Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites
Identifieur interne : 001694 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001693; suivant : 001695Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites
Auteurs : Kell B. Wilson ; Dennis D. Baldocchi ; Marc Aubinet ; Paul Berbigier ; Christian Bernhofer ; Han Dolman ; Eva Falge ; Chris Field ; Allen Goldstein ; Andre Granier ; Achim Grelle ; Thorgeirsson Halldor ; Dave Hollinger ; Gabriel Katul ; B. E. Law ; Anders Lindroth ; Tilden Meyers ; John Moncrieff ; Russ Monson ; Walter Oechel ; John Tenhunen ; Riccardo Valentini ; Shashi Verma ; Timo Vesala ; Steve WofsySource :
- Water Resources Research [ 0043-1397 ] ; 2002-12.
Abstract
The warm season (mid‐June through late August) partitioning between sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat flux, or the Bowen ratio (β = H/LE), was investigated at 27 sites over 66 site years within the international network of eddy covariance sites (FLUXNET). Variability in β across ecosystems and climates was analyzed by quantifying general climatic and surface characteristics that control flux partitioning. The climatic control on β was quantified using the climatological resistance (Ri), which is proportional to the ratio of vapor pressure deficit (difference between saturation vapor pressure and atmospheric vapor pressure) to net radiation (large values of Ri decrease β). The control of flux partitioning by the vegetation and underlying surface was quantified by computing the surface resistance to water vapor transport (Rc, with large values tending to increase β). There was a considerable range in flux partitioning characteristics (Rc, Ri and β) among sites, but it was possible to define some general differences between vegetation types and climates. Deciduous forest sites and the agricultural site had the lowest values of Rc and β (0.25–0.50). Coniferous forests typically had a larger Rc and higher β (typically between 0.50 and 1.00 but also much larger). However, there was notable variability in Rc and Ri between coniferous site years, most notably differences between oceanic and continental climates and sites with a distinct dry summer season (Mediterranean climate). Sites with Mediterranean climates generally had the highest net radiation, Rc, Ri, and β. There was considerable variability in β between grassland site years, primarily the result of interannual differences in soil water content and Rc.
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DOI: 10.1029/2001WR000989
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Baldocchi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aubinet, Marc" sort="Aubinet, Marc" uniqKey="Aubinet M" first="Marc" last="Aubinet">Marc Aubinet</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unité de Physique, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berbigier, Paul" sort="Berbigier, Paul" uniqKey="Berbigier P" first="Paul" last="Berbigier">Paul Berbigier</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unité de Bioclimatologie, INRA Bourdeaux, Gazinet, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernhofer, Christian" sort="Bernhofer, Christian" uniqKey="Bernhofer C" first="Christian" last="Bernhofer">Christian Bernhofer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute für Hydrologie und Meteorologie, Tharandt, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dolman, Han" sort="Dolman, Han" uniqKey="Dolman H" first="Han" last="Dolman">Han Dolman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falge, Eva" sort="Falge, Eva" uniqKey="Falge E" first="Eva" last="Falge">Eva Falge</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Field, Chris" sort="Field, Chris" uniqKey="Field C" first="Chris" last="Field">Chris Field</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, California, Stanford, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldstein, Allen" sort="Goldstein, Allen" uniqKey="Goldstein A" first="Allen" last="Goldstein">Allen Goldstein</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Granier, Andre" sort="Granier, Andre" uniqKey="Granier A" first="Andre" last="Granier">Andre Granier</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unite Ecophysiologie Forestieres, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique, Champenoux, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grelle, Achim" sort="Grelle, Achim" uniqKey="Grelle A" first="Achim" last="Grelle">Achim Grelle</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halldor, Thorgeirsson" sort="Halldor, Thorgeirsson" uniqKey="Halldor T" first="Thorgeirsson" last="Halldor">Thorgeirsson Halldor</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Research, Agricultural Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hollinger, Dave" sort="Hollinger, Dave" uniqKey="Hollinger D" first="Dave" last="Hollinger">Dave Hollinger</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, New Hampshire, Durham, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katul, Gabriel" sort="Katul, Gabriel" uniqKey="Katul G" first="Gabriel" last="Katul">Gabriel Katul</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of the Environment, Duke University, North Carolina, Durham, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Law, B E" sort="Law, B E" uniqKey="Law B" first="B. E." last="Law">B. E. Law</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindroth, Anders" sort="Lindroth, Anders" uniqKey="Lindroth A" first="Anders" last="Lindroth">Anders Lindroth</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyers, Tilden" sort="Meyers, Tilden" uniqKey="Meyers T" first="Tilden" last="Meyers">Tilden Meyers</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA, Tennessee, Oak Ridge, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moncrieff, John" sort="Moncrieff, John" uniqKey="Moncrieff J" first="John" last="Moncrieff">John Moncrieff</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monson, Russ" sort="Monson, Russ" uniqKey="Monson R" first="Russ" last="Monson">Russ Monson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Colorado, Boulder, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oechel, Walter" sort="Oechel, Walter" uniqKey="Oechel