Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp
Identifieur interne : 000B70 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000B69; suivant : 000B71Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp
Auteurs : H. Elenga ; O. Peyron ; R. Bonnefille ; D. Jolly ; R. Cheddadi ; J. Guiot ; V. Andrieu ; S. Bottema ; G. Buchet ; J. De Beaulieu ; A. C. Hamilton ; J. Maley ; R. Marchant ; R. Perez-Obiol ; M. Reille ; G. Riollet ; L. Scott ; H. Straka ; D. Taylor ; E. Van Campo ; A. Vincens ; F. Laarif ; H. JonsonSource :
- Journal of Biogeography [ 0305-0270 ] ; 2000-05.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Pollen data from 18,000 14C yr bp were compiled in order to reconstruct biome distributions at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe and Africa. Biome reconstructions were made using the objective biomization method applied to pollen counts using a complete list of dryland taxa wherever possible. Consistent and major differences from present‐day biomes are shown. Forest and xerophytic woods/scrub were replaced by steppe, both in the Mediterranean region and in southern Africa, except in south‐western Cape Province where fynbos (xerophytic scrub) persisted. Sites in the tropical highlands, characterized today by evergreen forest, were dominated by steppe and/or xerophytic vegetation (cf. today’s Ericaceous belt and Afroalpine grassland) at the last glacial maximum. Available data from the tropical lowlands are sparse but suggest that the modern tropical rain forest was largely replaced by tropical seasonal forest while the modern seasonal or dry forests were encroached on by savanna or steppe. Montane forest elements descended to lower elevations than today.
Url:
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00430.x
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7ELe document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp</title>
<author><name sortKey="Elenga, H" sort="Elenga, H" uniqKey="Elenga H" first="H." last="Elenga">H. Elenga</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>African Pollen Database, CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peyron, O" sort="Peyron, O" uniqKey="Peyron O" first="O." last="Peyron">O. Peyron</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonnefille, R" sort="Bonnefille, R" uniqKey="Bonnefille R" first="R." last="Bonnefille">R. Bonnefille</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut Français de Pondichéry, BP 33, 11 rue St Louis, 605001 Pondicherry, India,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jolly, D" sort="Jolly, D" uniqKey="Jolly D" first="D." last="Jolly">D. Jolly</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 100164, D‐07701 Jena, Germany,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Ecology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheddadi, R" sort="Cheddadi, R" uniqKey="Cheddadi R" first="R." last="Cheddadi">R. Cheddadi</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>European Pollen Database, Place de la République, 13200 Arles, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guiot, J" sort="Guiot, J" uniqKey="Guiot J" first="J." last="Guiot">J. Guiot</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andrieu, V" sort="Andrieu, V" uniqKey="Andrieu V" first="V." last="Andrieu">V. Andrieu</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bottema, S" sort="Bottema, S" uniqKey="Bottema S" first="S." last="Bottema">S. Bottema</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Biologisch‐Archaeologisch Instituut, Rijkuniversiteit Groningen, Poststraat 6, NL‐9712 ER Groningen, The Netherlands,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchet, G" sort="Buchet, G" uniqKey="Buchet G" first="G." last="Buchet">G. Buchet</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Beaulieu, J" sort="De Beaulieu, J" uniqKey="De Beaulieu J" first="J." last="De Beaulieu">J. De Beaulieu</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamilton, A C" sort="Hamilton, A C" uniqKey="Hamilton A" first="A. C." last="Hamilton">A. C. Hamilton</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>WWF, Panda House, Weyside Park, Cattershall Lane, Godalming GU7 1XR, UK,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maley, J" sort="Maley, J" uniqKey="Maley J" first="J." last="Maley">J. Maley</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Paléoenvironnements et Palynologie, USTL, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marchant, R" sort="Marchant, R" uniqKey="Marchant R" first="R." last="Marchant">R. Marchant</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Hull, School of Geography and Earth Resources, Hull HU6 7RX, UK,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perez Biol, R" sort="Perez Biol, R" uniqKey="Perez Biol R" first="R." last="Perez-Obiol">R. Perez-Obiol</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reille, M" sort="Reille, M" uniqKey="Reille M" first="M." last="Reille">M. Reille</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riollet, G" sort="Riollet, G" uniqKey="Riollet G" first="G." last="Riollet">G. Riollet</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scott, L" sort="Scott, L" uniqKey="Scott L" first="L." last="Scott">L. Scott</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Botany and Genetics, PO Box 339, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Straka, H" sort="Straka, H" uniqKey="Straka H" first="H." last="Straka">H. Straka</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Forstweg 47, D‐24105 Kiel, Germany,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, D" sort="Taylor, D" uniqKey="Taylor D" first="D." last="Taylor">D. Taylor</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Campo, E" sort="Van Campo, E" uniqKey="Van Campo E" first="E." last="Van Campo">E. Van Campo</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d’Ecologie Terrestre, CNRS‐UPS, 13 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4403, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vincens, A" sort="Vincens, A" uniqKey="Vincens A" first="A." last="Vincens">A. Vincens</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laarif, F" sort="Laarif, F" uniqKey="Laarif F" first="F." last="Laarif">F. Laarif</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jonson, H" sort="Jonson, H" uniqKey="Jonson H" first="H." last="Jonson">H. Jonson</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
<idno type="RBID">ISTEX:D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E</idno>
<date when="2000" year="2000">2000</date>
<idno type="doi">10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00430.x</idno>
<idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E/fulltext/pdf</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000B70</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000B70</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp</title>
<author><name sortKey="Elenga, H" sort="Elenga, H" uniqKey="Elenga H" first="H." last="Elenga">H. Elenga</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>African Pollen Database, CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peyron, O" sort="Peyron, O" uniqKey="Peyron O" first="O." last="Peyron">O. Peyron</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonnefille, R" sort="Bonnefille, R" uniqKey="Bonnefille R" first="R." last="Bonnefille">R. Bonnefille</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut Français de Pondichéry, BP 33, 11 rue St Louis, 605001 Pondicherry, India,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jolly, D" sort="Jolly, D" uniqKey="Jolly D" first="D." last="Jolly">D. Jolly</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 100164, D‐07701 Jena, Germany,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Ecology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheddadi, R" sort="Cheddadi, R" uniqKey="Cheddadi R" first="R." last="Cheddadi">R. Cheddadi</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>European Pollen Database, Place de la République, 13200 Arles, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guiot, J" sort="Guiot, J" uniqKey="Guiot J" first="J." last="Guiot">J. Guiot</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andrieu, V" sort="Andrieu, V" uniqKey="Andrieu V" first="V." last="Andrieu">V. Andrieu</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bottema, S" sort="Bottema, S" uniqKey="Bottema S" first="S." last="Bottema">S. Bottema</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Biologisch‐Archaeologisch Instituut, Rijkuniversiteit Groningen, Poststraat 6, NL‐9712 ER Groningen, The Netherlands,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchet, G" sort="Buchet, G" uniqKey="Buchet G" first="G." last="Buchet">G. Buchet</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Beaulieu, J" sort="De Beaulieu, J" uniqKey="De Beaulieu J" first="J." last="De Beaulieu">J. De Beaulieu</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamilton, A C" sort="Hamilton, A C" uniqKey="Hamilton A" first="A. C." last="Hamilton">A. C. Hamilton</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>WWF, Panda House, Weyside Park, Cattershall Lane, Godalming GU7 1XR, UK,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maley, J" sort="Maley, J" uniqKey="Maley J" first="J." last="Maley">J. Maley</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Paléoenvironnements et Palynologie, USTL, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marchant, R" sort="Marchant, R" uniqKey="Marchant R" first="R." last="Marchant">R. Marchant</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Hull, School of Geography and Earth Resources, Hull HU6 7RX, UK,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perez Biol, R" sort="Perez Biol, R" uniqKey="Perez Biol R" first="R." last="Perez-Obiol">R. Perez-Obiol</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reille, M" sort="Reille, M" uniqKey="Reille M" first="M." last="Reille">M. Reille</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riollet, G" sort="Riollet, G" uniqKey="Riollet G" first="G." last="Riollet">G. Riollet</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scott, L" sort="Scott, L" uniqKey="Scott L" first="L." last="Scott">L. Scott</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Botany and Genetics, PO Box 339, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Straka, H" sort="Straka, H" uniqKey="Straka H" first="H." last="Straka">H. Straka</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Forstweg 47, D‐24105 Kiel, Germany,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, D" sort="Taylor, D" uniqKey="Taylor D" first="D." last="Taylor">D. Taylor</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Campo, E" sort="Van Campo, E" uniqKey="Van Campo E" first="E." last="Van Campo">E. Van Campo</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d’Ecologie Terrestre, CNRS‐UPS, 13 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4403, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vincens, A" sort="Vincens, A" uniqKey="Vincens A" first="A." last="Vincens">A. Vincens</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laarif, F" sort="Laarif, F" uniqKey="Laarif F" first="F." last="Laarif">F. Laarif</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jonson, H" sort="Jonson, H" uniqKey="Jonson H" first="H." last="Jonson">H. Jonson</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Biogeography</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0305-0270</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1365-2699</idno>
