <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerellinae</named-content>.</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist (1995)</xref> regarded the Afrotropical <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Liopteridae</named-content> to be poorly sampled, which was confirmed by a recent revision of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paramblynotus</named-content></italic> where species richness for the region was elevated from three previously described species to 26 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Liu et al. 2007</xref>). Prior to the revision of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paramblynotus</named-content></italic>, only 19 species of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Liopteridae</named-content> were known from the Afrotropical Region. We elevate the current total to 53 species with the description of 11 new species in this paper.</p><p>The original description of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic> Saussure, the type species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> Saussure, was based solely on an illustration and a name (Saussure, 1890), and no holotype was ever designated. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kieffer (1904)</xref> provided a more robust description of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weld (1952)</xref> suggested a specimen in MHNG (Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland) might be the type; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan (1979)</xref>, however, provided convincing evidence against this latter specimen being the type (based on collection date), and to this date, no holotype specimen has been discovered for <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hedicke and Kerrich (1940)</xref> were the first to propose the subfamily group-name <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerellinae</named-content>, and included the subfamily in an updated key to the liopterids. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan (1979)</xref> provided further diagnosis of the subfamily, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist (1995)</xref> provided not only eight synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of the subfamily, but also recovered the subfamily as sister-group to <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Liopterinae</named-content>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Benoit (1955)</xref> added greatly to our knowledge of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by describing the majority of species we recognize today. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content></italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Hedicke (1912)</xref> remained monotypic until <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Benoit (1955)</xref> added two species, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan (1979)</xref> added one additional species. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic> Kieffer (1910) was redescribed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan (1979)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist (1995)</xref>, but up to this writing, no new species have been proposed.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p>Oberthuerellines are rarely collected cynipoids. Intensive collections in South Africa, Congo, Central African Republic and Kenya have yielded precious few of these uncommon insects. Many of the specimens representing new taxa presented here are based on these freshly collected field samples, underscoring that further fieldwork would undoubtedly result in additional new species. We are hopeful that the descriptions, diagnoses and keys presented herein and on <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.waspweb.org">www.waspweb.org</ext-link> will provide the foundation for future research on these enigmatic wasps.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Freshly collected specimens were point-mounted on black or white, acid-free cards for examination (using a Wild M-5 stereomicroscope with incandescent and fluorescent light sources), photography and long-term preservation. Images were acquired using the EntoVision multiple-focus imaging system. This system comprises a Leica M16 microscope with a JVC KY-75U 3-CCD digital video camera attached that fed image data to a notebook computer. The program Cartograph 5.6.0 was then used to merge an image series (representing typically 10–15 focal planes) into a single in-focus image. Diffused lighting was achieved using techniques summarized in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Buffington et al. (2005)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kerr et al. (2009)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Buffington and Gates (2009)</xref>. Morphological terminology follows that of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Fontal-Cazalla et al. (2002)</xref> and Nordlander and Ronquist (1989); cuticular surface terminology follows <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Harris (1979)</xref>. Descriptions and maps were generated using vSyslab (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Johnson 2008</xref>). Identification keys were produced in 3 formats to facilitate accessibility by a range of end-users (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Penev et al. 2009</xref>): 1. Traditional dichotomous keys that include incorporation of colour annotated images above each couplet facilitating the recognition of diagnostic characters. These are published below and made available as static keys on <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.waspweb.org">www.waspweb.org</ext-link>; 2. Online interactive Lucid Phoenix keys were produced and are hosted on <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.waspweb.org">www.waspweb.org</ext-link>; 3. Online interactive Lucid matrix keys were produced using output from the vSyslab and hosted on <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.waspweb.org">www.waspweb.org</ext-link>. Although Lucid Phoenix keys are interactive keys they are still dichotomous and a choice needs to be made at each key couplet to continue. Lucid matrix keys, on the other hand, use a different approach where relevant states from multiple character features can be selected independently until identification is achieved (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.lucidcentral.org">www.lucidcentral.org</ext-link>).</p><p>Morphological terms used in this revision were matched to the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Hymenoptera</named-content> Anatomy Ontology (HAO, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Yoder et al. 2010</xref>) (Appendix I). Identifiers (URIs) in the format http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HAO_XXXXXXX represent anatomical concepts in HAO version <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/hao/2011-05-18/hao.owl">http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/hao/2011-05-18/hao.owl</ext-link>. They are provided to enable readers to confirm their understanding of the anatomical structures being referenced. To find out more about a given structure, including, images, references, and other metadata, use the identifier as a web-link, or use the HAO:XXXXXXX (note colon replaces underscore) as a search term at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://glossary.hymao.org">http://glossary.hymao.org</ext-link>. All images presented in this paper are freely available through <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://morphbank.net">http://morphbank.net</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.waspweb.org">http://www.waspweb.org</ext-link> using the link to individual collections found at the beginning of each species description.</p><sec sec-type="List of depositories"><title>List of depositories</title><p><abbrev>BMNH<def><p> The Natural History Museum, London: Curator David Notton</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>DEI<def><p> Senckenberg Deutches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde, Germany. Curator: Andreas Taeger</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>MHNG<def><p> Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland. Curator: John Hollier</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>MNHN<def><p> Natural History Museum, Paris, France. Curator: Claire Villemant</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>MRAC<def><p> Africa Museum, Tervuren, Belgium. Curator: Eliane de Conick</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>SAMC<def><p> Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa. Curator: Simon van Noort</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>SANC<def><p> South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa. Curator: Janine Kelly.</p></def></abbrev></p><p><abbrev>USNM<def><p> National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA. Curator: Matthew Buffington.</p></def></abbrev></p></sec><sec sec-type="Key to Afrotropical liopterid genera both sexes (modified from Ronquist 1995)"><title>Key to Afrotropical liopterid genera both sexes (modified from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist 1995</xref>)</title><p>(Available online at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm">http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm</ext-link>)</p><table-wrap content-type="key" orientation="portrait" id="d35e499" position="float"><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i001"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Claws simple, without basal lobes. Metasomal tergite 6 of females longer dorsally than ventrally in lateral view, posteroventral margin sinuate, strongly curving forward in lateral view, and not covering ventral portion of T7. Scutellum with auricula (laterally with semilunar, slightly impressed area set off by distinct carina). Posterolateral pronotal margin not incised, mesopleural triangle not deeply impressed anteriorly (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Mayrellinae</named-content>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paramblynotus</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i002"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pro- and mesotarsal claws with basal, lamellate lobe. Metasomal tergite 6 of females as long ventrally as dorsally in lateral view; posterior margin straight to gently curved forward in lateral view and covering ventral portion of T7. Scutellum laterally without auricula. Posterolateral pronotal margin distinctly inflected in front of mesopleural triangle, the latter deeply impressed anteriorly (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerellinae</named-content>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i003"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>2A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesopleural surface not concave; mesopleural impression present; mesopleuron at least partly horizontally strigate ventrally. Anterior metatibial spur shorter than posterior metatibial spur. Metasomal terga 3–5 fused, inter-tergal sutures at least partly invisible</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i004"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesopleural surface distinctly concave, the concavity forming oblique, shallow femoral groove; mesopleural impression absent; mesopleuron not horizontally strigate ventrally. Metatibial spurs subequal in length, elongate. Metasomal terga 3–5 not fused, inter-tergal sutures distinct</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i005"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>3A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pronotal crest produced into conspicuous tooth-like process. Ventral margin of mesopleural impression visible as well-defined ventral margin of obliquely costate area of mesopleuron. Metanotal trough absent. Metafemoral spine triangular, broad-based, oblique</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i006"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pronotal crest not produced into conspicuous tooth-like process, but occasionally produced into small, triangular process. Ventral margin of mesopleural impression not marked. Metanotal trough clearly indicated. Metafemoral spine elongate, narrow-based, erect</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec><title>Taxonomy</title><sec sec-type="Subfamily Oberthuerellinae"><title>Subfamily <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerellinae</named-content></title><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Saussure</named-content></p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/index.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Saussure, 1890: plate 20, fig. 20. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic> Saussure, by monotypy.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> can be readily distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic> by having distinct metasomal terga (tergites 3–5) with the inter-tergal sutures not fused. Mesopleuron is also distinctly concave, the concavity forming an oblique, shallow femoral groove; the mesopleural impression is absent and the ventral part of the mesopleuron is without horizontal, linear sculpture; the metatibial spurs are subequal in length, elongate. The lack of a pronotal crest produced into a conspicuous tooth-like process easily distinguishes <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content></italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Biology"><title>Biology.</title><p>Unknown.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Included species"><title>Included species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content></italic> Quinlan, 1979: 111</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella aureopilosa</named-content></italic> Benoit, 1955: 290</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella breviscutellaris</named-content></italic> Benoit, 1955: 286</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella crassicornis</named-content></italic> Benoit, 1955: 289</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella compressa</named-content></italic> Benoit, 1955: 292. Synonymy by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan (1979)</xref>.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella cyclopia</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella eschara</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic> van Noort & Buffington, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic> Saussure, 1890: plate 20; fig. 20</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longicaudata</named-content></italic> Benoit, 1955: 291</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longispinosa</named-content></italic> Benoit, 1955: 290</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigra</named-content></italic> Kieffer, 1910a: 110. Holotype male previously in ZMHB, now missing (Ronquist, 1995). Not examined.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content></italic> Benoit, 1955 : 288</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella sharkeyi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella simba</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella tibialis</named-content></italic> Kieffer, 1904: 107</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella transiens</named-content></italic> (Benoit); new combination by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist (1995)</xref>.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella transiens</named-content></italic> Benoit, 1955: 283.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella triformis</named-content></italic> Quinlan, 1979: 115</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Key to Oberthuerella species (both sexes; modified from Quinlan 1979)"><title>Key to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> species (both sexes; modified from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan 1979</xref>)</title></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type=""><title></title><p>(Available online at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm">http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm</ext-link>)</p><table-wrap content-type="key" orientation="portrait" id="d35e775" position="float"><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i007"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Metasoma with terga 3–5 conspicuously setose</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i008"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Metasoma with terga 3–5 glabrous or with sparse setae on tergite 5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i009"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesoscutum covered with long, dense, pale setae; speculum shagreened; metasoma reddish-brown with white setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella simba</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i010"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesoscutum covered with long, sparse, dark setae; speculum smooth; metasoma burnt-orange with orange setae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella aureopilosa</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i011"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petiole slightly more than 3× longer than as long as wide; forewing with a non-infuscate, distal subquadrate window; areolet absent, cubital cell open along ventral margin</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella transiens</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i012"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petiole not more than 2× longer than wide. Forewing more evenly infuscate; areolet present or absent, cubital cell open or closed along ventral margin</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i013"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median keel of face very short, not extending ventrally of horizontal line drawn between ventral margins of toruli</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i014"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median keel long, extending ventrally of horizontal line drawn between ventral margins of toruli</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i015"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scutellar spine as long as petiole in dorsal view</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i016"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scutellar spine distinctly shorter than petiole in dorsal view</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella triformis</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i017"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pronotum dorsally and laterally distinctly striate, wave-like, with some irregular fovea</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i018"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pronotum dorsally and laterally foveate, with only slight striations present</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i019"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Metasoma all black to dark brownish/red in color; peg-like setae absent on posterior margin of metasomal terga 6, 7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i020"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Metasoma burnt orange in color; peg-like setae (arrowed) present on posterior margin of metasomal terga 6, 7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i021"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median scutellar fovea absent, two distinct scutellar foveae subdivided into 10 subfoveae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella breviscutellaris</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i022"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median scutellar fovea present, with two lateral foveae subdivided into 2 subfovea</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella sharkeyi</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i023"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speculum smooth ventrally</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i024"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speculum gently shagreened ventrally</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella cyclopia</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i025"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dorso-ventral grooves of face present; clypeo-pleurostomal line present</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella eschara</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i026"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Middle to lower face horizontally striate or foveate, dorso-ventral grooves of face absent; clypeo-pleurostomal line absent.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i027"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pronotum and mesoscutum with smooth to shagreened space between individual fovea</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i028"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pronotum and mesoscutum with fovea abutting each other, resulting in a craggy appearance</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i029"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Facial triangle present along midline of face, terminating at dorsal margin of clypeus; Scutellar foveae divided into 3 subfoveae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longicaudata</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i030"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Facial triangle absent, instead, area is deeply costate-foveate, with or without thin longitudinal keel; scutellar foveae subdivided into 5–6 subfovea</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i031"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Head, mesosoma, and legs black to very dark brown</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i032"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Legs and metasoma orange/yellow</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i033"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal facial keel narrow, extending ventrally to clypeu</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longispinosa</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i034"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longitudinal facial keel narrow dorsally, becoming irregularly widened ventrally, ending dorsally of clypeus</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella crassicornis</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i035"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anterior base of scutellum with 5 fovea; admedial lines indistinct to absent; mesoscutal surface dominated by shallow fovea, with more distinct transverse striations</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i036"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anterior base of scutellum with 7 fovea; admedial lines present, distinct; mesoscutal surface with distinct fovea</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella tibialis</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i037"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petiole black, remaining metasoma entirely dark brown or black</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i038"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petiole black, remaining metasoma entirely orange or yellow</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content></italic></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">abscinda</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Quinlan</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181552</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704704–704714</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_abscinda.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_abscinda</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figures 1</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">–2</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Quinlan, 1979: 111</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma black to dark brown, metasoma yellow-orange; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head; pronotum, mesoscutum striate-foveate.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, wider than high, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, dense setae covering head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput with one costula. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) long, ratio of length of gena length/to length of compound eye in dorsal view > 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena present, with distinct fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) with some weak subvertical, irregular strigae. Ocelli large, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus > 0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to posterior margin of clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at medial keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus foveate-punctate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally; glabrous. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face present. Dorsal aspect of vertex variously strigate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>.Articulation between flagellomeres connate with flagellomeres broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Male antenna composed of 12 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2, black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, distinctly widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoid sensillae absent. Distal flagellomeres of female not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, flat, indistinct, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally irregularly horizontally costate with occasional fovea, ventrally smooth. Subpleuron entirely smooth, glabrous. Lower mesopleuron micro-pit<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ted anteriorly, smooth and glabrous posteriorly. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreened, ventrally bulbous near mesosternum. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, striate. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, becoming dorsoventrally striate posteriorly. Scutellar spine less than 1.0× as long as petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, with lateral fovea bissected by longitudinal carina, resulting in five longitudinally elongate subfoveae. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodial complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, present, small and narrow. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent, hind coxa smooth. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal metatibial spurs equal in length to medial metatibial spurs.