W" first="Walter" last="Oechel">Walter Oechel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, California, San Diego, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tenhunen, John" sort="Tenhunen, John" uniqKey="Tenhunen J" first="John" last="Tenhunen">John Tenhunen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valentini, Riccardo" sort="Valentini, Riccardo" uniqKey="Valentini R" first="Riccardo" last="Valentini">Riccardo Valentini</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Forest Science and Resources, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verma, Shashi" sort="Verma, Shashi" uniqKey="Verma S" first="Shashi" last="Verma">Shashi Verma</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, Lincoln, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vesala, Timo" sort="Vesala, Timo" uniqKey="Vesala T" first="Timo" last="Vesala">Timo Vesala</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wofsy, Steve" sort="Wofsy, Steve" uniqKey="Wofsy S" first="Steve" last="Wofsy">Steve Wofsy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0</idno><date when="2002" year="2002">2002</date><idno type="doi">10.1029/2001WR000989</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001694</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001694</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites</title><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Kell B" sort="Wilson, Kell B" uniqKey="Wilson K" first="Kell B." last="Wilson">Kell B. Wilson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA, Tennessee, Oak Ridge, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baldocchi, Dennis D" sort="Baldocchi, Dennis D" uniqKey="Baldocchi D" first="Dennis D." last="Baldocchi">Dennis D. Baldocchi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aubinet, Marc" sort="Aubinet, Marc" uniqKey="Aubinet M" first="Marc" last="Aubinet">Marc Aubinet</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unité de Physique, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berbigier, Paul" sort="Berbigier, Paul" uniqKey="Berbigier P" first="Paul" last="Berbigier">Paul Berbigier</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unité de Bioclimatologie, INRA Bourdeaux, Gazinet, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernhofer, Christian" sort="Bernhofer, Christian" uniqKey="Bernhofer C" first="Christian" last="Bernhofer">Christian Bernhofer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute für Hydrologie und Meteorologie, Tharandt, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dolman, Han" sort="Dolman, Han" uniqKey="Dolman H" first="Han" last="Dolman">Han Dolman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falge, Eva" sort="Falge, Eva" uniqKey="Falge E" first="Eva" last="Falge">Eva Falge</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Field, Chris" sort="Field, Chris" uniqKey="Field C" first="Chris" last="Field">Chris Field</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, California, Stanford, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldstein, Allen" sort="Goldstein, Allen" uniqKey="Goldstein A" first="Allen" last="Goldstein">Allen Goldstein</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Granier, Andre" sort="Granier, Andre" uniqKey="Granier A" first="Andre" last="Granier">Andre Granier</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unite Ecophysiologie Forestieres, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique, Champenoux, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grelle, Achim" sort="Grelle, Achim" uniqKey="Grelle A" first="Achim" last="Grelle">Achim Grelle</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halldor, Thorgeirsson" sort="Halldor, Thorgeirsson" uniqKey="Halldor T" first="Thorgeirsson" last="Halldor">Thorgeirsson Halldor</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Research, Agricultural Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hollinger, Dave" sort="Hollinger, Dave" uniqKey="Hollinger D" first="Dave" last="Hollinger">Dave Hollinger</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, New Hampshire, Durham, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katul, Gabriel" sort="Katul, Gabriel" uniqKey="Katul G" first="Gabriel" last="Katul">Gabriel Katul</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of the Environment, Duke University, North Carolina, Durham, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Law, B E" sort="Law, B E" uniqKey="Law B" first="B. E." last="Law">B. E. Law</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindroth, Anders" sort="Lindroth, Anders" uniqKey="Lindroth A" first="Anders" last="Lindroth">Anders Lindroth</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyers, Tilden" sort="Meyers, Tilden" uniqKey="Meyers T" first="Tilden" last="Meyers">Tilden Meyers</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA, Tennessee, Oak Ridge, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moncrieff, John" sort="Moncrieff, John" uniqKey="Moncrieff J" first="John" last="Moncrieff">John Moncrieff</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monson, Russ" sort="Monson, Russ" uniqKey="Monson R" first="Russ" last="Monson">Russ Monson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Colorado, Boulder, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oechel, Walter" sort="Oechel, Walter" uniqKey="Oechel W" first="Walter" last="Oechel">Walter Oechel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, California, San Diego, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tenhunen, John" sort="Tenhunen, John" uniqKey="Tenhunen J" first="John" last="Tenhunen">John Tenhunen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valentini, Riccardo" sort="Valentini, Riccardo" uniqKey="Valentini R" first="Riccardo" last="Valentini">Riccardo Valentini</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Forest Science and Resources, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verma, Shashi" sort="Verma, Shashi" uniqKey="Verma S" first="Shashi" last="Verma">Shashi Verma</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, Lincoln, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vesala, Timo" sort="Vesala, Timo" uniqKey="Vesala T" first="Timo" last="Vesala">Timo Vesala</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wofsy, Steve" sort="Wofsy, Steve" uniqKey="Wofsy S" first="Steve" last="Wofsy">Steve Wofsy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Water Resources Research</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Water Resour. Res.