<imprint><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher>
<pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace>
<date type="published" when="2000-05">2000-05</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">27</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="621">621</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="634">634</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">0305-0270</idno>
</series>
<idno type="istex">D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00430.x</idno>
<idno type="ArticleID">JBI430</idno>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0305-0270</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term>
<term>Europe</term>
<term>Pollen data</term>
<term>biomes</term>
<term>last glacial maximum</term>
<term>plant functional types</term>
<term>vegetation changes</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
<langUsage><language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Pollen data from 18,000 14C yr bp were compiled in order to reconstruct biome distributions at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe and Africa. Biome reconstructions were made using the objective biomization method applied to pollen counts using a complete list of dryland taxa wherever possible. Consistent and major differences from present‐day biomes are shown. Forest and xerophytic woods/scrub were replaced by steppe, both in the Mediterranean region and in southern Africa, except in south‐western Cape Province where fynbos (xerophytic scrub) persisted. Sites in the tropical highlands, characterized today by evergreen forest, were dominated by steppe and/or xerophytic vegetation (cf. today’s Ericaceous belt and Afroalpine grassland) at the last glacial maximum. Available data from the tropical lowlands are sparse but suggest that the modern tropical rain forest was largely replaced by tropical seasonal forest while the modern seasonal or dry forests were encroached on by savanna or steppe. Montane forest elements descended to lower elevations than today.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName>
<author><json:item><name>H. Elenga</name>
<affiliations><json:string>African Pollen Database, CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</json:string>
<json:string>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</json:string>
<json:string>E-mail: jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>O. Peyron</name>
<affiliations><json:string>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</json:string>
<json:string>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R. Bonnefille</name>
<affiliations><json:string>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</json:string>
<json:string>Institut Français de Pondichéry, BP 33, 11 rue St Louis, 605001 Pondicherry, India,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D. Jolly</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 100164, D‐07701 Jena, Germany,</json:string>
<json:string>School of Ecology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden,</json:string>
<json:string>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</json:string>
<json:string>E-mail: jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R. Cheddadi</name>
<affiliations><json:string>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</json:string>
<json:string>European Pollen Database, Place de la République, 13200 Arles, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J. Guiot</name>
<affiliations><json:string>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>V. Andrieu</name>
<affiliations><json:string>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S. Bottema</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Biologisch‐Archaeologisch Instituut, Rijkuniversiteit Groningen, Poststraat 6, NL‐9712 ER Groningen, The Netherlands,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G. Buchet</name>
<affiliations><json:string>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J.‐L. De Beaulieu</name>
<affiliations><json:string>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A. C. Hamilton</name>
<affiliations><json:string>WWF, Panda House, Weyside Park, Cattershall Lane, Godalming GU7 1XR, UK,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J. Maley</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Paléoenvironnements et Palynologie, USTL, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R. Marchant</name>
<affiliations><json:string>University of Hull, School of Geography and Earth Resources, Hull HU6 7RX, UK,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R. Perez‐Obiol</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Department of Botany, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M. Reille</name>
<affiliations><json:string>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G. Riollet</name>
<affiliations><json:string>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L. Scott</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Department of Botany and Genetics, PO Box 339, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>H. Straka</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Forstweg 47, D‐24105 Kiel, Germany,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D. Taylor</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>E. Van Campo</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Laboratoire d’Ecologie Terrestre, CNRS‐UPS, 13 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4403, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A. Vincens</name>
<affiliations><json:string>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F. Laarif</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>H. Jonson</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
</author>
<subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Pollen data</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>plant functional types</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>biomes</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>vegetation changes</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Europe</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Africa</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>last glacial maximum</value>
</json:item>
</subject>
<articleId><json:string>JBI430</json:string>
</articleId>
<language><json:string>eng</json:string>
</language>
<originalGenre><json:string>miscellaneous</json:string>
</originalGenre>
<abstract>Pollen data from 18,000 14C yr bp were compiled in order to reconstruct biome distributions at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe and Africa. Biome reconstructions were made using the objective biomization method applied to pollen counts using a complete list of dryland taxa wherever possible. Consistent and major differences from present‐day biomes are shown. Forest and xerophytic woods/scrub were replaced by steppe, both in the Mediterranean region and in southern Africa, except in south‐western Cape Province where fynbos (xerophytic scrub) persisted. Sites in the tropical highlands, characterized today by evergreen forest, were dominated by steppe and/or xerophytic vegetation (cf. today’s Ericaceous belt and Afroalpine grassland) at the last glacial maximum. Available data from the tropical lowlands are sparse but suggest that the modern tropical rain forest was largely replaced by tropical seasonal forest while the modern seasonal or dry forests were encroached on by savanna or steppe. Montane forest elements descended to lower elevations than today.</abstract>
<qualityIndicators><score>6.86</score>
<pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion>
<pdfPageSize>596 x 782 pts</pdfPageSize>
<refBibsNative>false</refBibsNative>
<abstractCharCount>1079</abstractCharCount>
<pdfWordCount>8791</pdfWordCount>
<pdfCharCount>59516</pdfCharCount>
<pdfPageCount>14</pdfPageCount>
<abstractWordCount>155</abstractWordCount>
</qualityIndicators>
<title>Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp</title>