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Forewing Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of forewing Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of wing, directed towards posterior end of forewing basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of forewing R1 (the abscissa between forewing 2r and the wing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet present, complete. Hair fringe along, apical margin of forewing absent glabrous.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel of petiole absent.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally and dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 absent. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel.</p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content></italic> Quinlan, holotype <bold>A</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>B</bold> lateral habitus <bold>C</bold> head, anterior view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsolateral view <bold>E</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content></italic> Quinlan, holotype <bold>A</bold> hind femur and tibia <bold>B</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>E</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g002"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species most closely resembles <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longispinosa</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella crassicornis</named-content></italic>, and can be separated from the former by having an incomplete median keel on the face (median keel reaching the dorsal margin of the clypeus present in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longispinosa</named-content></italic> with a keel that reaches the dorsal clypeal margin), and from the latter by having yellow/orange legs (legs dark brown/black in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia<bold>. Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181552">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181552</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p><italic>Holotype</italic> female: <bold>ZAMBIA:</bold> Mbala (‘Abercorn'), 31.XII.1943 (BMNH). <italic>Paratype</italic>: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Eala, XII-1932, A. Corbisier (1 female, MRAC 0014 (MRAC)); <bold>ZAMBIA:</bold> Mbala (‘Abercorn'), 31.XII.1943 (BMNH).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aureopilosa</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Benoit</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181553</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704715–704728</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_aureopilosa.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_aureopilosa</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figures 3</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">–4</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella aureopilosa</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Benoit, 1955: 290.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma black to dark brown, metasoma yellow-orange; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum; deeply horizontally striate on mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, wider than high, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, dense setae covering head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3 in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) with some weak subvertical, irregular strigae. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at midline of face.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially straight, not projecting. Clypeus foveate-punctate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex variously strigate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, deeply costulate with remnants of foveae. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, smooth. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, marked by deep furrows of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface horizontally striate. Median mesoscutal impression present, medium in length, reaching 1/4 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigulate, with striae converging along posterior margin of sclerite. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreened, ventrally bulbous near mesosternum. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, smooth to micro-pitted.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula entirely smooth. Scutellum spine less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, each lateral fovea with two longitudinal divisions, central fovea smooth, resulting in transverse row of 7 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae present, short, ending at posterior margin of foveae. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, two strong medial fovea, laterally strongly excavated<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Pubescence present along posterior and ventral margins of metapleuron, long, dense; long and thin on propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space densely setose. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, rounded.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing present, long, dense on most of surface. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet present, complete. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Petiole about as long as wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 present, interrupted dorsally, extending laterally to middle of sclerite. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 straight. Sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, composed to dense seta bearing punctures, interrupted dorsally on T3–5; dense setae present across entire metasomal surface. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 gently sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella aureopilosa</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>E</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view <bold>F</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsolateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella aureopilosa</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> fore and hind wing <bold>E</bold> forewing <bold>F</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g004"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Easily distinguished from all other <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by the predominance of golden setae on head, mesosoma, and metasoma; this feature is only shared with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella simba</named-content></italic>, but this latter species has the speculum shagreened (smooth in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella aureopilosa</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of the Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181553">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181553</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Maniema Prov., Kindu, XI-1913, L. Burgeon, Mus. Cong. Cyn1-7 (deposited in MRAC).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">breviscutellaris</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Benoit</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181554</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704729–704740</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_breviscutellaris.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_breviscutellaris</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figures 5</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">–6</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella breviscutellaris</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Benoit, 1955: 286.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma black to dark brown; metasoma, legs yellow-orange. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply striate on head, costate with remnants of foveae on pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at medial keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially straight, not projecting. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex variously strigate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labio-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Distal ma<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>rgin of subapical segment of maxillary palp straight, apical segment bending outwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, deeply costulate with remnants of foveae. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, transversely striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, deeply transversely costate. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface horizontally striate. Median mesoscutal impression present, short, indicated by notch. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigulate, with striae converging along posterior margin of sclerite. Subpleuron entirely smooth with long, white setae over entire surface. Lower mesopleuron micro-pitted anteriorly, smooth and glabrous posteriorly. Epicnemial carina present, running from mesoscutum to anterior margin of mesopleural carina, narrow ventrally, costate. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, distinctly reticulate. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, becoming dorsoventrally striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, two, each with four longitudinal divisions resulting in transverse row of 10 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae present, short, ending at posterior margin of foveae. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar with strong strigate sculpture, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area abruptly broadened anteriorly, with an indicated longitudinal division. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, two strong medial fovea, laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, absent. Pubescence thin, evenly covering entire metapectal-propodeal complex. Propodeal spurs present, crenulate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina terminating before reaching nucha. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, foveate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw microcarinate. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex <0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent forewing veins. Forewing entirely infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally finely punctate, posteriorly with distinct bands of setiferous pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 present. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 distinctly sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, serrate at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella breviscutellaris</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view; D. head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsolateral view <bold>F</bold> head, anterior view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella breviscutellaris</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>B</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> forewing <bold>D</bold> hindwing <bold>E</bold> wing slide overview <bold>F</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g006"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species has a distinctly striate lateral aspect of the pronotum, as well as a horizontally striate mesopleuron; these features are shared with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella sharkeyi</named-content></italic>, but differs from the former by having an entirely orange metasoma (dark brown/black in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic>), and differs from the latter having 10 subfovea present at the anterior base of the scutellum (4 subfovea in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella sharkeyi</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Zimbabwe. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181554">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181554</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Lulua Prov., Luatshi (Luashi), XI-1938, F. Freyne, Mus. Cong. Cyn1-3 (deposited in MRAC). <italic>Other material</italic>: <bold>KENYA:</bold> Coast Prov., Shimba Hills, coastal rainforest, Makadara Forest, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">04°13.651'S, 39°25.910'E</named-content>, 22.X–5.XI.2008, R. Copeland (1 female, USNM ENT 00764776 (USNM)). (Further material listed in Quinlan, 1979).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">crassicornis</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Benoit</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181565</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704741–704753 (Oberthuerella compressa holotype); 704754–704766 (Oberthuerella crassicornis holotype)</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_crassicornis.htm</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_compressa.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_crassicornis</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figures 7</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">–10</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella crassicornis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Benoit, 1955: 289</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella compressa</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Benoit, 1955: 292. Synonymy by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan (1979)</xref>.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma black to dark brown; metasoma, legs yellow-orange. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum; deeply horizontally striate on mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena present, with distinct fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture almost entirely foveate, slightly horizontally striate along median keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially straight, not projecting. Clypeus foveate-punctate; horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, makred by deep furrows, slightly increasing in width posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, flat, indistinct, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Median mesoscutal impression present, medium in length, reaching 1/4 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigulate, with striae converging on remnant fovea along posterior margin of sclerite. Subpleuron anteriorly smooth, polished, posteriorly with remnants of fovea. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, glabrous; costate laterally, ventrally. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, smooth. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, becoming dorsoventrally striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, greater than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely foveate. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, with lateral foveal bissected by longitudinal carina, resulting in five longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar with strong strigate sculpture, narrow.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area abruptly broadened anteriorly, with an indicated longitudinal division. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, two strong medial fovea, laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, present, small and narrow. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space densely setose. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing present, long, dense on most of surface. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. About as long as wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 distinctly sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, smooth at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella compressa</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head, anterior view <bold>F</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g007"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella compressa</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> scutellum and petiole, lateral view <bold>B</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>E</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>F</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="F9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella crassicornis</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head, anterior view <bold>F</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g009"></graphic></fig><fig id="F10" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 10.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella crassicornis</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsolateral view <bold>B</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>E</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>F</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g010"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Most easily confused with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longispinosa</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content></italic>, but can be separated from the former by the incomplete median keel on the face (complete and of consistent width from the toruli to the dorsal margin of the clypeus), and from the latter by the legs being all yellow/orange (dark brown/black in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi<bold>. Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181565">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181565</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Mai-Ndombe Prov., Bena-Bendi, V-1915, R. Mayné, Mus. Cong. Cyn1-6 (deposited in MRAC). Holotype, female, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella crassicornis</named-content></italic>: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Eala, VII-1935, J. Ghesquière, Mus. Cong. Cyn1-4 (deposited in MRAC).</p><p>(Further material listed in Quinlan, 1979)</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cyclopia</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F1FACF31-3079-489C-8E8A-C067767BB267</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300215</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704617–704625</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_cyclopia.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_cyclopia</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figures 11</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">, 12A–C</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma black to dark brown; metasoma and legs yellow-orange. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum; deeply horizontally striate on mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, dense setation covering head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena absent, smooth. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) with distinct subvertical, slightly and evenly curved costulae. Carina issuing from lateral margin of postocciput absent. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2-0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocellus, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at midline of face. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face present, with several parallel or subparallel carinae. Ventral <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows a<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>bsent. Lateral frontal carina of face present. Dorsal aspect of vertex shagreened with faint remnants of carinae. Posterior aspect of vertex smooth. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp as long as apical segment. Labial palp composed of three segments. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of three segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) curved inwards. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp slanting inwards, apical segment bending inwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp 1–1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 as long as F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, foveate. Anteroventral inflection of pronotum broad, particularly adjacent to anterior part of <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>pronotal plate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum absent. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, flat, indistinct, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally irregularly horizontally costate with occasional fovea, ventrally smooth. Subpleuron entirely smooth, glabrous. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, glabrous; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina present, running from mesoscutum to anterior margin of mesopleural carina, ventrally bulbous. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, distinctly reticulate. Mesopleural carina present, complete, composed of several long, irregular, curved carinae. Anterior end of mesopleural carina inserting above notch in anterior margin of mesopleuron.</p><p><italic>Scutullum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum irregularly rugulose; foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula entirely smooth. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, greater than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, two, each with two longitudinal divisions resulting in transverse row of 6 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae present, short, ending before scutellar spine. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar with strong strigate sculpture, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, with distinct laterally protruding lobe ventrally. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, smooth, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, present, small and narrow. Pubescence thin, evenly covering entire metapectal-propodeal complex.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Propodeal spurs present, crenulate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina terminating before reaching nucha. Inter propodeal carinae space densely setose. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex <0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing present, sparse across entire wing surface. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet present, complete. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing present, very short.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Stout, 1.5–1.75× wider than long. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally finely punctate, posteriorly with distinct bands of setiferous pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, glabrous save for few, long setae. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 gently sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F11" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 11.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella cyclopia</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> meso- and metapleurae, lateral view <bold>E</bold> head and pronotum, lateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g011"></graphic></fig><fig id="F12" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 12.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella cyclopia</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head anterior view <bold>B</bold> posterior margin of metasoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> labels <bold>D</bold><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella eschara</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype label.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g012"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by dorsally crenulate, ventrally shagreened speculum. Most easily confused with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic>, but separated by the median keel on face extending beyond the toruli (ending before ventral margin of toruli in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p><italic>Cyclops</italic> is a Greek name for a mythical, giant primordial race of humanoids with a single eye in their forehead; the name refers to the unusually large size of this species.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of the Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300215">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300215</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Medje, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">02°25'N, 27°15'E</named-content>, 1910, USNM ENT 00764781 (deposited in MCZC).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">eschara</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp .n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5DCA6558-ECAA-4622-8C9E-D47C90C15A76</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300216</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704626–704636</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_eschara.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_eschara</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Figures 12D</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">, 13</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">–14</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma, black to dark brown; metasoma, legs yellow-orange. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply striate on head, costate with remnants of foveae on pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate with remnants of fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture almost entirely foveate, slightly horizontally striate along median keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face present, represented by series of tight lateral striations along median. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus circumscribed by clypeal carina; surface striate, converging ventro-medially. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex punctate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex present, indistinct. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of three segments. Last two segments <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp straight, apical segment bending outwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Placoidal sensilla absent. Second flagellomere of male antenna cylindrical; black. Length of second flagellomere of male antenna longer than first flagellomere.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, transversely striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) straight. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, deeply transversely costate. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface horizontally striate. Median mesoscutal<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally irregularly horizontally costate with occasional fovea, ventrally smooth. Subpleuron entirely smooth, glabrous. Lower mesopleuron micro-pitted anteriorly, smooth and glabrous posteriorly. Epicnemial carina present, running from mesoscutum to anterior margin of mesopleural carina, spread out ventrally, shagreened. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, smooth to micro-pitted. Mesopleural carina present, complete, composed of several long, parallel, straight carinae. Anterior end of mesopleural carina inserting above notch in anterior margin of mesopleuron.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, becoming dorsoventrally striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, greater than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, with lateral foveal bissected by longitudinal carina, resulting in five longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar with strong strigate sculpture, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area abruptly broadened anteriorly, with an indicated longitudinal division. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present with two strong medial fovea, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, present, small and narrow. Pubescence thin, evenly covering entire metapectal-propodeal complex. Propodeal spurs present, crenulate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina terminating before reaching nucha. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, horizontally striate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>equal in length to medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs equal in length to medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments uncertain, greater than 1.0.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally finely punctate, laterally and ventrally smooth. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel.</p><fig id="F13" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 13.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella eschara</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view, lateral view <bold>E</bold> head and pronotum, lateral view <bold>F</bold> meso and metapleurae.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g013"></graphic></fig><fig id="F14" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 14.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella eschara</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head anterior view <bold>B</bold> face <bold>C</bold> scutellum, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> posterior margin of metasoma, lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g014"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from all other species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by the unique lower facial sculpturing of the head, with two convergent, densely horizontally striate bands that meet mid-face. In other species, the face ranges from entirely foveate to horizontally striate, but never with two distinct bands of striations. This species is further characterized by the circum clypeal carina; this character has not been observed in any other species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Latin for <italic>scar</italic>, in reference to the scar-like dorso-ventral bands on the face.</p><p><bold>Distribution.</bold> Liberia. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300216">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300216</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, male: <bold>LIBERIA:</bold> Montserrado Co., Mount Coffee, III-1897, R. P. Currie, USNM ENT 00764774 (deposited in USNM).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kibalensis</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">van Noort & Buffington</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7B2D6FC2-230C-43B3-B9F5-0D3ACAF4FBA9</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300217</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704767–704776</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_kibalensis.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_kibalensis</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Figures 15</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">–16</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma black to dark brown; legs dark reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> mesoscutum present, deeply striate on head, costate with remnants of foveae on pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular in anterior view; wider than high. Pubescence on head present, dense setae covering head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture transversely striate with remnants of foveae. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate-foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex present, indistinct. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, deeply costulate with remnants of foveae. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, smooth. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, shallow. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, marked by deep furrows, slightly increasing in width posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines absent. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigulate, with striae converging on rugose sculpture on posterior one-third of sclerite. Subpleuron anteriorly strigate, posteriorly smooth; medially with sparse, long setae. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, setose; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina absent. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, smooth. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, with single shallow fovea dorsomedially. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely foveate. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, with lateral foveal bissected by longitudinal carina, resulting in five longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior im<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>pression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, two strong medial fovea, laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, present, small and narrow. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, crenulate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous, horizontally striate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa present antero-laterally, smooth posterolaterally. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs longer than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs equal in length to medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments equal to 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw microcarinate. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex <0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing present, long, dense on most of surface. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Petiole slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 slightly but distinctly concave. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally finely punctate, posteriorly with distinct bands of setiferous pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 present. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female poste<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>roventral margin of T6–T7 distinctly sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, smooth at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F15" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 15.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic> van Noort & Buffington, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum, dorsolateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g015"></graphic></fig><fig id="F16" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 16.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic> van Noort & Buffington, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>C</bold> hind claw <bold>D</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g016"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Similar to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content></italic> Benoit, but pubescence on metasoma and legs silvery white instead of golden orange, and face, pronotal and mesopleural sculpture different: pronotum laterally with longitudinal striations; mesopleuron anteriorly with strong longitudinal striations grading into weak punctures in dorso-posterior half; metasoma (except for tergites 1,2 and 6, which are black) and legs reddish brown; fine scattered white pubescence on upper lateral surface of metasomal segments 5–7, as well as on hind femur and all tibia and tarsi; face with strong striations meeting between anterior tentorial pits; eye length equal to cheek length, whereas <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content></italic> eye length is distinctly longer (1.23×) than length of gena.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Named after Kibale Forest, Uganda, the type locality.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Uganda. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300217">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300217</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>UGANDA:</bold> Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field Station (MUBFS), <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">00°33.884'N, 30°21.434'E</named-content>, 1510m, 19.VIII.2005, S. van Noort, mercury vapor light, UG05-L02, rainforest, SAM-HYM-P0024842 (deposited in SAMC).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lenticularis</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Saussure</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181556</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704637–704645</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_lenticularis.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_lenticularis</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Figures 17</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">–18</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Saussure, 1890: plate 20; fig. 8. Redescription by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kieffer (1904)</xref>.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma, black to dark brown; metasoma and legs yellow-orange. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum; deeply horizontally striate on mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput many costulae. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena present, gently striate. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontig<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>uous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at midline of face. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation,<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus foveate-punctate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex smooth. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, foveate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum absent. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protrud<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ing anteriorly, centrally smooth, longitudinally striate laterally. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Median mesoscutal impression present, medium in length, reaching 1/4 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally irregularly horizontally costate with occasional fovea, ventrally smooth. Subpleuron entirely smooth with long, white setae on ventral half. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, glabrous; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina present, running from mesoscutum to anterior margin of mesopleural carina, ventrally bulbous. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, distinctly reticulate. Mesopleural carina present, incomplete, composed of one straight carina indicated anteriorly, otherwise smooth. Anterior end of mesopleural carina inserting above notch in anterior margin of mesopleuron.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula entirely smooth. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, greater than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, two, each with two longitudinal divisions resulting in transverse row of 6 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae present, long, continuing posteriorly to scutellar spine. Lateral bar smooth, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, with distinct laterally protruding lobe ventrally. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, smooth, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, present, small and narrow. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, crenulate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina termina<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ting before reaching nucha. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous, costulate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina absent. Lateral propodeal carina curved distally. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex <0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing present, sparse across entire wing surface. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet present, incomplete, open posteriorly. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing present, very short.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally finely punctate, posteriorly with distinct bands of setiferous pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 present. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, glabrous save for few, long setae. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 distinctly sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, serrate at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F17" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 17.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic> Saussure <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> habitus, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and pronotum, lateral view <bold>F</bold> meso- and metapleurae.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g017"></graphic></fig><fig id="F18" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 18.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic> Saussure <bold>A</bold> scutellum, dorsal view <bold>B</bold> head, anterior view <bold>C</bold> head and pronotum, lateral view <bold>D</bold> posterior margin or metasoma, lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g018"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by the extremely short vertical keel on the face, not extending beyond the toruli; this feature is also shared with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella triformis</named-content></italic>, but in this latter species, the scutellar spine is remarkably short, whereas in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic>, the scutellar spine is roughly equal in length to the petiole. Finally, the pronotal and mesoscutal sculpture in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic> is deeply foveate, so much so that the general appearance of this species is craggy.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Note"><title>Note.</title><p>This name was originally published as an image with an associated name in a larger volume on Madagascar (Saussure, 1890). Article 12.2.7 of IZCN (2000) stipulates the image of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic> satisfies indication of a new genus and species, even though no description nor holotype was provided. Thus, the genus and species names are available, and the illustration of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Saussure (1890)</xref> serves as the holotype.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181556">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181556</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p><italic>Other material</italic>: (4 females) <bold>AFRICA:</bold> no date, J. Wahlberg (1 female, MCZC 0011 (MCZC). <bold>IVORY COAST:</bold> Adiopodoume [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">05°20'28"N, 04°07'54"W</named-content>] , 8.6.49, H.B Jover (1 female, MNHN).<bold>MADAGASCAR:</bold> Toamasina Auto. Prov., Rogez, XI-1931, A. Seyrig (1 female, USNM ENT 00764775 (USNM); Region du Sud-Est, Vallee du Fanjahira Isaka, [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">24°54'42"S, 046°53'08"E</named-content>], Ch. Alluaud, Dec 1901, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic> Sauss. Det Weld 1931; <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic> S. Female, det J. Quinlan, 1978 (1 female MNHN). (Further material listed in Quinlan, 1979)</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longicaudata</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Benoit</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181557</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704777–704790</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_longicaudata.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_longicaudata</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">Figures 19</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F20">–20</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longicaudata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Benoit, 1955: 291.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma black to dark brown; metasoma and legs yellow-orange. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum; deeply horizontally striate on mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate with remnants of fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Facial sculpture almost entirely foveate, with smooth, narrow, dorso-ventral triangular area along midline. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus foveate-punctate; horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate-foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female F1 as long as F2. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface horizontally striate. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigulate, with striae converging on rugose sculpture on posterior one-third of sclerite. Subpleuron entirely smooth, glabrous. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, glabrous; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreened, ventrally bulbous near mesosternum. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, gently rugose anteriorly, smooth posteriorly. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula entirely smooth. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely foveate. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae uncertain, present, three. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar distinctly foveate, wide.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area abruptly broadened anteriorly, with an indicated longitudinal division. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished. Dorsellum present, two strong medial fovea, laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, present, small and narrow. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, foveate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina distinctly angled. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs equal in length to medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs equal in length to medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Stout, 1.5–1.75× wider than long. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 slightly arcuate. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 present. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 distinctly sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, smooth at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F19" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 19.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longicaudata</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> habitus, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head, anterior view <bold>F</bold> lateral habitus.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g019"></graphic></fig><fig id="F20" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 20.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longicaudata</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> scutellum, dorsal view <bold>B</bold> scutellum, dorsolateral view <bold>C</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>F</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g020"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species can be differentiated from other species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by the morphology of the lower face: the median keel is gradually but distinctly broadened as it extends to the dorsal clypeal margin, resulting in a raised, triangular area; in other <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic>, there is either no median keel (does not reach clypeal margin), or the keel is consistently narrow along its length.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181557">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181557</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Eala, V-1935, J. Ghesquière, Mus. Cong. Cyn1-8 (deposited in MRAC).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longispinosa</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Benoit</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181558</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704791–704802</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_longispinosa.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_longispinosa</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F21">Figures 21</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">–22</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longispinosa</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Benoit, 1955: 290.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma black to dark brown; metasoma yellow-orange; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum; deeply horizontally striate on mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate with remnants of fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture almost entirely foveate, slightly horizontally striate along median keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus foveate-punctate; horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Male antenna composed of 12 flagellomeres. Placoidal sensilla absent. Second flagellomere of male antenna cylindrical. Length of second flagellomere of male antenna longer than first flagellomere.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus pre<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>sent, marked by deep furrows, slightly increasing in width posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, flat, indistinct, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigulate, with striae converging on remnant fovea along posterior margin of sclerite. Subpleuron anteriorly smooth, polished, posteriorly with remnants of fovea. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, glabrous; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreened, of even width throughout. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, smooth. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, becoming dorsoventrally striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, greater than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely foveate. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, with lateral foveal bissected by longitudinal carina, resulting in five longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar with strong strigate sculpture, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area abruptly broadened anteriorly, with an indicated longitudinal division. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, two strong medial fovea, laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, present, small and narrow. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, foveate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments equal to 1.0.</p><p><italic>Forewings</italic>. Pubescence of forewing present, long, dense on most of surface. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of Forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the Forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 evenly rounded. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 absent.</p><fig id="F21" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 21.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longispinosa</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head, anterior view <bold>E</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view <bold>F</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsolateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g021"></graphic></fig><fig id="F22" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 22.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longispinosa</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>B</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>D</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>E</bold> fore and hindwing slide overview <bold>F</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g022"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species has the most complete and consistently narrow median keel of the face; in other species, either the keel is distinctly broadened into a raised triangular area (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella longicaudata</named-content></italic>) or the keel becomes indistinct before meeting the clypeal margin (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella crassicornis</named-content></italic>). This species resembles <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella crassicornis</named-content></italic>, and can be separated from the former by having yellow/orange legs (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella abscinda</named-content></italic> with dark brown/black legs), and the latter by the morphology of the median keel of the face mentioned above.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo; Gabon; Ivory Coast; Malawi. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181558">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181558</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, male: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO:</bold> Pool Dépt., Éléphants Island, 30.IX.1929, H. J. Bredo, Mus. Cong. Cyn1-5 (deposited in MRAC). (Further material listed in Quinlan, 1979)</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nigra</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Kieffer</named-content></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigra</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Kieffer, 1910a: 110. Holotype male previously in (ZMHB). Now missing (Ronquist, 1995). Not examined.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Equatorial Guinea.