</title><idno type="ISSN">0043-1397</idno><idno type="eISSN">1944-7973</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2002-12">2002-12</date><biblScope unit="volume">38</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">12</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="30-1">30-1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="30-11">30-11</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0043-1397</idno></series><idno type="istex">A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2001WR000989</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2001WR000989</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0043-1397</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The warm season (mid‐June through late August) partitioning between sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat flux, or the Bowen ratio (β = H/LE), was investigated at 27 sites over 66 site years within the international network of eddy covariance sites (FLUXNET). Variability in β across ecosystems and climates was analyzed by quantifying general climatic and surface characteristics that control flux partitioning. The climatic control on β was quantified using the climatological resistance (Ri), which is proportional to the ratio of vapor pressure deficit (difference between saturation vapor pressure and atmospheric vapor pressure) to net radiation (large values of Ri decrease β). The control of flux partitioning by the vegetation and underlying surface was quantified by computing the surface resistance to water vapor transport (Rc, with large values tending to increase β). There was a considerable range in flux partitioning characteristics (Rc, Ri and β) among sites, but it was possible to define some general differences between vegetation types and climates. Deciduous forest sites and the agricultural site had the lowest values of Rc and β (0.25–0.50). Coniferous forests typically had a larger Rc and higher β (typically between 0.50 and 1.00 but also much larger). However, there was notable variability in Rc and Ri between coniferous site years, most notably differences between oceanic and continental climates and sites with a distinct dry summer season (Mediterranean climate). Sites with Mediterranean climates generally had the highest net radiation, Rc, Ri, and β. There was considerable variability in β between grassland site years, primarily the result of interannual differences in soil water content and Rc.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Kell B. Wilson</name><affiliations><json:string>Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA, Tennessee, Oak Ridge, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Dennis D. Baldocchi</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Marc Aubinet</name><affiliations><json:string>Unité de Physique, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux, Belgium</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Paul Berbigier</name><affiliations><json:string>Unité de Bioclimatologie, INRA Bourdeaux, Gazinet, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christian Bernhofer</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute für Hydrologie und Meteorologie, Tharandt, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Han Dolman</name><affiliations><json:string>Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Eva Falge</name><affiliations><json:string>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Chris Field</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, California, Stanford, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Allen Goldstein</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Andre Granier</name><affiliations><json:string>Unite Ecophysiologie Forestieres, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique, Champenoux, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Achim Grelle</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Thorgeirsson Halldor</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Environmental Research, Agricultural Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Dave Hollinger</name><affiliations><json:string>USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, New Hampshire, Durham, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Gabriel Katul</name><affiliations><json:string>School of the Environment, Duke University, North Carolina, Durham, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>B. E. Law</name><affiliations><json:string>College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Anders Lindroth</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Tilden Meyers</name><affiliations><json:string>Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA, Tennessee, Oak Ridge, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>John Moncrieff</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Russ Monson</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Colorado, Boulder, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Walter Oechel</name><affiliations><json:string>Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, California, San Diego, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>John Tenhunen</name><affiliations><json:string>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Riccardo Valentini</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Forest Science and Resources, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Shashi Verma</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, Lincoln, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Timo Vesala</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Steve