<refBibs><json:item><host><author><json:item><name>Acanthaceae Acacia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Achyranthes Aspera</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Alchemilla</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Amaranthaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Anthrocaryon Klaineana</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Artemisia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Centaurea Perrottetii</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Chenopodiaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Geraniaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Gunnera</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Indigofera</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Liguliflorae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Ranunculaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Teclea</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Tiliaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Umbelliferae Tubuliflorae</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Vernonieae Te1 wet-tropical evergreen tree Aeschynomene baumii Urticaceae Te2 dry-tropical evergreen tree Aeschynomene baumii</title>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>Allophyllus Acalypha</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Anthocleista</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Anthostema Senegalensis</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Baikaeia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Blighia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Bridelia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Canthium</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Celastraceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Celtis</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Chaectacme</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Chlorophora</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Cleistanthus</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>/ Combretaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Melastomataceae</name>
</json:item>
</author>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name> Acacia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Acalypha</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Acanthaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Achyranthes Aspera</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Allophylus</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Amaranthaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Anthospermum</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Anthostema Senegalensis</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Anthrocaryon Klaineana</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Baikaeia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Brachystegia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Bridelia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Campanulaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Cardiospermum Canthium</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Halicacabum</name>
</json:item>
</author>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name> Acacia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Acalypha</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Acanthaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Achyranthes Aspera</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Ajuga</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Allophylus</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Amaranthaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Anthrocaryon Anthospermum</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Klaineana</name>
</json:item>
</author>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>Acanthaceae Acacia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Alchemilla</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Anthrocaryon Anthospermum</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Klaineana</name>
</json:item>
</author>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>Acanthaceae Acacia</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Achyranthes Aspera</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Amaranthaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Anthrocaryon Klaineana</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Campanulaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>/ Combretaceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Melastomataceae</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Indigofera</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Tubuliflorae Tiliaceae</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Umbelliferae wte warm-temperate evergreen tree Acalypha</title>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J,L Beaulieu</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>11</volume>
<pages><last>438</last>
<first>431</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Science Reviews</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The last climatic cycle at La Grande Pile, Vosges, France. A new profile</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>849</last>
<first>843</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>M,D Bengo</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Analyses des flux polliniques sur la marge sud du Golfe de Guinée depuis 135,000 ans. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences</title>
<publicationDate>1991</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F Chalié</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Vincens</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>6</volume>
<pages><last>257</last>
<first>251</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Climate Dynamics</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Quantitative estimates of full glacial temperatures in equatorial Africa from palynological data</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Riollet</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>30</volume>
<pages><last>35</last>
<first>19</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The Kashiru pollen sequence (Burundi) Palaeoclimatic implications for the last 40,000 yr b.p. in tropical Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,C Roeland</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>346</volume>
<pages><last>349</last>
<first>347</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Nature</title>
<publicationDate>1990</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Temperature and rainfall estimates for the past 40,000 years in equatorial Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1990</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>40</last>
<first>19</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>S Bottema</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Pollen analytical investigations in Thessaly</title>
<publicationDate>1979</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>103</last>
<first>91</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>Jbi430 Page 629 Wednesday26</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Pm Brénac</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P </name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Evolution de la végétation et du climat dans l'Ouest Cameroun entre 25,000 et 11,000 ans B.P. Actes X ème Symposium Ass</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>382</last>
<first>379</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>C Caratini</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Giresse</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Contribution palynologique à la connaissance des environnements continentaux et marins du Congo à la fin du Quaternaire. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences</title>
<publicationDate>1979</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>C Cartwright</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Parkington</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>52</volume>
<pages><last>72</last>
<first>59</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>South African Archaeological Bulletin</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The wood charcoal assemblages from Elands Bay Cave, Southwestern Cape: principles, procedures and preliminary interpretation</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>F Chalié</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Paléoclimatologie quantitative en Afrique orientale depuis 40000 ans. Pollen et statistiques</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>M Claussen</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Esch</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>9</volume>
<pages><last>243</last>
<first>235</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Climate Dynamics</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Biomes computed from simulated climatologies</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>146</last>
<first>1</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>J,A Coetzee</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Pollen analytical studies in East and southern Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1967</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author></author>
<host><pages><last>1052</last>
<first>1043</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>COHMAP Members</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: observations and model simulations</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L,M Dupont</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><pages><last>98</last>
<first>87</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>2nd Symposium of African Palynology</title>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Lowland rain forest and Afromontane forest in west equatorial Africa during the Middle and Late Pleistocene</title>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>M,E Edwards</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P,M Anderson</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L,B Brubaker</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>T,A Ager</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,A Andreev</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N,H Bigelow</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L,C Cwynar</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>W,R Eisner</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F,S Hu</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,V Lozhkin</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G,M Macdonald</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>C,J Mock</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,C Ritchie</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,V Sher</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R,W Spear</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,W Williams</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Yu</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>000</volume>
<pages><last>521</last>
<first>6000</first>
</pages>