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nigrescens</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Benoit</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181560</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704803–704818</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_nigrescens.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_nigrescens</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F23">Figures 23</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F24"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">–25</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Benoit, 1955: 288</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma black to dark brown; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, dense setae covering head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena present, with distinct fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture almost entirely foveate, with smooth, narrow, dorso-ventral triangular area along midline. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on Compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p>Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, consisting of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, smooth. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, marked by deep furrows, slightly increasing in width posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, flat, indistinct, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigulate, with striae converging on remnant fovea along posterior margin of sclerite. Subpleuron entirely smooth with few long white setae along ventral, posterior margins. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, setose; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreened, ventrally bulbous near mesosternum. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, smooth anteriorly, microcarinate posteriorly. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula entirely smooth. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, greater than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely foveate. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, each lateral fovea with two longitudinal divisions, central fovea smooth, resulting in transverse row of 7 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum rounded. Lateral bar distinctly foveate, wide.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, two strong medial fovea, laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, absent. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, foveate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet present, complete. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 slightly but distinctly concave. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally finely punctate, posteriorly with distinct bands of setiferous pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 gently sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, smooth at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F23" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 23.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view <bold>F</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsolateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g023"></graphic></fig><fig id="F24" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 24.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> antenna <bold>C</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> hind femur <bold>F</bold> fore and hind wing.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g024"></graphic></fig><fig id="F25" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 25.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content></italic> Benoit, holotype <bold>A</bold> forewing <bold>B</bold> hindwing <bold>C</bold> fore and hind wing slide overview <bold>D</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g025"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by having the head, mesosoma and metasoma all dark brown/black (in other species, the metasoma is yellow/orange); the only other species that shares this trait is <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic>, and this species can be differentiated based on slight color differences in setae on the hind legs and metasoma, where in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic> the setae are silvery-white, and in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content></italic>, the setae are a golden-yellow. Also, in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic>, the lateral aspect of the pronotum is deeply costate, and in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella nigrescens</named-content></italic>, the same is foveate with remnant traces of costae.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181560">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181560</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Eala, IX-1935, J. Ghesquière, Mus. Cong. Cyn1-2 (deposited in MRAC).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pardolatus</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:526BE663-C58A-4227-8465-8C02AD1DA58E</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300218</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704646–704655</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_pardolatus.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_pardolatus</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Figures 26</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">–27</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma black to dark brown; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head; pronotum, mesoscutum striate-foveate.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena present, with distinct fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to posterior margin of clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus present. Facial sculpture almost entirely foveate, slightly horizontally striate along median keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus foveate-punctate; horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp shorter than apical segment. Labial palp composed of three segments. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of three segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) curved inwards. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp slanting inwards, apical segment bending inwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Male antenna composed of 12 flagellomeres. Placoidal sensilla absent. Second flagellomere of male antenna cylindrical. Length of second flagellomere of male antenna longer than first flagellomere.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially with fine transverse reticulation, dorso-laterally foveate-punctate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum absent. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>anteriorly, transversely striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, flat, indistinct, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally irregularly horizontally costate with occasional fovea, ventrally smooth. Subpleuron entirely smooth, glabrous. Lower mesopleuron micro-pitted anteriorly, smooth and glabrous posteriorly. Epicnemial carina present, running from mesoscutum to anterior margin of mesopleural carina, spread out ventrally, shagreened. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, smooth to micro-pitted. Mesopleural carina present, complete, composed of several long, parallel, straight carinae. Anterior end of mesopleural carina inserting above notch in anterior margin of mesopleuron.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, becoming dorsoventrally striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, greater than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, with lateral foveal bissected by longitudinal carina, resulting in five longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present with two strong medial fovea, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence thin, evenly covering entire metapectal-propodeal complex. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina terminating before reaching nucha. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, horizontally striate; glabrous with bifurcating central carina, foveate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs equal in length to medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments equal to 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex <0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of Forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the Forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet present, incomplete, open posteriorly. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of male petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of male petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 straight. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent.</p><fig id="F26" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 26.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and pronotum, lateral view <bold>F</bold> meso and metapleurae, lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g026"></graphic></fig><fig id="F27" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 27.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> hind margin of metasoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> scutellum, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g027"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species has a somewhat unique foveal pattern on the pronotum and mesoscutum, where the inter-foveal space is wide and shagreened; another species with this wide inter-foveal space is <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic>, but in that species, there are 5 subfovea at the anterior base of scutellum (three subfovea in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Latin for <italic>leopard</italic>, in reference to the fovea that resemble leapard spots on the pronotum and mesoscutum.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300218">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300218</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, male: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Lesse, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">00°20'N, 29°40'E</named-content>, 21.VII.1914, USNM ENT 00764780 (deposited in MCZC).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">sharkeyi</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8E12458A-F38E-4383-9F13-7A3827AD1C27</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300219</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704656–704668</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_sharkeyi.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_sharkeyi</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">Figures 28</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">–29</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma, black to dark brown; metasoma and legs yellow-orange. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum; deeply horizontally striate on mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate with remnants of fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at midline of face. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially straight, not projecting. Clypeus foveate-punctate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex punctate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) curved inwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 as long as F2. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, foveate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum absent. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinct<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ly protruding anteriorly, transversely striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) straight; rounded. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, flat, indistinct, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally irregularly horizontally costate with distinct midsclerite longitudinal impression, ventrally smooth. Subpleuron entirely smooth with long, white setae over entire surface. Lower mesopleuron micro-pitted anteriorly, smooth and glabrous posteriorly. Epicnemial carina present, running from mesoscutum to anterior margin of mesopleural carina, spread out ventrally, shagreened. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> groove. Speculum present, distinctly foveate anteriorly; shagreened, trough-like posteriorly. Mesopleural carina present, complete, composed of one complete, straight main carina, with short subordinate carinae. Anterior end of mesopleural carina inserting above notch in anterior margin of mesopleuron.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, becoming dorsoventrally striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, two, each with one longitudinal division resulting in transverse row of 4 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae present, short, ending at posterior margin of foveae. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar with strong strigate sculpture, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area abruptly broadened anteriorly, with an indicated longitudinal division. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, two strong medial fovea, laterally strongly excavated with fine pubescence in lateral depressions. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence thin, evenly covering entire metapectal-propodeal complex. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina terminating before reaching nucha. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, foveate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs equal in length to medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw microcarinate. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex <0.6.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. About as long as wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally finely punctate, posteriorly with distinct bands of setiferous pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 present. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, glabrous save for few, long setae. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 distinctly sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) curved, pointing upwards.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, serrate at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F28" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 28.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella sharkeyi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and pronotum, lateral view <bold>F</bold> meso- and metapleurae.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g028"></graphic></fig><fig id="F29" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 29.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella sharkeyi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> hind margin of metasoma, lateral view; inset, labels <bold>C</bold> scutellum, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> metasoma, lateral view. Arrows indicate location of peglike setae.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g029"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species has a distinctly striate lateral aspect of the pronotum, as well as a horizontally striate mesopleuron; these features are shared with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella breviscutellaris</named-content></italic>, but differs from the former by having an entirely orange metasoma (dark brown/black in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella kibalensis</named-content></italic>), and differs from the latter having 4 subfovea present at the anterior base of the scutellum (10 subfovea in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella breviscutellaris</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Named in honor of our friend and acclaimed hymenopterist Mike Sharkey (University of Kentucky, Lexington), collector of the type series for this species.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300219">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300219</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>CONGO:</bold> Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 14.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey, USNM ENT 00764770 (deposited in USNM). <italic>Paratypes</italic>: (6 females) <bold>CONGO:</bold> Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 27.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764767 (SAMC)). Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 13.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764771 (USNM)). Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 13.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764773 (USNM)). Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 20.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764772 (USNM)). Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 5, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 20.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764766 (MRAC)). Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 5, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 20.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764765 (USNM)).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">simba</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:53FF7B99-D3E9-4CC6-9545-10D58E1C1220</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300220</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704669–704682</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_simba.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_simba</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F30">Figures 30</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">–32</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma, dark reddish brown; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum; deeply horizontally striate on mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, dense setae covering head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput many costulae. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate with remnants of fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) with distinct subvertical, slightly and evenly curved costulae. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to posterior margin of clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at medial keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus foveate-punctate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate-foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex present, distinctly enlarged. Posterior surface of head deeply impressed around postocciput.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp shorter than apical segment. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of four segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp distinctly slanting<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> outwards, apical segment bending outwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; gold in color. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, foveate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, long, dense. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, smooth. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, deeply transversely costate; densely setose. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally with strigae running dorsoventrally; ventrally smooth, medially densely setose. Subpleuron entirely smooth with long, white setae over entire surface. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, setose; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreened, ventrally bulbous near mesosternum. Lateroventral mesopleural carina absent. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, shagreened. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina present, incomplete, laterally delimiting dorsal and ventral halves of scutellum, not present posteriorly. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula entirely smooth. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, greater than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, two, each with four longitudinal divisions resulting in transverse row of 10 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae a<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>bsent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area abruptly broadened anteriorly, with an indicated longitudinal division. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present with two strong medial fovea, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence long, dense, silvery on metapleuron; long, thin on propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, crenulate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina terminating before reaching nucha. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose with two distinct fovea at dorsal end. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw lammelate, with translucent cuticular flange.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to anterior margin of forewing, directed towards middle of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing absent, entire wing hyaline. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet present, incomplete, open posteriorly. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent, lateral patches of long white setae present. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 present, interrupted dorsally, extending laterally to middle of sclerite. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 straight. Sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>present, composed to dense seta bearing punctures, interrupted dorsally on T3–T5; dense setae present across entire metasomal surface. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><fig id="F30" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 30.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella simba</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and pronotum, lateral view <bold>F</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g030"></graphic></fig><fig id="F31" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 31.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella simba</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> meso- and metapleurae <bold>B</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> posterior margin of metasoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head, anterior view <bold>F</bold> petiole and base of metasoma, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g031"></graphic></fig><fig id="F32" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 32.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella simba</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> metatarsal claw, arrow indicates lobe <bold>B</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g032"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Easily distinguished from all other <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by the predominance of golden setae on head, mesosoma and metasoma; this feature is only shared with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella aureopilosa</named-content></italic>, but this latter species has the speculum smooth (shagreened in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella simba</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Latin for <italic>lion</italic>, in reference to the large size and general setation patterns of this species.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300220">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300220</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Munowe River, Upemba National Park, 19.I.1958, E. S. Ross and R. E. Leech, USNM ENT 00764782 (deposited in CASC).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tibialis</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Kieffer</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181561</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704683–704703</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_tibialis.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_tibialis</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">Figures 33</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">–34</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella tibialis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Kieffer, 1904: 107</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description."><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma, black to dark brown; metasoma and legs yellow-orange. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head; pronotum, mesoscutum striate-foveate.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena present, with distinct fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present,<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at medial keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between com<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>pound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of three segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Second flagellomere of male antenna cylindrical. Length of second flagellomere of male antenna longer than first flagellomere. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially with fine transverse reticulation, dorso-laterally foveate-punctate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum absent. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, transversely striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) straight. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, flat, indistinct, with adjacent cuticular surface foveate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally irregularly horizontally costate with occasional fovea, ventrally smooth. Subpleuron entirely smooth, glabrous. Lower mesopleuron micro-pitted anteriorly, smooth and glabrous posteriorly. Epicnemial carina present, running from mesoscutum to anterior margin of mesopleural carina, spread out ventrally, shagreened. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, smooth to micro-pitted. Mesopleural carina present, complete, composed of several long, irregular, curved carinae. Anterior end of mesopleural carina inserting above notch in anterior margin of mesopleuron.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, becoming dorsoventrally striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, two, each with two longitudinal divisions resulting in transverse row of 6 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae present, short, ending at posterior margin of foveae. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, with distinct laterally protruding lobe ventrally. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present with two strong medial fovea, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, present, small and narrow. Pubescence thin, evenly covering entire metapectal-propodeal complex. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina terminating before reaching nucha. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, horizontally striate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs equal in length to medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs equal in length to medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments equal to 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw microcarinate. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally with broad setal pits, ventrally with dense, fine punctation. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, glabrous save for few, long setae. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 gently sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, serrate at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F33" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 33.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella tibialis</named-content></italic> Kieffer, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and pronotum, lateral view <bold>F</bold> meso- and metapleurae.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g033"></graphic></fig><fig id="F34" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 34.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella tibialis</named-content></italic> Kieffer, holotype <bold>A</bold> scutellum, dorsal view <bold>B</bold> head, anterior view <bold>C</bold> posterior margin of metasoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g034"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species is most easily confused with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic>, but can seperated from that species by: 5 subfovea present at base of scutellum (7 in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic>)<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>; admedial lines indistinct (distinct in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic>); mesoscutum dominated by very shallow fovea (deep and distinct in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella pardolatus</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Cameroon, South Africa; Zimbabwe. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181561">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181561</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>CAMEROON:</bold> no date, Sjostedt, USNM ENT 00764779 (deposited in NHRS). <italic>Other material</italic>: (2 females, 1 male) <bold>SOUTH AFRICA:</bold> KwaZulu-Natal Prov., Sodwana Nature Reserve, 11.XI.1984, H. Howden (1 female, USNM ENT 00764777 (CNCI)). Transvaal, no date, Junod (1 male, USNM ENT 00764778 (MHNG)). <bold>ZIMBABWE:</bold> Harare (Salisbury), 21.I.1915 (1 female, SAM-HYM-P003004 (SAMC)).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transiens</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Benoit)</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181562</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704819–704840</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_transiens.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_transiens</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F35">Figures 35</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">–36</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella transiens</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Benoit, 1955: 283. New combination by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist (1995)</xref>.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma black to dark brown; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply striate on head, costate with foveae on pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate with remnants of fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture almost entirely foveate, slightly horizontally striate along median keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Male antenna composed of 12 flagellomeres. Placoidal sensilla absent. Second flagellomere of male antenna cylindrical. Length of second flagellomere of male antenna longer than first flagellomere.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, centrally smooth, longitudinally striate laterally. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) straight. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, foveate-punctate, with remnants of transverse costae. Notaulus present, marked by series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface horizontally striate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigulate, with striae converging along posterior margin of sclerite. Subpleuron entirely smooth with few long white setae anteriorly, posteriorly. Lower mesopleuron micro-pitted anteriorly, smooth and glabrous posteriorly. Epicnemial carina present, running from mesoscutum to anterior margin of mesopleural carina, narrow ventrally, costate. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, not marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, microcarinate. Mesopleural carina present, complete, composed of several long, parallel, straight carinae. Anterior end of mesopleural carina inserting above notch in anterior margin of mesopleuron.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth ventrally, obliquely longtidinally striate dorsally, entirely striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, with lateral foveal bissected by longitudinal carina, resulting in five longitudi<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>nally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex separated from mesopleuron by deep, broad, uninterrupted marginal impression. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior i<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>mpression of metepimeron present, narrow, linear impression, not broadened ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present with two strong medial fovea, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, crenulate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous with bifurcating central carina, foveate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina uniformly curved inward. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, rounded.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs equal in length to medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments less than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw dense, consisting of numerous setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing hyaline with slight infuscation covering marginal cell, area posterior to marginal cell. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Distinctly elongate, >5–6× longer than broad. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent.</p><fig id="F35" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 35.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella transiens</named-content></italic> (Benoit), holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsolateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g035"></graphic></fig><fig id="F36" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 36.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella transiens</named-content></italic> (Benoit), holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>E</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>F</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g036"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The petiole on this species is unusually long, about 3x longer than its width; other species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> have petioles 2× longer than wide, or less. In addition, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella transiens</named-content></italic> has light and dark patches on the forewing, rather than entirely infuscate or entirely hyaline as in other species.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181562">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181562</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, male, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella transiens</named-content></italic>: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Kalemie (Albertville), 1.I-20.I.1919, R. Mayné, Mus. Cong. Cyn1-1 (deposited in MRAC).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">triformis</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Quinlan</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181564</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Oberthuerella/Oberthuerella_triformis.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Oberthuerella_triformis</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">Figures 37</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F38">–38</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella triformis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Quinlan, 1979: 115.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma black to dark brown; metasoma orange; fore- and midlegs black to dark brown, hindlegs with coxae dark brown, femora and tibia orange, tarsi dark brown.. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, gently striate on vertex, pronotum, mesoscutum striate-foveate.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput many costulae. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) with distinct subvertical, slightly and evenly curved costulae. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture transversely striate with remnants of foveae. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits small. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex variously strigate. Posterior aspect of vertex with parallel or slightly radiating, longitudinal strigae. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex present, distinctly enlarged. Posterior surface of head deeply impressed around postocciput.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp shorter than apical segment. Labial palp composed of three segments. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of four segments. Last <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) curved inwards. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp slanting inwards, apical segment bending inwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5× as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, deeply costulate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, longitudinally striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest absent. Dorsal margin of pronotal plate (in anterior view) rounded. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, shallow. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Width of pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, deeply transversely costate. Notaulus present, wide, transversely striate, distinctly wider posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> present, with adjacent cuticular surface horizontally striate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigulate, with striae converging on remnant fovea along posterior margin of sclerite. Subpleuron entirely smooth with few long white setae along ventral, posterior margins. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, setose; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreen, ventrally bulbous near mesosternum. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle absent. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of subalar groove. Speculum present, striate, with distinct smooth, glabrous ventral cavity. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolet. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Latero-ventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula entirely smooth. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into blunt spine. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely areolate. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, with lateral foveal bissected by longitudinal carina, resulting in five longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Postero-lateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar with strong strigate sculpture, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron absent. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present with two strong medial fovea, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, absent. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina terminating before reaching nucha. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous, costulate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina distinctly angled. Calyptra, in lateral view, rounded. Propodeum relatively short, not drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, rounded.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs longer than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw microcarinate. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw strongly expanded, apex strongly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex > 0.6; lammelate, with translucent cuticular flange.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing present, sparse across entire wing surface. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of fore wing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. About as long as wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 arcuate. In lateral view, sternum 3 encompassed by T6. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally finely punctate, posteriorly with distinct bands of setiferous pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 present. Postero-ventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 distinctly sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, serrate at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F37" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 37.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella triformis</named-content></italic> Quinlan, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> mesosoma, lateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g037"></graphic></fig><fig id="F38" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 38.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella triformis</named-content></italic> Quinlan, holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterolateral view <bold>B</bold> metasoma, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> holotype labels <bold>D</bold> metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g038"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Distinguished from other species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by the extremely short median keel of the face, not reaching beyond the toruli; this is shared only with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic>, but differs from this latter species by the very short scutellar spine, much shorter than the petiole (as long as the petiole in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Tanzania. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181564">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181564</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>TANZANIA:</bold> Singida Reg., Misughaa (Mshughaa), 30mi E Singida, XII-1935 - I-1936, E. Burtt, BMNH HT 0010 (deposited in BMNH).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Hedicke</named-content></p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Tessmannella/index.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Tessmannella</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Hedicke, 1912: 303. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content></italic> Hedicke, by original designation.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Female antenna 13-segmented, subclavate; male 14-segmented. Face with reticulate to rugose sculpture and scattered pubescence. Pronotum coarsely rugose with<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> median tooth or spine viewed laterally. Mesonotum with coarse variable sculpture, propodeum without pronounced side margins. Petiole three times as long as broad, terga 2–4 short (viewed laterally and dorsally), terga 5 largest. Metafemora with a rounded lobe between medial area and apex, tooth on metafemur angled, hind tibia with a distinct lobe apically, opposite the tibial spines. Scutellum with three foveae.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Central African Republic; Congo; Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire); Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Kenya.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Biology"><title>Biology.</title><p>Unknown.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Comments"><title>Comments.</title><p>Only four species were previously known in this genus, two described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Hedicke (1912)</xref>, one by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Benoit (1955)</xref>, and one by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan (1979)</xref>. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella transiens</named-content></italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Benoit (1955)</xref> was transferred to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist (1995)</xref> leaving three species in the genus. Here we describe three new species, elevating the total to six.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Included species"><title>Included species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella expansa</named-content></italic> Quinlan, 1979: 116</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content></italic> Hedicke, 1912: 304</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content></italic> Hedicke, 1912: 303</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Key to species of Tessmannella (both sexes)"><title>Key to species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content></italic> (both sexes)</title><p>(Available online at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm">http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm</ext-link>)</p><table-wrap content-type="key" orientation="portrait" id="d35e4791" position="float"><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i039"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forewing uniformly infuscate; posterior margins of T3 and T4 broadly emarginate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i040"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forewing basally hyaline, with either one or two infuscate patches posterior and distal to the marginal cell; posterior margins of T3 and T4 straight, not emarginate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i041"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ventral malar margin, immediately adjacent to mandibular base, distinctly striate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i042"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ventral malar margin, immediately adjacent to mandibular base, gently shagreened</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content></italic> Hedicke</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i043"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Distinct clypeo-pleurostomal line present; face shagreened medially</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content></italic> Hedicke</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i044"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clypo-pleurostomal line absent; face horizontally striate medially</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella expansa</named-content></italic> Quinlan</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i045"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central scutellar area smooth, with a very faint central carina </td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i046"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central scutellar area areolate to foveate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i047"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forewing with single distinct infuscate patch throughout marginal cell and immediately posterior; central scutellar area areolate; dorsal and lateral pronotum areolate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i048"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forewing with two infuscate patches, one including the marginal cell and space immediately posterior, and a second faint patch that encompasses the entire distal margin of the forewing (leaving a small, hyaline area between the distal margin and the marginal cell); central scutellar area foveolate; dorsal and lateral margins of pronotum horizontally striate, resulting in a ‘wave-like' texture</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">copelandi</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4AC8FB6A-F43C-4F26-9EB7-ECBDCF06BAF3</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300221</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704841–704850</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Tessmannella/Tessmannella_copelandi.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Tessmannella_copelandi</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F39">Figures 39</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F40">–40</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma, dark reddish brown; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum; deeply horizontally striate on mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena present, with distinct fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus present. Facial sculpture almost entirely foveate, slightly horizontally striate along median keel. Facial <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus smooth, evenly rounded. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate-foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex present, indistinct. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of four segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp straight, apical segment bending outwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, longitudinally striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest present, raised into a distinct process projecting above anterior margin of mesoscutum. Submedian pronotal depressions absent, represented by shallow depression. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, wide, transversely striate, distinctly wider posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface smooth. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina nearly straight anteriorly, posteriorly curved mesally.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally with strigae running dorsoventrally; ventrally smooth, medially sparsely setose. Subpleuron anteriorly strigate, posteriorly smooth; medially with sparse, long setae. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, glabrous; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina absent. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle present, distinctly impressed with distinct dorsal and ventral border, glabrous. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of mesopleural triangle. Speculum present, smooth anteriorly, microcarinate posteriorly. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum smooth centrally, peripherally areolate-punctate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth ventrally, obliquely longitudinally striate dorsally, entirely striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, each lateral fovea with two longitudinal divisions, central fovea smooth, resulting in transverse row of 7 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae present as single central carina. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) extended posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished. Dorse<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>llum absent. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs absent. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous, costulate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina absent. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum ‘neck-like', drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments less than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw almost entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing hyaline with slight infuscation covering marginal cell, area posterior to marginal cell. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Distinctly elongate, >5–6× longer than broad. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ribbed, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 evenly rounded. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally smooth, posteroventrally micropunctate. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, glabrous save for few, long setae. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel, with medial carina. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><fig id="F39" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 39.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> meso- and metapleurae, scutellum, lateral view <bold>F</bold> mesosoma, lateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g039"></graphic></fig><fig id="F40" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 40.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> hind margin of metasoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> scutellum and petiole, dorsal view <bold>D</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g040"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species is similar to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic>, which have the forewing basally hyaline and the posterior margins of metasoma T3–T4 straight. <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>This species can be distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic> by having the central area of the scutellum completely smooth (areolate to foveate in the latter species).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Named after our friend and acclaimed African entomologist Robert Copeland (ICIPE, Kenya), collector of the type series for this species.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Kenya. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300221">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300221</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>KENYA:</bold> Central Prov., nr. forest station, indigenous forest margin, Njukini Forest, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">0.51660°S, 37.41843°E</named-content>, 1455m, 1.VIII–14.VIII.2007, malaise trap, R. Copeland, USNM ENT 00764801 (deposited in NMKE). <italic>Paratypes</italic>: (2 females) <bold>KENYA:</bold> Central Prov., nr. forest station, indigenous forest margin, Njukini Forest, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">0.51660°S, 37.41843°E</named-content>, 1455m, 19.VII-1.VIII.2007, malaise trap, R. Copeland (1 female, USNM ENT 00764802 (USNM)). Central Prov., relict indigenous forest, Njukini Forest, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">00°31.15'S, 37°25.19'E</named-content>, 1455m, no date, malaise trap, R. Copeland (1 female, USNM ENT 00764803 (SAMC)).