Wofsy</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>eddy covariance</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>evaporation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ecohydrology</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>hydrology</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>2001WR000989</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The warm season (mid‐June through late August) partitioning between sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat flux, or the Bowen ratio (β = H/LE), was investigated at 27 sites over 66 site years within the international network of eddy covariance sites (FLUXNET). Variability in β across ecosystems and climates was analyzed by quantifying general climatic and surface characteristics that control flux partitioning. The climatic control on β was quantified using the climatological resistance (Ri), which is proportional to the ratio of vapor pressure deficit (difference between saturation vapor pressure and atmospheric vapor pressure) to net radiation (large values of Ri decrease β). The control of flux partitioning by the vegetation and underlying surface was quantified by computing the surface resistance to water vapor transport (Rc, with large values tending to increase β). There was a considerable range in flux partitioning characteristics (Rc, Ri and β) among sites, but it was possible to define some general differences between vegetation types and climates. Deciduous forest sites and the agricultural site had the lowest values of Rc and β (0.25–0.50). Coniferous forests typically had a larger Rc and higher β (typically between 0.50 and 1.00 but also much larger). However, there was notable variability in Rc and Ri between coniferous site years, most notably differences between oceanic and continental climates and sites with a distinct dry summer season (Mediterranean climate). Sites with Mediterranean climates generally had the highest net radiation, Rc, Ri, and β. There was considerable variability in β between grassland site years, primarily the result of interannual differences in soil water content and Rc.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>594 x 810 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1733</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>8214</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>51501</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>11</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>262</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>M. L. Abbott</name></json:item><json:item><name>T. D. Reynolds</name></json:item></author><host><volume>31</volume><pages><last>178</last><first>165</first></pages><author></author><title>Environ. Exp. 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Bot.</title></host><title>Biochemical limitations to carbon assimilation in C3 plants—A retrospective analysis of the A/Ci curves from 109 species</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>38</volume><publisherId><json:string>WRCR</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>11</total><last>30-11</last><first>30-1</first></pages><issn><json:string>0043-1397</json:string></issn><issue>12</issue><subject><json:item><value>Atmospheric Composition and Structure</value></json:item><json:item><value>Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions</value></json:item><json:item><value>Hydrology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Hydrology: Evapotranspiration</value></json:item><json:item><value>Hydrology: Plant ecology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Atmospheric Processes</value></json:item><json:item><value>Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions</value></json:item><json:item><value>Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Boundary layer processes</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1944-7973</json:string></eissn><title>Water Resources Research</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1944-7973</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>water resources</json:string><json:string>limnology</json:string><json:string>environmental sciences</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>applied sciences</json:string><json:string>engineering</json:string><json:string>environmental engineering</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2002</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2002</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1029/2001WR000989</json:string></doi><id>A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><p>Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union.</p></availability><date>2002</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Kell B.</forename><surname>Wilson</surname></persName><affiliation>Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA, Tennessee, Oak Ridge, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Dennis D.</forename><surname>Baldocchi</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Marc</forename><surname>Aubinet</surname></persName><affiliation>Unité de Physique, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux, Belgium</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Paul</forename><surname>Berbigier</surname></persName><affiliation>Unité de Bioclimatologie, INRA Bourdeaux, Gazinet, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Christian</forename><surname>Bernhofer</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute für Hydrologie und Meteorologie, Tharandt, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Han</forename><surname>Dolman</surname></persName><affiliation>Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">Eva</forename><surname>Falge</surname></persName><affiliation>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-8"><persName><forename type="first">Chris</forename><surname>Field</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, California, Stanford, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-9"><persName><forename type="first">Allen</forename><surname>Goldstein</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-10"><persName><forename