<issue>27</issue>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Biogeography</title>
<publicationDate>2000</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18</title>
<publicationDate>2000</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>H Elenga</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Schwartz</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Vincens</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>109</volume>
<pages><last>356</last>
<first>345</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Pollen evidence of late Quaternary vegetation and inferred climate changes in Congo</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>252</last>
<first>239</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>H Elenga</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Vincens</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Schwartz</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Présence d'éléments forestiers montagnards sur les Plateaux Batéké (Congo) au Pléistocène supérieur: nouvelles données palynologiques</title>
<publicationDate>1991</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>856</last>
<first>823</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>I Farrera</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Ramstein</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P,J Bartlein</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Bush</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>W Cramer</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>U Von Grafenstein</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>K Holmgren</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>H Hooghiemstra</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Hope</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,E Lauritzen</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Y Ono</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Pinot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Stute</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Yu</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: a new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data. I. Vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry</title>
<publicationDate>1999</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J,A Foley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N Ramankutty</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Levis</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Pollard</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Sitch</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Haxeltine</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>10</volume>
<pages><last>628</last>
<first>603</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>356</last>
<first>329</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>M Follieri</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Magri</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L Sadori</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>000 year pollen record from Valle di Castiglione (Roma) Pollen et Spores</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>P Francis</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Leroy</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I Mergeai</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Seret</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Wansart</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><pages><last>304</last>
<first>289</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Paleolimnology of European Maar Lakes</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A multidisciplinary study of the Vico Maar sequence (Latium, Italy): part of the last cycle in the Mediterranean area, preliminary results</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L François</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Y Goddéris</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Warnant</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Ramstein</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N De Noblet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Lorenz</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>159</volume>
<pages><last>189</last>
<first>163</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Chemical Geology</title>
<publicationDate>1999</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Carbon stocks and isotopic budgets of the terrestrial biosphere at mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum times</title>
<publicationDate>1999</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>317</last>
<first>000</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>A Frédoux</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Pollen analysis of deep-sea core in the Gulf of Guinea: vegetation and climatic change during the last 225</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>119</last>
<first>1</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>F Gasse</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Paléoclimats des hémisphères nord et sud, le projet PANASH, les transversales Pole-Equateur-Pole; PAGES (changements globaux du passé)</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>P Giresse</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Brénac</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>107</volume>
<pages><last>78</last>
<first>65</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Late Quaternary palaeoenvironments in the Lake Barombi Mbo (West Cameroon) deduced from pollen and carbon isotopes of organic matter</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Cheddadi</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>1</volume>
<pages><last>324</last>
<first>311</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeoclimates: Data and Modelling</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A method of biome and climate mapping from pollen data: application to Europe 6000 years ago</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>A,C Hamilton</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>9</volume>
<pages><last>97</last>
<first>63</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeoecology of Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1976</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The significance of patterns of distribution shown by forest plants and animals in tropical Africa for the reconstruction of Upper Pleistocene palaeoenvironments: a review</title>
<publicationDate>1976</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>A,C Hamilton</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Environmental history of East Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1982</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Digerfelt</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>12</volume>
<pages><last>248</last>
<first>233</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Science Reviews</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>European lakes as palaeohydrological and palaeoclimatic indicators</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F Laarif</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Abe-Ouchi</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>B Dong</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>K Herterich</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>C Hewitt</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Joussaume</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,E Kutzbach</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Mitchell</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N De Noblet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Valdes</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author></author>
<host><volume>11</volume>
<pages><last>2742</last>
<first>2721</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Climate</title>
</host>
<title>kyr b.p. orbital forcing</title>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>A Haxeltine</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>10</volume>
<pages><last>709</last>
<first>693</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>BIOME3: an equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>S Jahns</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>5</volume>
<pages><last>213</last>
<first>207</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Vegetation History and Archaeobotany</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Vegetation history and climate changes in West Equatorial Africa during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, based on a marine pollen diagram from the Congo fan</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>B Damnati</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>17</volume>
<pages><last>657</last>
<first>629</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Science Reviews</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Simulated climate and biomes of Africa during the Late Quaternary: comparison with pollen and lake status data</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Haxeltine</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>276</volume>
<pages><last>788</last>
<first>786</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Science</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Effect of low glacial atmospheric CO 2 on tropical African montane vegetation</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Ballouche</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Bengo</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Brénac</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Buchet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Burney</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,P Cazet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Cheddadi</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>T Edorh</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>H Elenga</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Elmoutaki</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F Laarif</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>H Lamb</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,M Lézine</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Mbenza</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>O Peyron</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I Reynaud-Farrera</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Riollet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,C Ritchie</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>E Roche</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<publicationDate>2000-11-15</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>© Blackwell</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Science Ltd Van Campo</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>E Vilimumbalo</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Vincens</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Waller</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M </name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>27</volume>