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">expansa</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Quinlan</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181549</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704851–704858</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Tessmannella/Tessmannella_expansa.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Tessmannella_expansa</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F41">Figures 41</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">–42</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella expansa</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Quinlan, 1979: 116.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma, black to dark brown; metasoma and legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply striate on head, costate with foveae on pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, dense setae covering head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena smooth with remnants of costulae along posterior margin. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture almost entirely foveate, slightly horizontally<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> striate along median keel. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits small. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate-foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex smooth to lightly punctate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head deeply impressed around postocciput.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp shorter than apical segment. Labial palp composed of three segments. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of four segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp slanting inwards, apical segment bending inwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, foveate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, consisting of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, longitudinally striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest present, raised into a distinct process projecting above anterior margin of mesoscutum. Submedian pronotal depressions absent, represented by shallow depression. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, wide, smooth, distinctly wider posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface wrinkled. Median mesoscutal impre<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ssion present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina nearly straight anteriorly, posteriorly curved mesally.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally with strigae running dorsoventrally; ventrally smooth, medially sparsely setose. Subpleuron anteriorly strigate, posteriorly smooth; medially with sparse, long setae. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, glabrous; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina absent. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle present, distinctly impressed into longitudinal trough ventrally; dorsally striate, glabrous. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of mesopleural triangle. Speculum present, striate. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Sctuellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth ventrally, obliquely longtidinally striate dorsally, entirely striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) extended posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly, strigate anteriorly with setiferous punctures. Dorsellum present, horizontally striate. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, striate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, smooth. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum ‘neck-like', drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, with adjacent serrate ridge posteriorly. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments less than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing present, sparse across entire wing surface. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing hyaline with slight infuscation covering marginal cell, area posterior to marginal cell. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Distinctly elongate, > 5–6x longer than broad. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent, ventral costulae ribbed. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 straight. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally smooth, posteroventrally micropunctate. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel, with medial carina. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, serrate at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F41" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 41.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella expansa</named-content></italic> Quinlan, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> hind margin for metasoma, lateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum, dorsolateral view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g041"></graphic></fig><fig id="F42" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 42.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella expansa</named-content></italic> Quinlan, holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g042"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Closely resembles <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content></italic> in having fully infuscate forewings; differented from these species having the medial facial area horizontally striate (shagreened in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content></italic>), and by having the ventral malar margin distinctly striate (gently shagreened in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Gabon. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181549">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181549</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>GABON:</bold> Moyen-Ogooué Prov., Lambaréné, 1910, R. Ellenberger, USNM ENT 00764789 (deposited in MNHN).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kiplingi</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7C7527BA-CA8D-4765-885E-B4F4E316AC11</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300222</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704859–704867</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Tessmannella/Tessmannella_kiplingi.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Tessmannella_kiplingi</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">Figures 43</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F44">–44</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma black to dark brown; fore, mid legs lighter brown, hind legs dark brown to black. Sculpture on vertex, lateral su<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>rface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, moderately striate laterally on head, vertex; pronotum, mesoscutum horizontally striate with interspersed crests.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate with remnants of fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by evenly rounded, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli large, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli > 0.4. Anterior ocellus between lateral ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, surface evenly foveate. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus foveate-punctate; horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, foveate, with striate raised berm along mandibular base. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex variously strigate. Posterior aspect of vertex punctate; foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex present, distinctly enlarged. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp as long as apical segment. Labial palp composed of three segments. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of four segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp straight, apical segment bending outwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; light brown in color. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, distinctly widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially costate with remnants of foveae, ventro-laterally gently striate to smooth. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, centrally smooth, longitudi<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>nally striate laterally. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest present, raised into a distinct process projecting above anterior margin of mesoscutum. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, wide,<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> transversely striate, distinctly wider posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines absent. Median mesoscutal impression present, medium in length, reaching 1/4 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina nearly straight anteriorly, posteriorly curved mesally.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigate dorsally, with single deep longitudinal trough at midline, ventrally slightly smoother, with gentle, parallel horizontal striae. Subpleuron gently smooth to shagreened, anteriorly and posteriorly with long, white setae; medially with single longitudinal carina. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, setose; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina absent. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, not marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle present, distinctly impressed into longitudinal trough ventrally; anteriorly setose, dorsally striate, ventrally smooth. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of mesopleural triangle. Speculum present, striate, with distinct smooth, glabrous ventral cavity. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth ventrally, obliquely longtidinally striate dorsally, entirely striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar weakly strigate, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) extended posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly, strigate anteriorly with setiferous punctures. Dorsellum present, shagreened, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence long, dense, silvery on metapleuron; long, thin on propodeum. Propodeal spurs absent. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous, horizontally striate with central, bifurcating keel. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum drawn out posteriorly, with nucha in line with terminus of scutellar spine. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa present, evenly covering anterior aspect. Microsculpture on hind coxa present antero-laterally, smooth posterolaterally. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia present, well developed. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, with adjacent setal knob posteriorly. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing hyaline with distinct infuscation covering marginal cell, area posterior to marginal cell, and small patch at distally. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Longitudinally costate, ribbed, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 straight. Sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, smooth at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F43" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 43.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> meso- and metapleurae, lateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g043"></graphic></fig><fig id="F44" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 44.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g044"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Closely resembles <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic> in having the medial area of the forewing hyaline; distinguished from these species by having two distinct infuscate patches on the forewing. This species is further distinguished by the very distinctive wave-like texturing of the cuticle on the lateral aspects of the pronotum (areolate in other species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Named in honor of Rudyard Kipling, author of <italic>Just So Stories</italic> and others about Africa.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold>[<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300222">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300222</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>CONGO:</bold> Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 18.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey, USNM ENT 00764795 (deposited in USNM). <italic>Paratypes</italic>: (4 females): <bold>CONGO:</bold> Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 1.X–8.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764796 (USNM)). Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 15.X–22.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764797 (USNM)). Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 15.X–22.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764798 (USNM)). Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 15.X–22.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764799 (USNM)).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nigra</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Hedicke</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181550</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704868–704875</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Tessmannella/Tessmannella_nigra.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Tessmannella_nigra</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">Figures 45</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">–48</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Hedicke, 1912: 304.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma black to dark brown; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, gently striate on vertex, pronotum, mesoscutum striate-foveate.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena smooth with remnants of costulae along posterior margin. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture transversely striate with remnants of foveae. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits small. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, straight. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex smooth to lightly punctate. Posterior aspect of vertex punctate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex present, distinctly enlarged. Posterior surface of head deeply impressed around postocciput.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp shorter than apical segment. Labial palp composed of three segments. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of four segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) curved inwards. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp slanting inwards, apical segment bending inwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 as long as F2. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, consisting of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, longitudinally striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest present, raised into a distinct process projecting above anterior margin of mesoscutum.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Submedian pronotal depressions difficult to see, appear to be closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, composed of deep furrows, transversely costate, distinctly wider anteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines absent. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina distinctly sinuate, posteriorly ending in posteroventrally directed projection.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally with strigae running dorsoventrally; ventrally smooth, medially sparsely setose. Subpleuron anteriorly strigate, posteriorly smooth; medially with sparse, long setae. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, glabrous; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina absent. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle present, distinctly impressed into longitudinal trough ventrally; dorsally striate, glabrous. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of mesopleural triangle. Speculum present, striate. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth, becoming dorsoventrally striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three. Longitudinal scutellar carinae present as single central carina. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar with strong strigate sculpture, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) extended posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, v polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, horizontally striate. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, striate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, foveate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, rounded. Propodeum ‘neck-like', drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, rounded.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, with adjacent serrate ridge posteriorly. Distal mesotibial spurs longer than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments less than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw microcarinate. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Forewing entirely lightly infuscate. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Distinctly elongate, > 5–6× longer than broad. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent, ventral costulae ribbed. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 straight. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally smooth, posteroventrally micropunctate. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, setose. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel, with medial carina. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, smooth at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F45" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 45.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content></italic> Hedicke, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and pronotum, lateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g045"></graphic></fig><fig id="F46" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 46.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content></italic> Hedicke, holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g046"></graphic></fig><fig id="F47" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 47.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content></italic> Hedicke, non-type <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head, mesosoma and petiole, dorsal view <bold>F</bold> head, anterior view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g047"></graphic></fig><fig id="F48" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 48.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> scutellum, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>F</bold> petiole, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g048"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Closely resembles <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella expansa</named-content></italic> in having uniform infuscation of the forewings (basally hyaline in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic>, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella expansa</named-content></italic> by having the ventral malar space, immediately adjacent to the mandibular base, gently shagreened (distinctly striate in the latter two species).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181550">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181550</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>EQUATORIAL GUINEA:</bold> Uelleburg, VI-1908 - VIII-1908, von Tessman, USNM ENT 00764790 (deposited in ZMHU). <italic>Other material</italic>: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> Kibombo, 2.XI.1910, Bequaert (1 female, USNM ENT 00764793 (MRAC)).<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">roberti</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:20C62448-FC96-4729-BF6F-43B90AB41C5C</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300223</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704876–704883</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Tessmannella/Tessmannella_roberti.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Tessmannella_roberti</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">Figures 48</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F49">–49</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma black to dark brown; fore and mid legs lighter brown, hind legs dark brown to black. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply striate on head, costate with foveae on pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate. Lateral margin of occiput defined by evenly rounded, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus between lateral ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to posterior margin of clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, evenly areolate. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits large. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus horizontally striate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, areolate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex variously strigate. Posterior aspect of vertex with parallel or slightly radiating, longitudinal strigae. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting of small number of erect setae and shorter, more appressed setae. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Distal margin of subapical segment of <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>maxillary palp straight, apical segment bending outwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; light brown in color. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, distinctly widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, areolate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, longitudinally striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest present, raised into a distinct process projecting above anterior margin of mesoscutum. Submedian pronotal depressions closed laterally, shallow. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, wide, transversely striate, distinctly wider posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface costate. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina nearly straight anteriorly, posteriorly curved mesally.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigate dorsally, with single deep longitudinal trough at midline, ventrally slightly smoother, with gentle, parallel horizontal striae. Subpleuron entirely smooth with long, white setae on ventral half. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, setose; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina absent. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, not marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle present, distinctly impressed into longitudinal trough ventrally; anteriorly setose, dorsally striate, ventrally smooth. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of mesopleural triangle. Speculum present, striate, with distinct smooth, glabrous ventral cavity. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum areolate, inter-areol space shagreened. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula dorsoventrally striate. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>entirely areolate. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, with lateral foveal bissected by longitudinal carina, resulting in five longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar weakly strigate, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base present, ill-defined. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) extended posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron with single large, smooth, flat fovea separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, smooth, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence long, dense, silvery on metapleuron; long, thin on propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, reduced, composed of single crenulate carina. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous, horizontally striate with central, irregular keel. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina uniformly curved inward. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum drawn out posteriorly, with nucha in line with terminus of scutellar spine. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia present, well developed. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, with adjacent serrate ridge posteriorly. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments less than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw almost entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing hyaline with distinct infuscation covering marginal cell, area posterior to marginal cell. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Moderately elongate, 2×–3× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ribbed, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 evenly rounded. In lateral view, sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, glabrous save for few, long setae. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel, with medial carina. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><fig id="F49" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 49.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g049"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Closely resembling <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic> in having the medial portion of the forewing hyaline; distinguished from these species by having a single infuscate patch in the marginal cell and immediately posterior (two patches in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic>), and having the central scutellar area areolate (smooth in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology</title><p><bold>.</bold> Named in honor of the first author's father, Dr. Robert Buffington.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Central African Republic, Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300223">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300223</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>CONGO:</bold> Pool Dépt., Abio, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°06.020'S, 15°31.440'E</named-content>, 330m, 9.X–15.