type="first">Andre</forename><surname>Granier</surname></persName><affiliation>Unite Ecophysiologie Forestieres, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique, Champenoux, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-11"><persName><forename type="first">Achim</forename><surname>Grelle</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-12"><persName><forename type="first">Thorgeirsson</forename><surname>Halldor</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Environmental Research, Agricultural Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-13"><persName><forename type="first">Dave</forename><surname>Hollinger</surname></persName><affiliation>USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, New Hampshire, Durham, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-14"><persName><forename type="first">Gabriel</forename><surname>Katul</surname></persName><affiliation>School of the Environment, Duke University, North Carolina, Durham, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-15"><persName><forename type="first">B. E.</forename><surname>Law</surname></persName><affiliation>College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-16"><persName><forename type="first">Anders</forename><surname>Lindroth</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-17"><persName><forename type="first">Tilden</forename><surname>Meyers</surname></persName><affiliation>Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA, Tennessee, Oak Ridge, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-18"><persName><forename type="first">John</forename><surname>Moncrieff</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-19"><persName><forename type="first">Russ</forename><surname>Monson</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Colorado, Boulder, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-20"><persName><forename type="first">Walter</forename><surname>Oechel</surname></persName><affiliation>Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, California, San Diego, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-21"><persName><forename type="first">John</forename><surname>Tenhunen</surname></persName><affiliation>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-22"><persName><forename type="first">Riccardo</forename><surname>Valentini</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Forest Science and Resources, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-23"><persName><forename type="first">Shashi</forename><surname>Verma</surname></persName><affiliation>School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, Lincoln, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-24"><persName><forename type="first">Timo</forename><surname>Vesala</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-25"><persName><forename type="first">Steve</forename><surname>Wofsy</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Water Resources Research</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Water Resour. Res.</title><idno type="pISSN">0043-1397</idno><idno type="eISSN">1944-7973</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1944-7973</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2002-12"></date><biblScope unit="volume">38</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">12</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="30-1">30-1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="30-11">30-11</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2001WR000989</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2001WR000989</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2002</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>The warm season (mid‐June through late August) partitioning between sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat flux, or the Bowen ratio (β = H/LE), was investigated at 27 sites over 66 site years within the international network of eddy covariance sites (FLUXNET). Variability in β across ecosystems and climates was analyzed by quantifying general climatic and surface characteristics that control flux partitioning. The climatic control on β was quantified using the climatological resistance (Ri), which is proportional to the ratio of vapor pressure deficit (difference between saturation vapor pressure and atmospheric vapor pressure) to net radiation (large values of Ri decrease β). The control of flux partitioning by the vegetation and underlying surface was quantified by computing the surface resistance to water vapor transport (Rc, with large values tending to increase β). There was a considerable range in flux partitioning characteristics (Rc, Ri and β) among sites, but it was possible to define some general differences between vegetation types and climates. Deciduous forest sites and the agricultural site had the lowest values of Rc and β (0.25–0.50). Coniferous forests typically had a larger Rc and higher β (typically between 0.50 and 1.00 but also much larger). However, there was notable variability in Rc and Ri between coniferous site years, most notably differences between oceanic and continental climates and sites with a distinct dry summer season (Mediterranean climate). Sites with Mediterranean climates generally had the highest net radiation, Rc, Ri, and β. There was considerable variability in β between grassland site years, primarily the result of interannual differences in soil water content and Rc.