<pages><last>634</last>
<first>621</first>
</pages>
<issue>25</issue>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Biogeography Journal of Biogeography</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and the Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6 ka</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Taylor</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Marchant</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Hamilton</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Buchet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Riollet</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><pages><last>512</last>
<first>495</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Rwanda and Western Uganda</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Vegetation dynamics in central Africa since 18,000 yr b.p.: pollen records from the interlacustrine highlands of Burundi</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>861</last>
<first>859</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>S Joussaume</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>K,E Taylor</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Braconnot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,F B Mitchell</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,E Kutzbach</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,J Broccoli</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Abe-Ouchi</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P,J Bartlein</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>C Bonfils</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>B Dong</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>K Herterich</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>C,D Hewitt</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,N Kim</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Kislov</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Kitoh</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M,F Loutre</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>V Masson</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>B Mcaveney</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N Mcfarlane</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N De Noblet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>W,R Peltier</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,Y Peterschmitt</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Pollard</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Rind</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,F Royer</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M,E Schlesinger</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Syktus</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Thompson</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Valdes</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Vettoretti</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: results of 18 simulations from</title>
<publicationDate>1999</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>S,A G Leroy</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>1</volume>
<pages><last>110</last>
<first>104</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Terra Nostra</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The last glacial interstadial periods of the Vico maar sequence (Latium, Italy) by palynology in the scope of the long continental sequences and the ice cores</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>A.-M Lézine</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>C Vergnaud-Grazzini</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>12</volume>
<pages><last>210</last>
<first>203</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Science Reviews</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Evidence of forest extension in West Africa since 22,000 bp: a pollen record from the eastern tropical Atlantic</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>D,A Livingstone</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>16</volume>
<pages><last>356</last>
<first>349</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Limnology and Oceanography</title>
<publicationDate>1971</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A 22,000 year old pollen record from the Plateau of Zambia</title>
<publicationDate>1971</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>98</last>
<first>71</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>J,J Lowe</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>C,A Accorsi</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Bandini Mazzanti</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Bishop</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Van Der Kaars</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Forlanti</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L Mercuri</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,M Rivalenti</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>C Torri</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Watson</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>C </name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Pollen stratigraphy of sediment sequences from lakes Albano and Nemi (near Rome) and from the central Adriatic, spanning the interval from oxygen isotope Stage 2 to the present day. Palaeoenvironmental analysis of Italian crater lake and Adriatic sediments</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><pages><last>616</last>
<first>585</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>NATO Advanced Science Institute Series C, Mathematics and Physics Science</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Late Quaternary climatic changes in the African rain forest: forest refugia and the major role of sea surface temperature variations. Paleoclimatology and paleometeorology: modern and past patterns of global atmospheric transport</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>19</volume>
<pages><last>98</last>
<first>79</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Climate Change</title>
<publicationDate>1991</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The African rain forest vegetation and palaeoenvironments during the Late Quaternary</title>
<publicationDate>1991</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Brénac</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>17</volume>
<pages><last>142</last>
<first>129</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes</title>
<publicationDate>1987</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Analyses polliniques préliminaires du Quaternaire récent de l'Ouest Cameroun: mise en évidence de refuges forestiers et discussion des problèmes paléoclimatiques . Mémoires et Travaux de l</title>
<publicationDate>1987</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>256</last>
<first>251</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D,A Livingstone</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Extension d'un élément forestier montagnard dans le sud du Ghana (Afrique de l'Ouest) au Pléistocène supérieur et à l'Holocène inférieur: premières données polliniques. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences</title>
<publicationDate>1983</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>R Marchant</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Taylor</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,C Hamilton</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>47</volume>
<pages><last>328</last>
<first>316</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Late Pleistocene and Holocene history at Mubwindi Swamp, southwest Uganda</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>F Marret</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Evolution paléoclimatique et paléohydrologique de l'Atlantique est-equatorial et du proche continent au Quaternaire terminal. Contribution palynologique (kyste de dinoflagellés, pollen et spores)</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>M,E Meadows</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,J Baxter</name>
</json:item>
</author>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>282</last>
<first>269</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>M,E Meadows</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,M Sugden</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Late Quaternary vegetation history of the Cederberg, south-western Cape Province</title>
<publicationDate>1990</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J Niklewski</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>W Van Zeist</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>9</volume>
<pages><last>754</last>
<first>737</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Acta Botanica Neerlandica</title>
<publicationDate>1970</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A Late Quaternary pollen diagram from northwestern Syria</title>
<publicationDate>1970</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>R Perez-Obiol</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Julia</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>41</volume>
<pages><last>98</last>