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey, USNM ENT 00764794 (deposited in USNM). Paratype: 1 female: - <bold>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC:</bold> Sangha-Mbaéré Prefecture, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Mabéa Bai, 21.4km (53°) NE Bayanga, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°02.01'N, 16°24.57'E</named-content>, 510m, 7.V.2001, S. van Noort, sweep, CAR01-S90, lowland rainforest, marsh clearing, (1 female, SAM-HYM-P024410; USNM ENT 00764800 (SAMC)).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">spinosa</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Hedicke</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181551</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704884–704893</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Tessmannella/Tessmannella_spinosa.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Tessmannella_spinosa</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F50">Figures 50</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F51">–51</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Hedicke, 1912: 303.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head and mesosoma black to dark brown; metasoma and legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply striate on head, costate with foveae on pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, dense setae covering head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (meas<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3. Sculpture of gena smooth with remnants of costulae along posterior margin. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, post<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>erior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at midline of face. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits small. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially emarginate. Clypeus circumscribed by clypeal carina; surface striate, converging ventro-medially. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate-foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>deeply foveate. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex present, indistinct. Posterior surface of head almost flat, not deeply impressed.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp shorter than apical segment. Labial palp composed of three segments. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of four segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) straight. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp straight, apical segment bending outwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 as long as F2. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, not widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, dorsomedially foveate, laterally foveate-costate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, consisting of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, transversely striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest present, raised into a distinct process projecting above anterior margin of mesoscutum. Submedian pronotal depressions absent, represented by shallow depression. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, wide, transversely striate, distinctly wider posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines present, with adjacent cuticular surface wrinkled. Median mesoscutal impression present, short, indicated by notch. Parascutal carina nearly straight anteriorly, posteriorly curved mesally.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Dorsally with strigae running dorsoventrally; ventrally smooth, medially sparsely setose. Subpleuron anteriorly strigate, posteriorly smooth; medially with sparse, long setae. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, glabrous; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina absent. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle present, distinctly impressed into longitudinal trough ventrally; dorsally striate, glabrous. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of mesopleural triangle. Speculum present, striate. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth ventrally, obliquely longtidinally striate dorsally, entirely striate posteriorly. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into sharp spine, less than 1.0× length of<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> petiole. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral Lateral bar narrow, with strong strigate, foveate sculpture.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) extended posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly, strigate anteriorly with setiferous punctures. Dorsellum present, horizontally striate. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, large and wide. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, striate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space lightly setose, smooth. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum ‘neck-like', drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, with adjacent serrate ridge posteriorly. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments equal to 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw almost entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing hyaline with slight infuscation covering marginal cell, area posterior to marginal cell. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Distinctly elongate, > 5–6× longer than broad. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ventral keel absent, ventral costulae ribbed. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 distinctly smaller than tergum 4. Posterior margin of tergum 3 smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of tergum 4 straight. Sternum 3 exposed, ventral border of T2–T7 visible. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, dorsally smooth, posteroventrally micropunctate. Syntergum absent, all postpetiolar terga free. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, glabrous save for few, long setae. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel, with medial carina. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><fig id="F50" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>FIgure 50.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content></italic> Hedicke, holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> head and pronotum, dorsolateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g050"></graphic></fig><fig id="F51" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 51.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella spinosa</named-content></italic> Hedicke, holotype <bold>A</bold> meso- and metapleurae, lateral view <bold>B</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> head, anterior view <bold>D</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g051"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Closely resembles <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella expansa</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content></italic> by having the entire forewing uniformly infuscate (medially hyaline in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella copelandi</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella kiplingi</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella roberti</named-content></italic>); distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella expansa</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella nigra</named-content></italic> by the possession of a circum clypeal carina (lacking in these latter species).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Link to distribution map"><title>Link to distribution map.</title><p>[<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181551">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181551</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>EQUATORIAL GUINEA:</bold> Uelleburg, VI-1908 - VIII-1908, von Tessman, USNM ENT 00764791 (deposited in ZMHU). <italic>Paralectotype</italic>: <bold>EQUATORIAL GUINEA:</bold> Uelleburg, VI-1908 - VIII-1908, von Tessman (1 female, USNM ENT 00764792 (ZMHU)).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Xenocynips</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Kieffer</named-content></p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Xenocynips/index.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Xenocynips</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Kieffer, 1910b:340.Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips subsquamata</named-content></italic> Kiefferby monotypy.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>Metasomal terga 3–5 fused, with inter tergal sutures partially visible; lower mesopleuron horizontally striate. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content></italic> is most easily confused with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic>; the fusion of terga in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic> is a very reliable and clearly visible character. Additionally, most species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic> possess a dorsoventrally striate lateral aspect of the scutellum, posterior to the auricula; this is useful for specimens in which the metasoma is missing.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Biology"><title>Biology.</title><p>Unknown.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Comments"><title>Comments.</title><p>This little known genus was treated by both <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan (1979)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist (1995)</xref>, the latter providing a proper redescription of the genus as well as apomorphies supporting its monophyly (included here as diagnostic characters). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Quinlan (1979)</xref> reported the holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips subsquamata</named-content></italic> as missing, but <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist (1995)</xref> reported the type in DEIC, and it is figured here (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">Fig. 56</xref>). This species, in addition to the two described here as new, bring the total number of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic> species to three.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Included species"><title>Included species.</title><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips ronquisti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n.</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips subsquamata</named-content></italic> Kieffer, 1910b: 340</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Key to species of Xenocynips (both sexes)"><title>Key to species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic> (both sexes)</title><p>(Available online at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm">http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm</ext-link>)</p><table-wrap content-type="key" orientation="portrait" id="d35e6284" position="float"><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i049"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speculum entirely striate; three Scutellar foveae present (no subfovea); propodeal spurs absent</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips ronquisti</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i050"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speculum dorsally striate, ventrally smooth; Scutellar foveae variously subdivided (subfovea present); propodeal spurs present</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i051"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesoscutal surface, when viewed laterally, with minute wave-like crests present, aligned with costae running horizontally; central propodeal keel forked medially</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic> sp. n.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-i052"></graphic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesoscutal surface transversely costate, but wave-like crests not present (when viewed laterally); central propodeal keel, unforked medially</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips subsquamata</named-content></italic> Kieffe<italic>r</italic></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Xenocynips</named-content><named-content content-type="species">rhothion</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C2BECED8-575F-4D0C-BBE3-541B4D3E32E1</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300224</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704919–704927</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Xenocynips/Xenocynips_rhothion.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Xenocynips_rhothion</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F52">Figures 52</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F53">–53</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma black to dark brown; fore and mid legs lighter brown, hind legs dark brown to black. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, moderately striate laterally on head, vertex; pronotum, mesoscutum horizontally striate with interspersed crests.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena deeply striate. Lateral margin of occiput defined by evenly rounded, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus between lateral ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, short, not extending beyond toruli. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at midline of face; present, microcoriaceous. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe present, smooth with minute punctation. Anterior tentorial pits small. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially straight, not projecting. Clypeus foveate-punctate. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate-foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, not distinctly protruding from the surface of the head. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex variously strigate. Posterior aspect of vertex with parallel or slightly radiating, longitudinal strigae. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head deeply impressed around postocciput.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp as long as apical segment. Labial palp composed of two segments. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Maxillary palp composed of four segments. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) curved inwards. Distal margin of subapical segment of maxillary palp distinctly slanting outwards, apical segment bending outwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; dark brown in color. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, distinctly widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, deeply costulate with remnants of foveae. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, consisting of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, longitudinally striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest present, raised into a distinct process projecting above anterior margin of mesoscutum. Submedian prono<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>tal depressions closed laterally, deep. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate-foveate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, wide, transversely striate, distinctly wider posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines absent. Median mesoscutal impression present, long,<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina nearly straight anteriorly, posteriorly curved mesally.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigate dorsally, ventrally smooth with gentle, parallel horizontal striae. Subpleuron anteriorly with two deep cavities, centrally gently striate, posteriorly deeply strigate. Lower mesopleuron medially smooth, setose; costate laterally, ventrally. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreened, ventrally bulbous near mesosternum. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle present, distinctly impressed with distinct dorsal and ventral border, glabrous. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of mesopleural triangle. Speculum present, striate, with distinct smooth, glabrous ventral cavity. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina present, complete, delimiting dorsal and ventral halves of scutellum. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth ventrally, longitudinally striate dorsally. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into blunt spine. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar weakly strigate, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) rounded, not drawn out posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly, strigate anteriorly with setiferous punctures. Dorsellum present with two strong medial fovea, glabrous. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, absent. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, foveate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous, horizontally striate with central, bifurcating keel. Petiolar rim of uniform width along entire circumference. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum ‘neck-like', drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa present antero-laterally, smooth posterolaterally. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia present, well developed. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, with adjacent serrate ridge posteriorly. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments less than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing hyaline with slight infuscation covering marginal cell, area posterior to marginal cell. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ribbed, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 indistinct, fused with syntergum. Posterior margin of tergum 3 i<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ndistinct, fused with tergum 4 in syntergum. In lateral view, sternum 3 encompassed by syntergum. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum present with terga 3–5 fused, ventral margin rounded. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, glabrous save for few, long setae. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 gently sinuate. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, smooth at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F52" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 52.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> meso- and metapleurae, lateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g052"></graphic></fig><fig id="F53" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 53.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> hind margin of metasoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g053"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species differs from all other <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic> by the morphology of the pronotum being wave-like, reminiscent of waves on the ocean; in other species, the pronotum is horizontally costate. Also unique is the forked central propodeal keel; in other species, this keel is entire.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Greek for wave or surf, in reference to the wave-like striations of the pronotum.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Central African Republic, Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300224">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300224</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC:</bold> Sangha-Mbaéré Préf. Écon., 21.4km (53°) NE Bayanga, Mabéa Bai, lowland rainforest / marsh clearing, CAR01-M17, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°02.01'N, 16°24.57'E</named-content>, 510m, 2.V–3.V.2001, malaise trap, S. van Noort, USNM ENT 00764785 (deposited in SAMC). <italic>Paratypes</italic>: (3 females) <bold>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC:</bold> Nana-Mambéré Préf., 60km W Bouar, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">05°45'N, 15°13'E</named-content>, 23.III.2010, yellow pan trap, J. Halada (1 female, USNM ENT 00764788 (CNCI)). <bold>CONGO:</bold> Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 13.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764786 (USNM)). Pool Dépt., Iboubikro, MT 4, Lesio Louna Reserve, <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">03°16.196'S, 15°28.267'E</named-content>, 340m, 9.X–15.X.2008, malaise trap, Braet and Sharkey (1 female, USNM ENT 00764787 (USNM)).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Xenocynips</named-content><named-content content-type="species">ronquisti</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Buffington & van Noort</named-content><named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1BB28DD3-5290-471C-B4AF-08B34980FF9F</p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:300225</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704908–704918</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Xenocynips/Xenocynips_ronquisti.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Xenocynips_ronquisti</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F54">Figures 54</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F55">–55</xref></p><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma, dark reddish brown; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply foveate laterally on head, pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput absent. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3. Sculpture of gena present, with distinct fovea. Lateral margin of occiput defined by distinctly angled, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) smooth. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus between lateral ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face present, extending to middle of face, not reaching clypeus. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus present. Facial sculpture present, punctate-rugose, transversely striate; striations meeting at midline of face; present, microcoriaceous. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Anterior tentorial pits small. Vertical delineations on lower face present, single orbital furrow along inner margin of compound eye. Ventral clypeal margin laterally, close to anterior mandibular articulation, distinctly angled. Ventral clypeal margin medially straight, not projecting. Clypeus horizontally striate; circumscribed by clypeal carina; surface striate, converging ventro-medially. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate-foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows rounded, ill-defined, running from lateral edge of torulus to ventral margin of compound eye. <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Lateral frontal carina of face present. Dorsal aspect of vertex with carinae extending from each torulus, defining outer margin of scrobe toward lateral ocelli, reaching posteriorly to median ocellus. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head deeply impressed around postocciput.</p><p><italic>Labial-maxillary complex</italic>. Apical segment of maxillary palp with pubescence, consisting only of erect setae. First segment of labial palp shorter than apical segment. Apical seta on apical segment of maxillary palp shorter than twice length of second longest apical seta. Erect setae medially on apical segment of maxillary palp present. Last two segments of maxillary palp (in normal repose) curved inwards. Apical segment of maxillary palp more than 1.5 times as long as preceding segment.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Male antenna composed of 12 flagellomeres. Placoidal sensilla absent. Second flagellomere of male antenna slightly asymmetric basally. Length of second flagellomere of male antenna longer than first flagellomere.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, foveate. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum present, sparse, composed of few short hairs. Anterior flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, longitudinally striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate absent. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest present, raised into a distinct process projecting above anterior margin of mesoscutum. Submedian pronotal depressions absent, represented by shallow depression. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to the dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate-foveate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, composed of series of deep subcontiguous pits of uniform width. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines absent. Median mesoscutal impression present, long, reaching over 1/2 length of mesoscutum. Parascutal carina nearly straight anteriorly, posteriorly curved mesally.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigate dorsally, with single deep longitudinal trough at midline, ventrally slightly smoother, with gentle, parallel horizontal striae. Subpleuron anteriorly with two deep cavities, centrally gently striate, posteriorly deeply strigate. Lower mesopleuron entirely striate. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreened, ventrally bulbous near mesosternum. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle present, gently impressed lacking dorsal and ventral border; deeply striate. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of mesopleural triangle. Speculum present, striate. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina present, complete, delimiting dorsal and ventral halves of scutellum. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth ventrally, longitudinally striate dorsally. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into blunt spine. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Scutellar foveae present, three. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar with strong strigate sculpture, conspicuously widened ventrally into lobe.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) extended posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly with setiferous punctures anteriorly. Dorsellum present, horizontally striate. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, absent. Pubescence present on metapleuron, long, not dense; absent of propodeum. Propodeal spurs absent. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous, costulate. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum ‘neck-like', drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa present antero-laterally, smooth posterolaterally. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs longer than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments greater than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing hyaline with slight infuscation covering marginal cell, area posterior to marginal cell. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ribbed, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 indistinct, fused with syntergum. Posterior margin of tergum 3 <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>indistinct, fused with tergum 4 in syntergum. Sternum 3 encompassed by syntergum. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum present with terga 3–5 fused, ventral margin rounded. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent.</p><fig id="F54" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 54.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips ronquisti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> lateral habitus <bold>B</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>C</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> head and mesosoma, dorsal view <bold>E</bold> meso- and metapleurae, lateral view <bold>F</bold> scutellum, dorsal view.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g054"></graphic></fig><fig id="F55" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 55.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips ronquisti</named-content></italic> Buffington & van Noort, sp. n., holotype <bold>A</bold> head, anterior view <bold>B</bold> head, dorsal view <bold>C</bold> metasoma, lateral view <bold>D</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g055"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The entirely striate speculum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F54">Fig. 54C</xref>) sets this species apart from other <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic>, which have a dorsally striate, ventrally smooth speculum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F52">Figs 52C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">56B</xref>). Another significant feature is the absence of the propodeal spurs, which both <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips subsquamata</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic> both possess.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>Named in honor of our friend and acclaimed hymenopterist Fredrik Ronquist (Natural History Museum, Stockholm), who determined this represented an undescribed species in his monograph of Liopteridae (Ronquist, 1995).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Democratic Republic of Congo. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300225">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=300225</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:</bold> 39km S Walikale, 700m, 14.IX.1957, E. S. Ross and R. E. Leech, USNM ENT 00764784 (deposited in CASC).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Xenocynips</named-content><named-content content-type="species">subsquamata</named-content></named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Kieffer</named-content></p><p>urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181548</p><p>Morphbank accession: 704904–704907</p><p>http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Liopteridae/Oberthuerellinae/Xenocynips/Xenocynips_subsquamata.htm</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Xenocynips_subsquamata</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">Figure 56</xref></p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips subsquamata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Kieffer, 1910b: 340.</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Coloration of head, mesosoma, and metasoma, dark reddish brown; legs reddish brown. Sculpture on vertex, lateral surface of pronotum and mesoscutum present, deeply striate on head, costate with foveae on pronotum, mesoscutum.</p><p><italic>Head</italic>. Broadly triangular, in anterior view. Pubescence on head present, sparse setae scattered over head. Sculpture along lateral margin of occiput with one costula. Gena (measured from compound eye to posterolateral margin of head) short, ratio of length of gena to length of compound eye in dorsal view < 0.3, in dorsal view. Sculpture of gena present, gently striate. Lateral margin of occiput defined by evenly rounded, raised, sharp carina. Occiput (except extreme lateral margin) with few weak strigae along peripheral margin. Ocelli small, ratio of maximum diameter of a lateral ocellus to shortest distance between lateral ocelli 0.2–0.4. Anterior ocellus close to posterior ocelli, posterior margin of anterior ocellus behind or subcontiguous with a transverse line running through anterior margins of posterior ocelli. Relative position of toruli close to ocelli, ratio of vertical distance between inner margin of torulus and ventral margin of clypeus to vertical distance between anterior ocellus and torulus < 2.0. Median keel of face<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> absent. Vertical carina adjacent to ventral margin of torulus absent. Facial sculpture present, microcoriaceous. Facial impression absent, face flat. Antennal scrobe absent. Vertical delineations on lower face absent. Malar space adjacent to anterior articulation of mandible evenly rounded, striate-foveate. Malar sulcus absent. Compound eye close to posterior ocellus, ratio of distance between compound eye and posterior mandibular articulation to distance between posterior ocellus and compound eye > 1.2. Compound eye, in dorsal view, distinctly protruding from the surface of the head, particularly laterally. Pubescence on compound eye absent. Orbital furrows absent. Lateral frontal carina of face absent. Dorsal aspect of vertex variously strigate; shagreened with faint remnants of carinae. Posterior aspect of vertex foveate. Hair punctures on lateral aspect of vertex absent. Posterior surface of head deeply impressed around postocciput.</p><p><italic>Antenna</italic>. Articulation between flagellomeres in antenna connate with articles broadly joined. Female antenna composed of 11 flagellomeres. Female F1 shorter than F2; black. Flagellomeres of female antenna cylindrical, distinctly widened towards apex, non-clavate. Placoidal sensilla absent. Distal flagellomeres of female antenna not conspicuously enlarged compared to proximal flagellomeres.</p><p><italic>Pronotum</italic>. Macrosculpture on lateral surface of pronotum present, deeply costulate with remnants of foveae. Pubescence on lateral surface of pronotum absent. Anterior <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>flange of pronotal plate distinctly protruding anteriorly, longitudinally striate. Carinae extending posteriorly from lateral margin of pronotal plate distinct but short, not extending to the dorsal margin of pronotum. Lateral pronotal carina present. Pronotal crest present, raised into a distinct process projecting above anterior margin of mesoscutum. Submedian pronotal depressions absent, represented by shallow depression. Lateral margin of pronotal plate defined all the way to dorsal margin of the pronotum. Pronotal plate wide, almost as wide as head.</p><p><italic>Mesoscutum</italic>. Mesoscutal surface convex, evenly curved. Sculpture on mesoscutum present, transversely costate with dorsally projected serrations. Notaulus present, wide, transversely striate, distinctly wider posteriorly. Median mesoscutal carina absent. Anterior admedial lines absent. Median mesoscutal impression absent. Parascutal carina nearly straight anteriorly, posteriorly curved mesally.</p><p><italic>Mesopleuron</italic>. Horizontally strigate dorsally, ventrally smooth with gentle, parallel horizontal striae. Subpleuron transversely striate, glabrous. Lower mesopleuron entirely striate. Epicnemial carina present on ventral half of mesopleuron; shagreened, ventrally bulbous near mesosternum. Lateroventral mesopleural carina present, marking abrupt change of slope of mesopectus. Mesopleural triangle present, gently impressed lacking dorsal and ventral border; deeply striate. Subalar pit large and well defined, lying in posterior end of mesopleural triangle. Speculum present, striate, with distinct smooth, glabrous ventral cavity. Mesopleural carina absent.</p><p><italic>Scutellum</italic>. Dorsal surface of scutellum foveate-areolate. Circumscutellar carina absent. Posterior margin of axillula marked by distinct ledge, axillula distinctly impressed adjacent to ledge. Lateroventral margin of scutellum posterior to auricula smooth ventrally, longitudinally striate dorsally. Dorsoposterior part of scutellum produced posteriorly into blunt spine. Dorsal part of scutellum entirely rugose. Scutellar plate absent. Scutellar foveae present, three, each lateral fovea with two longitudinal divisions, central fovea smooth, resulting in transverse row of 7 longitudinally elongate subfovea. Longitudinal scutellar carinae absent. Single longitudinal carina separating scutellar foveae absent. Posterolateral margin of scutellum drawn out into distinct protuberance. Lateral bar weakly strigate, narrow.</p><p><italic>Metapectal-propodeal complex</italic>. Metapectal cavity anterodorsal to metacoxal base absent. Anterior margin of metapectal-propodeal complex seperated from mesopleuron by distinct dorso-ventral ledge. Posteroventral corner of metapleuron (in lateral view) extended posteriorly. Anterior impression of metepimeron present, triangular, with broadest part ventrally. Posterior margin of metepimeron distinct, separating metepimeron from propodeum. Subalar area slightly broadened anteriorly, without longitudinal division indicated. Calyptra present, blunt, lobe-like, polished posteriorly, strigate anteriorly with setiferous punctures. Dorsellum absent. Anterior impression of metepisternum, immediately beneath anterior end of metapleural carina, absent. Pubescence consisting of few scattered hairs on posterior part of metapleuron and lateral part of propodeum. Propodeal spurs present, striate. Lateral propodeal carinae present, not reaching scutellum. Ventral end of lateral propodeal carina reaching nucha, carinae separated from each other. Inter propodeal carinae space glabrous, costulate.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Petiolar rim of uniform width along entire circumference. Petiolar foramen removed from metacoxae, directed posteriorly. Horizontal carina running anteriorly from lateral propodeal carina present. Lateral propodeal carina straight, sub-parallel. Calyptra, in lateral view, elongate. Propodeum ‘neck-like', drawn out posteriorly. Calyptra, in posterior view, dorsoventrally elongate.</p><p><italic>Legs</italic>. Pubescence posterolaterally on metacoxa sparse to moderately dense, confined dense hair patch absent. Microsculpture on hind coxa absent. Longitudinal carina on the posterior surface of metatibia absent. Metafemoral spine present, elongate, extending distally as low keel along ventral femoral margin. Distal mesotibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Distal metatibial spurs shorter than medial spurs. Ratio of first metatibial segment to remaining 4 segments less than 1.0. Pubescence on outer surface of metatarsal claw sparse, consisting of few setae. Outer surface of metatarsal claw entirely smooth. Apical seta of metatarsal claw positioned on outer surface below dorsal margin. Base of metatarsal claw weakly expanded, apex slightly bent, ratio width of base to length of apex < 0.6.</p><p><italic>Forewing</italic>. Pubescence of forewing absent on basal half of wing, sparse distally. Apical margin of female forewing rounded. Rs+M of forewing tubular. Mesal end of Rs+M vein situated closer to posterior margin of forewing, directed towards posterior end of basalis. Vein R1 tubular along at least basal part of anterior margin of marginal cell. Basal abscissa of R1 (the abscissa between 2r and the forewing margin) of forewing as broad as adjacent wing veins. Coloration of forewing hyaline with slight infuscation covering marginal cell, area posterior to marginal cell. Marginal cell of forewing membranous, similar to other wing cells. Areolet absent. Hair fringe along apical margin of forewing absent.</p><p><italic>Petiole</italic>. Slightly elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide. Surface of petiole longitudinally costate, ribbed, ventral keel absent. Posterior part of female petiole not abruptly widened. Ventral flange of annulus of female petiole absent. Ventral and lateral parts of petiolar rim narrow.</p><p><italic>Metasoma</italic>. Setal band (hairy ring) at base of tergum 3 absent, base of metasoma glabrous. Tergum 3 indistinct, fused with syntergum. Posterior margin of tergum 3 indistinct, fused with tergum 4 in syntergum. Sternum 3 encompassed by syntergum. Sculpture on metasomal terga present, finely punctate laterally, dorsally; posteriorly with large setal pits. Syntergum present with terga 3–5 fused, ventral margin rounded. Annulus absent. Peg-like setae on T6–T7 absent. Posteroventral cavities of female metasoma T7 present, glabrous save for few, long setae. Female posteroventral margin of T6–T7 straight, parallel, with medial carina. Terebrum and hypopygium (in lateral view) straight, pointing posteriorly.</p><p><italic>Ovipositor</italic>. First valvula of ovipositor narrowing gradually, not broadened apically, smooth at tip. Ovipositor clip absent.</p><fig id="F56" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 56.</label><caption><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips subsquamata</named-content></italic> Kieffer, holotype <bold>A</bold> dorsal habitus <bold>B</bold> head and mesosoma, lateral view <bold>C</bold> fore and hind wings <bold>D</bold> labels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g056"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species is most easily confused with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic>, but the sculpture of the pronotum is distinct from that species; in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips subsquamata</named-content></italic>, the pronotum is horizontally costate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">Fig. 56B</xref>), but the costa do not result in the wave-like crests found in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F52">Fig. 52C</xref>). Additionally, the central propodeal keel is entire in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips subsquamata</named-content></italic>, and forked in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips rhothion</named-content></italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Cameroon. <bold>Link to Distribution Map.</bold> [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181548">http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=181548</ext-link>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examined.</title><p>Holotype, female: <bold>CAMEROON:</bold> no date, Conradt, USNM ENT 00764783 (deposited in DEIC).</p></sec></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="Discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>Besides the inferred association with <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Coleoptera</named-content> and the rearing of one species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paramblynotus yangambicolous</named-content></italic>, from a rotten log of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Euphorbiaceae</named-content> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Benoit 1955</xref>), and observations suggesting that <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Paramblynotus</named-content></italic> species are parasitoids of beetle larva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Liu et al. 2007</xref>), nothing is known about the biology of the Afrotropical <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Liopteridae</named-content>. The extensive posteriorly directed ridges on the pronotum and mesoscutum in a number of species suggest an adaption for exiting from (or burrowing in to find) concealed hosts in a confined substrate such as dense leaf litter or rotten logs. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ronquist (1995)</xref> proposed that these structures help with host tunnel negotiation. These effective, posteriorly directed teeth would facilitate the negotiation of such substrates, preventing slippage and promoting forward movement down the tunnels or through the substrate.</p><p>All of the fresh material examined here that was collected by R. Copeland, M. Sharkey, and the second author of this work, was taken in Malaise traps in densely forested areas. Specimens collected by the second author in Central African Republic and Tanzania were taken in yellow pan traps, as well as by fogging <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acacia reficiens<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></named-content></italic> Wawra, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Acacia nilotica</named-content></italic> (L.) Delile, and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cammiphora campestris</named-content></italic> Engl. (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Fabaceae</named-content>). To date, Malaise traps, running continuously for extended periods of time in forested areas, are the most cost-effective and efficient way to collect these elusive wasps, but unfortunately adds little to the knowledge of their biology and host associations. The future of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerellinae</named-content> research needs to proceed in three directions: the first being additional field work in parts of Africa not yet thoroughly documented (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Fig. 57</xref>); second, the phylogenetic relationships among these wasps need to be investigated, and prior to this more fresh material needs to be collected; and third, focus on rearing of potential hosts. Far too many oberthuerellines are known only from the type specimen, and none with biological data.</p><fig id="F57" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 57.</label><caption><p>Distribution map of <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerellinae</named-content>. Circles, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella</named-content></italic>; triangles, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tessmannella</named-content></italic>; crosses, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Xenocynips</named-content></italic>. All occurrence data are available from Hymenoptera On-line: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=125302">http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=125302</ext-link>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-202-001-g057"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment1" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment1.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment2" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">abscinda</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment2.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment3" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">aureopilosa</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment3.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment4" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">breviscutellaris</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment4.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment5" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">crassicornis</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment5.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment6" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">cyclopia</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment6.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment7" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">eschara</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment7.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment8" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kibalensis</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment8.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment9" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">lenticularis</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment9.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment10" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longicaudata</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment10.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment11" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">longispinosa</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment11.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment12" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nigra</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment12.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment13" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nigrescens</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment13.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment14" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pardolatus</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment14.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment15" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">sharkeyi</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment15.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment16" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">simba</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment16.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment17" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">tibialis</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment17.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment18" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">transiens</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment18.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment19" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Oberthuerella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">triformis</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment19.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment20" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment20.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment21" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">copelandi</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment21.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment22" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">expansa</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment22.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment23" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">kiplingi</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment23.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment24" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">nigra</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment24.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment25" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">roberti</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment25.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment26" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Tessmannella</named-content><named-content content-type="species">spinosa</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment26.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment27" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Xenocynips</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment27.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment28" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Xenocynips</named-content><named-content content-type="species">rhothion</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment28.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment29" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Xenocynips</named-content><named-content content-type="species">ronquisti</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment29.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.202.2136-treatment30" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Xenocynips</named-content><named-content content-type="species">subsquamata</named-content></title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.202.2136-treatment30.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>MLB thanks the Systematic Entomology Lab, USDA/ARS for funding museum research in Europe in June, 2010. SVN was funded by the National Research Foundation Italy–South Africa agreement under Grant GUN 2068865 and NRF grant GUN 61497. The expedition to the Central African Republic was supported by funds from the World Wildlife Fund (US). The Ugandan Wildlife Authority and UNCST provided permits to conduct research in Uganda. We thank Dr. Richard Bagine, Director of Research, Kenya Wildlife Service for granting R. S. Copeland permission to sample in Kenyan National Parks and Reserves. Dr. Helida Oyieke, Head of Collections and Research, National Museums of Kenya, was instrumental in granting permission to loan insects for study. We also acknowledge and thank Deb Paul and MorphBank (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.morphbank.net">http://www.morphbank.net</ext-link>), (Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL), and Norm Johnson and Joe Cora of vSyslab (Ohio State University, Columbus, OH) for technical assistance; we also thank Joe Cora for helping to generate our distribution maps. Istvan Miko (North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC) helped generate the URI table. Doug Yanega (UC Riverside, Riverside, CA) helped clarify nomenclatural issues surrounding <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oberthuerella lenticularis</named-content></italic>. David Notton (The Natural History Museum, London), Claire Villemont (Natural History Museum, Paris), Eliane de Conick (Africa Museum, Tervuren), Robert Zuparko (California Academy of Arts and Science, San Francisco), Lubomir Masner (Canadian National Insect Collection, Ottawa), and Zhiwei Liu (Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL) assisted with loans and specimen queries, and their help is greatly appreciated. Stewart McKamey, Thomas J. Henry (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Washington, DC), George Melika (Plant Pest Laboratory, Tanakajd, Hungary), Johan Liljeblad (Swedish Species Information Centre, Uppsala, Sweden), Istvan Miko and one additional anonymous reviewer, greatly improved earlier versions of this manuscript. 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</ref-list><app-group><app id="appendix1"><title>Appendix 1</title><p>List of morphological terms. (doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.202.2136.app">10.3897/zookeys.202.2136.app</ext-link>) File format: Excel spreadsheet (xls).</p><p><bold>Explanation note:</bold> List of morphological terms, their definitions, and corresponding HAO concepts.</p></app></app-group></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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