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>eddy covariance</term></item><item><term>evaporation</term></item><item><term>ecohydrology</term></item><item><term>hydrology</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>index-terms</head><item><term>Atmospheric Composition and Structure</term></item><item><term>Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions</term></item><item><term>Hydrology</term></item><item><term>Hydrology: Evapotranspiration</term></item><item><term>Hydrology: Plant ecology</term></item><item><term>Atmospheric Processes</term></item><item><term>Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions</term></item><item><term>Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Boundary layer processes</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2001-10-03">Received</change><change when="2002-01-03">Registration</change><change when="2002-12">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="wrcr9248"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)1944-7973</doi><issn type="print">0043-1397</issn><issn type="electronic">1944-7973</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="WRCR"></id><id type="coden" value="WRERAQ"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH">Water Resources Research</title><title type="short">Water Resour. 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B.</givenNames></author>, et al., <articleTitle>Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>Water Resour. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>38</vol>(<issue>12</issue>), 1294, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2001WR000989">10.1029/2001WR000989</accessionId>, <pubYear year="2002">2002</pubYear>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:WRCR.WRCR9248.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="4"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="2"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites</title><title type="short">ENERGY BALANCE PARTITIONING AT FLUXNET SITES</title><title type="shortAuthors">Wilson <i>et al</i>.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0001" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>Kell B.</givenNames> <familyName>Wilson</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0002" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Dennis D.</givenNames> <familyName>Baldocchi</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0003" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>Marc</givenNames> <familyName>Aubinet</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0004" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Paul</givenNames> <familyName>Berbigier</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0005" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0005"><personName><givenNames>Christian</givenNames> <familyName>Bernhofer</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0006" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0006"><personName><givenNames>Han</givenNames> <familyName>Dolman</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0007" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0007"><personName><givenNames>Eva</givenNames> <familyName>Falge</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0008" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0008"><personName><givenNames>Chris</givenNames> <familyName>Field</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0009" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Allen</givenNames> <familyName>Goldstein</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0010" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0009"><personName><givenNames>Andre</givenNames> <familyName>Granier</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0011" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0010"><personName><givenNames>Achim</givenNames> <familyName>Grelle</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0012" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0011"><personName><givenNames>Thorgeirsson</givenNames> <familyName>Halldor</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0013" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0012"><personName><givenNames>Dave</givenNames> <familyName>Hollinger</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0014" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0013"><personName><givenNames>Gabriel</givenNames> <familyName>Katul</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="wrcr9248-cr-0015" affiliationRef="#wrcr9248-aff-0014"><personName><givenNames>B. 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Washington</orgName><address><city>Stanford</city><countryPart>California</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="FR" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0009"><orgDiv>Unite Ecophysiologie Forestieres</orgDiv><orgName>Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique</orgName><address><city>Champenoux</city><country>France</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="SE" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0010"><orgDiv>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research</orgDiv><orgName>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</orgName><address><city>Uppsala</city><country>Sweden</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="IS" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0011"><orgName>Agricultural Research Institute</orgName><orgDiv>Department of Environmental Research</orgDiv><address><city>Reykjavik</city><country>Iceland</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0012"><orgDiv>USDA Forest Service</orgDiv><orgName>Northeastern Forest Experiment Station</orgName><address><city>Durham</city><countryPart>New Hampshire</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0013"><orgDiv>School of the Environment</orgDiv><orgName>Duke University</orgName><address><city>Durham</city><countryPart>North Carolina</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0014"><orgDiv>College of Forestry</orgDiv><orgName>Oregon State University</orgName><address><city>Corvallis</city><countryPart>Oregon</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="SE" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0015"><orgDiv>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research</orgDiv><orgName>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</orgName><address><city>Uppsala</city><country>Sweden</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="GB" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0016"><orgDiv>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research</orgDiv><orgName>University of