<first>91</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Climatic change on the Iberian Peninsula recorded in a 30,000 yr pollen record from lake Banyoles</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>O Peyron</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Cheddadi</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P,E Tarasov</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,L De Beaulieu</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Bottema</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>V Andrieu</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>49</volume>
<pages><last>196</last>
<first>183</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Climatic reconstruction in Europe for 18,000 yr b.p. from pollen data</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>874</last>
<first>857</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>S Pinot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Ramstein</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Stute</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Joussaume</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: comparison of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) simulations and paleodata. Climate Dynamics</title>
<publicationDate>1999</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>A Pons</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>66</volume>
<pages><last>263</last>
<first>243</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The Holocene and Upper Pleistocene pollen record from Padul, Granada, Spain; a new study</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>W Cramer</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Leemans</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R,A Monserud</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,M Solomon</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>19</volume>
<pages><last>134</last>
<first>117</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Biogeography</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>360</volume>
<pages><last>660</last>
<first>658</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Nature</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Mediterranean vegetation, lake levels and palaeoclimate at the Last Glacial Maximum</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>B Huntley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Cheddadi</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>12</volume>
<pages><last>194</last>
<first>185</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Climate Dynamics</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Reconstructing biomes from palaeoecological data: a general method and its application to European pollen data at 0 and 6 ka</title>
<publicationDate>1996</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M,T Sykes</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Lautenschlager</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>O Denissenko</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P,J Bartlein</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>3</volume>
<pages><last>76</last>
<first>67</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Modelling global vegetation patterns and terrestrial carbon storage at the last glacial maximum</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>T Webb</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>25</volume>
<pages><last>1005</last>
<first>997</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Biogeography</title>
</host>
<title>III (1998) BIOME 6000: reconstructing global mid-Holocene vegetation patterns from palaeoecological records</title>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>V Andrieu</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>4</volume>
<pages><last>21</last>
<first>1</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Vegetation History and Archaeobotany</title>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The late Pleistocene and Holocene in the Lourdes Basin, Western Pyrénées, France: new pollen analytical and chronological data</title>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>17</volume>
<pages><last>370</last>
<first>339</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1982</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A Late Quaternary pollen record from the Transvaal Bushveld, South Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1982</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>4</volume>
<pages><last>632</last>
<first>26</first>
</pages>
<issue>27</issue>
<author></author>
<title>Blackwell Science Ltd Journal of Biogeography</title>
<publicationDate>1984-11-15</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Palynological evidence for Quaternary paleoenvironments in southern Africa. Southern Prehistory and JBI430.fm Page 631 Wednesday</title>
<publicationDate>1984-11-15</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>80</last>
<first>65</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>R,G Paleoenvironments</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Klein</name>
</json:item>
</author>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>55</volume>
<pages><last>116</last>
<first>107</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>South African Journal of Botany</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Late Quaternary vegetation history and climatic change in the eastern Orange Free State, South Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>70</volume>
<pages><last>353</last>
<first>345</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Climatic conditions in southern Africa since the last glacial maximum, inferred from pollen analysis</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>9</volume>
<pages><last>81</last>
<first>71</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Historical Biology</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Palynology of Late Pleistocene Hyrax middens, South-Western Cape Province, South Africa: a preliminary report</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,C Vogel</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>79</volume>
<pages><last>272</last>
<first>266</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>South African Journal of Science</title>
<publicationDate>1983</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Late Quaternary pollen profile from the Transvaal highveld, South Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1983</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>H Straka</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>196</volume>
<pages><last>449</last>
<first>439</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Dissertationes Botanicae</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Vegetationsgeschichte von Madagascar. (Vorläufige Mitteilung) Festschrift Zoller</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>F,A Street-Perrott</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Y Huang</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R,A Perrott</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Eglinton</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Barker</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Ben Khelifa</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L Harkness</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D,D Olago</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D,O </name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>278</volume>
<pages><last>1426</last>
<first>1422</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Science</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Impact of lower atmospheric carbon dioxide on tropical mountain ecosystems</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>F,A Street-Perrott</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D,S Marchand</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N Roberts</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><author></author>
<title>H1 TR046</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Global lake-level variations from 18,000 to 0 years ago: a palaeoclimatic analysis</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>356</last>
<first>318</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>F,A Street-Perrott</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R,A H E Perrott</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Wright</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,E Jr</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>T Kutzbach</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Iii Webb</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>W,F Ruddiman</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F,A Street-Perrott</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P,J Bartlein</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Holocene vegetation , lake levels and climate of Africa. Global climates since the last glacial maximum</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>F,A Street-Perrott</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N Roberts</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><pages><last>345</last>
<first>331</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Variations in the global water budget</title>
<publicationDate>1983</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Fluctuations in closedbasin lakes as an indicator of past atmospheric circulation patterns</title>
<publicationDate>1983</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>D </name>
</json:item>
</author>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>192</last>
<first>173</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>M,R Talbot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D,A Livingstone</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P,G Palmer</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,M Melack</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Delibrias</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Gulliksen</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Preliminary results from sediment cores from Lake Bosumtwi</title>
<publicationDate>1984</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>P,E Tarasov</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>V,S Volkova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>T Webb</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Iii</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,A Andreev</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L,G Bezuko</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>T,V Bezuko</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G,V Bykova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N,I Dorofeyuk</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>E,V Kvavadze</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,M Osipova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N,K Panova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D,V Sevastyanov</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>27</volume>
<pages><last>620</last>
<first>609</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Biogeography</title>
<publicationDate>2000</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Last glacial maximum biomes reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data from northern Eurasia</title>
<publicationDate>2000</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>P,E Tarasov</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>T Webb</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Iii</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A,A Andreev</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N,B Afanas 'eva</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Berezina</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L,G Bezusko</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>T,A Blyakharchuk</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N,S Bolikhovskaya</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Cheddadi</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M,M Chernavskaya</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G,M Chernova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N,I Dorofeyuk</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>V,G Dirksen</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G,A Elina</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L,V Filimonova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F,Z Glebov</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>V,S Gunova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>V,I Khomutova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>E,V Kvavadze</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,M Osipova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N,K Panova</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L Saarse</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>25</volume>
<pages><last>1054</last>
<first>1029</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Biogeography</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Present-day and mid-Holocene biomes reconstructed from pollen and</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>D Texier</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>N De Noblet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Haxeltine</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Joussaume</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F Laarif</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Tarasov</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>13</volume>
<pages><last>882</last>
<first>865</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Climate Dynamics</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Quantifying the role of biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks in climatic change: coupled model simulations for 6000 years b.p. and comparison with palaeodata for northern Eurasia and northern Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1997</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>P,C Tzedakis</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>364</volume>
<pages><last>440</last>
<first>437</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Nature</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Long-term tree populations in northwest Greece through multiple Quaternary climatic cycles</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>P,C Tzedakis</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>345</volume>
<pages><last>432</last>
<first>403</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Vegetation change through glacialinterglacial cycles: a long pollen sequence perspective</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>321</last>
<first>277</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>W Van Zeist</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Bottema</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Vegetational history of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East during the last 20,000 years. Palaeoclimates, palaeoenvironments and human communities in the eastern Mediterranean region in later prehistory</title>
<publicationDate>1982</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>E,M Van Zinderen Bakker</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,D Clark</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>196</volume>
<pages><last>642</last>
<first>639</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Nature</title>
<publicationDate>1962</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Pleistocene climates and cultures in north-eastern Angola</title>
<publicationDate>1962</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>A Vincens</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>86</volume>
<pages><last>226</last>
<first>207</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1991</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Late Quaternary vegetation history of South- Tanganyika Basin. Climatic implications in South Central Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1991</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>A Vincens</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F Chalié</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Guiot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,J Tiercelin</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>40</volume>
<pages><last>350</last>
<first>343</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Pollen derived rainfall and temperature estimates from Lake Tanganyika and their implication for late Pleistocene water levels</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>P Warnant</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L,M François</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Strivay</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J.-C Gérard</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>8</volume>
<pages><last>270</last>
<first>255</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>CARAIB: a global model of terrestrial biological productivity</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>W,A Watts</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>142</volume>
<pages><last>499</last>
<first>491</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Geology</title>
<publicationDate>1985</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A long pollen record from Laghi di Monticchio, southern Italy: a preliminary account</title>
<publicationDate>1985</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>W,A Watts</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><pages><last>112</last>
<first>101</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Proceedings of the EC Climatology Programme symposium</title>
<publicationDate>1986</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Stages of climatic change from full glacial to Holocene in northwest Spain, southern France and Italy: a comparison of the atlantic coast and the mediterranean basin. Current issues in climate research</title>
<publicationDate>1986</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>155</last>
<first>1</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>T Webb</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Iii</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>A Global Paleoclimate Data Base for 6000 yr B</title>
<publicationDate>1985</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>T,A Wijmstra</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>18</volume>
<pages><last>527</last>
<first>511</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Acta Botanica Neerlandica</title>
<publicationDate>1969</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Palynology of the first 30 metres of a 120 m deep section in Northern Greece</title>
<publicationDate>1969</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>148</last>
<first>145</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>H,E Wright</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Jr</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Climatic change and plant domestication in the Zagros Mountains</title>
<publicationDate>1976</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>H,E Wright</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Jr</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,E Kutzbach</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>T Webb</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name> Iii</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>W,F Ruddiman</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F,A Street-Perrott</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P,J Bartlein</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Global climates since the last glacial maximum</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>G Yu</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>3</volume>
<pages><last>451</last>
<first>1</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>NOAA Paleoclimatology Publications Series Report</title>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Lake status records from Europe: data base documentation</title>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>G Yu</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>I,C Prentice</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S,P Harrison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>X Sun</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>25</volume>