Edinburgh</orgName><address><city>Edinburgh</city><country>UK</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0017"><orgDiv>Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology</orgDiv><orgName>University of Colorado</orgName><address><city>Boulder</city><countryPart>Colorado</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0018"><orgDiv>Global Change Research Group</orgDiv><orgName>San Diego State University</orgName><address><city>San Diego</city><countryPart>California</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="IT" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0019"><orgDiv>Department of Forest Science and Resources</orgDiv><orgName>University of Tuscia</orgName><address><city>Viterbo</city><country>Italy</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0020"><orgDiv>School of Natural Resource Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>University of Nebraska, Lincoln</orgName><address><city>Lincoln</city><countryPart>Nebraska</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="FI" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0021"><orgDiv>Department of Physical Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>University of Helsinki</orgName><address><city>Helsinki</city><country>Finland</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="wrcr9248-aff-0022"><orgDiv>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>Harvard University</orgName><address><city>Cambridge</city><countryPart>Massachusetts</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="wrcr9248-kwd-0001">eddy covariance</keyword><keyword xml:id="wrcr9248-kwd-0002">evaporation</keyword><keyword xml:id="wrcr9248-kwd-0003">ecohydrology</keyword><keyword xml:id="wrcr9248-kwd-0004">hydrology</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="wrcr9248-para-0001" label="1">The warm season (mid‐June through late August) partitioning between sensible (<i>H</i>) and latent (<i>LE</i>) heat flux, or the Bowen ratio (β = <i>H</i>/<i>LE</i>), was investigated at 27 sites over 66 site years within the international network of eddy covariance sites (FLUXNET). Variability in β across ecosystems and climates was analyzed by quantifying general climatic and surface characteristics that control flux partitioning. The climatic control on β was quantified using the climatological resistance (<i>R</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>), which is proportional to the ratio of vapor pressure deficit (difference between saturation vapor pressure and atmospheric vapor pressure) to net radiation (large values of <i>R</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> decrease β). The control of flux partitioning by the vegetation and underlying surface was quantified by computing the surface resistance to water vapor transport (<i>R</i><sub><i>c</i></sub>, with large values tending to increase β). There was a considerable range in flux partitioning characteristics (<i>R</i><sub><i>c</i></sub>, <i>R</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> and β) among sites, but it was possible to define some general differences between vegetation types and climates. Deciduous forest sites and the agricultural site had the lowest values of <i>R</i><sub><i>c</i></sub> and β (0.25–0.50). Coniferous forests typically had a larger <i>R</i><sub><i>c</i></sub> and higher β (typically between 0.50 and 1.00 but also much larger). However, there was notable variability in <i>R</i><sub><i>c</i></sub> and <i>R</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> between coniferous site years, most notably differences between oceanic and continental climates and sites with a distinct dry summer season (Mediterranean climate). Sites with Mediterranean climates generally had the highest net radiation, <i>R</i><sub><i>c</i></sub>, <i>R</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>, and β. There was considerable variability in β between grassland site years, primarily the result of interannual differences in soil water content and <i>R</i><sub><i>c</i></sub>.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>ENERGY BALANCE PARTITIONING AT FLUXNET SITES</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kell B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Wilson</namePart><affiliation>Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA, Tennessee, Oak Ridge, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dennis D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Baldocchi</namePart><affiliation>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Marc</namePart><namePart type="family">Aubinet</namePart><affiliation>Unité de Physique, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux, Belgium</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Paul</namePart><namePart type="family">Berbigier</namePart><affiliation>Unité de Bioclimatologie, INRA Bourdeaux, Gazinet, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christian</namePart><namePart type="family">Bernhofer</namePart><affiliation>Institute für Hydrologie und Meteorologie, Tharandt, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Han</namePart><namePart type="family">Dolman</namePart><affiliation>Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Eva</namePart><namePart type="family">Falge</namePart><affiliation>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Chris</namePart><namePart type="family">Field</namePart><affiliation>Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, California, Stanford, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Allen</namePart><namePart type="family">Goldstein</namePart><affiliation>Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, California, Berkeley, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Andre</namePart><namePart type="family">Granier</namePart><affiliation>Unite Ecophysiologie Forestieres, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique, Champenoux, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Achim</namePart><namePart type="family">Grelle</namePart><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Thorgeirsson</namePart><namePart type="family">Halldor</namePart><affiliation>Department of Environmental Research, Agricultural Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dave</namePart><namePart type="family">Hollinger</namePart><affiliation>USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, New Hampshire, Durham, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gabriel</namePart><namePart type="family">Katul</namePart><affiliation>School of the Environment, Duke University, North Carolina, Durham, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B. E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Law</namePart><affiliation>College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anders</namePart><namePart type="family">Lindroth</namePart><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Tilden</namePart><namePart type="family">Meyers</namePart><affiliation>Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA, Tennessee, Oak Ridge, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart><namePart type="family">Moncrieff</namePart><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Russ</namePart><namePart type="family">Monson</namePart><affiliation>Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Colorado, Boulder, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Walter</namePart><namePart type="family">Oechel</namePart><affiliation>Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, California, San Diego, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart><namePart type="family">Tenhunen</namePart><affiliation>Pflanzenökologie, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Riccardo</namePart><namePart type="family">Valentini</namePart><affiliation>Department of Forest Science and Resources, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Shashi</namePart><namePart type="family">Verma</namePart><affiliation>School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, Lincoln, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Timo</namePart><namePart type="family">Vesala</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Steve</namePart><namePart type="family">Wofsy</namePart><affiliation>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2002-12</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2001-10-03</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2002-01-03</dateValid><edition>Wilson, K. B., et al., Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites, Water Resour. Res., 38(12), 1294, doi:10.1029/2001WR000989, 2002.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2002</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">4</extent><extent unit="tables">2</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>The warm season (mid‐June through late August) partitioning between sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat flux, or the Bowen ratio (β = H/LE), was investigated at 27 sites over 66 site years within the international network of eddy covariance sites (FLUXNET). Variability in β across ecosystems and climates was analyzed by quantifying general climatic and surface characteristics that control flux partitioning. The climatic control on β was quantified using the climatological resistance (Ri), which is proportional to the ratio of vapor pressure deficit (difference between saturation vapor pressure and atmospheric vapor pressure) to net radiation (large values of Ri decrease β). The control of flux partitioning by the vegetation and underlying surface was quantified by computing the surface resistance to water vapor transport (Rc, with large values tending to increase β). There was a considerable range in flux partitioning characteristics (Rc, Ri and β) among sites, but it was possible to define some general differences between vegetation types and climates. Deciduous forest sites and the agricultural site had the lowest values of Rc and β (0.25–0.50). Coniferous forests typically had a larger Rc and higher β (typically between 0.50 and 1.00 but also much larger). However, there was notable variability in Rc and Ri between coniferous site years, most notably differences between oceanic and continental climates and sites with a distinct dry summer season (Mediterranean climate). Sites with Mediterranean climates generally had the highest net radiation, Rc, Ri, and β. There was considerable variability in β between grassland site years, primarily the result of interannual differences in soil water content and Rc.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>eddy covariance</topic><topic>evaporation</topic><topic>ecohydrology</topic><topic>hydrology</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Water Resources Research</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Water Resour. Res.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0300">Atmospheric Composition and Structure</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0315">Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">Hydrology</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1818">Hydrology: Evapotranspiration</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1851">Hydrology: Plant ecology</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">Atmospheric Processes</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3322">Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3307">Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Boundary layer processes</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0043-1397</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1944-7973</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1944-7973</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">WRERAQ</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">WRCR</identifier><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>38</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>30-1</start><end>30-11</end><total>11</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">A51733EC65325A9A5B2732F17D1FD9A9672AEDD0</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2001WR000989</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2001WR000989</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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