<pages><last>1069</last>
<first>1055</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Biogeography</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Pollenbased biome reconstructions for China at 0 ka and 6 ka</title>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><first>26</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>J,R M Allen</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>B Huntley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>W,A Watts</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>The vegetation JBI430.fm Page 632 Wednesday</title>
<publicationDate>1996-11-15</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>© Blackwell</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>Science Ltd</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>27</volume>
<pages><last>147</last>
<first>125</first>
</pages>
<issue>11</issue>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Biogeography Journal of Quaternary Science</title>
<publicationDate>2000</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>621– 634 and climate of north-west Iberia over the last 14,000 yr</title>
<publicationDate>2000</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J,L Beaulieu</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>13</volume>
<pages><last>132</last>
<first>111</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>France. Boreas</title>
<publicationDate>1984</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A long Upper Pleistocene pollen record from Les Echets, near Lyon</title>
<publicationDate>1984</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J,L Beaulieu</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>11</volume>
<pages><last>438</last>
<first>431</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Science Reviews</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The last climatic cycle at La Grande Pile, Vosges, France. A new profile</title>
<publicationDate>1992</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Riollet</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>30</volume>
<pages><last>35</last>
<first>19</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The Kashiru pollen sequence (Burundi) Palaeoclimatic implications for the last 40,000 yr b.p. in tropical Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>R Bonnefille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Riollet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Buchet</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Icole</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Lafont</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Arnold</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Jolly</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>14</volume>
<pages><last>936</last>
<first>917</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Glacial / Interglacial record from intertropical Africa Burundi. Quaternary Science Reviews</title>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</host>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>40</last>
<first>19</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>S Bottema</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Pollen analytical investigations in Thessaly</title>
<publicationDate>1979</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>103</last>
<first>91</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>P Brénac</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Evolution de la végétation et du climat dans l'Ouest Cameroun entre 25,000 et 11,000 ans B.P. Actes X ème Symposium Ass</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>146</last>
<first>1</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>J,A Coetzee</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Pollen analytical studies in East and southern Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1967</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>H Elenga</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Schwartz</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Vincens</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>109</volume>
<pages><last>356</last>
<first>345</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Pollen evidence of late Quaternary vegetation and inferred climate changes in Congo</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>356</last>
<first>329</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>M Follieri</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Magri</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L Sadori</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>000 year pollen record from Valle di Castiglione (Roma) Pollen et Spores</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>1519</last>
<first>1513</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>F Gasse</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>E Cortijo</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J.-R Disnar</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L Ferry</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>E Gibert</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>C Kissel</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F Laggoun-Defarge</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>E Lallier-Vergès</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J.-C Miskowski</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>B Ratsimbazafy</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>F Ranaivo</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>L Robison</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Tucholka</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J.-L Saos</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>A Siffedine</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Taieb</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>E Van Campo</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Williamson</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>A 36 ka environmental record in the southern tropics: Lake Tritrivakely (Madagascar)</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><author><json:item><name>A,C Hamilton</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Environmental history of East Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1982</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>D,A Livingstone</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>16</volume>
<pages><last>356</last>
<first>349</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Limnology and Oceanography</title>
<publicationDate>1971</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A 22,000 year old pollen record from the Plateau of Zambia</title>
<publicationDate>1971</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>245</last>
<first>234</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>J,M Maitima</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Vegetation response to climatic change in Central Rift Valley</title>
<publicationDate>1991</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>586</last>
<first>1</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Etudes palynologiques dans le bassin du Tchad et paléoclimatologie de l'Afrique nord tropicale de 30,000 ans à l'époque actuelle</title>
<publicationDate>1981</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>52</last>
<first>34</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Les climats −20,000 ans d'évolution des climats du Sahara Central aux savanes tropicales humides</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P Brénac</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>17</volume>
<pages><last>142</last>
<first>129</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes</title>
<publicationDate>1987</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Analyses polliniques préliminaires du Quaternaire récent de l'Ouest Cameroun: mise en évidence de refuges forestiers et discussion des problèmes paléoclimatiques. Mémoires et Travaux de l</title>
<publicationDate>1987</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>256</last>
<first>251</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D,A Livingstone</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Extension d'un élément forestier montagnard dans le sud du Ghana (Afrique de l'Ouest) au Pléistocène supérieur et à l'Holocène inférieur: premières données polliniques. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences</title>
<publicationDate>1983</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>J Niklewski</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>W Van Zeist</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>9</volume>
<pages><last>754</last>
<first>737</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Acta Botanica Neerlandica</title>
<publicationDate>1970</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A Late Quaternary pollen diagram from northwestern Syria</title>
<publicationDate>1970</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>R Perez-Obiol</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>R Julia</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>41</volume>
<pages><last>98</last>
<first>91</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Climatic change on the Iberian Peninsula recorded in a 30,000 yr pollen record from lake Banyoles</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>A Pons</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>66</volume>
<pages><last>263</last>
<first>243</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The Holocene and Upper Pleistocene pollen record from Padul, Granada, Spain; a new study</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>V Andrieu</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>4</volume>
<pages><last>21</last>
<first>1</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Vegetation History and Archaeobotany</title>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>The late Pleistocene and Holocene in the Lourdes Basin, Western Pyrénées, France: new pollen analytical and chronological data</title>
<publicationDate>1995</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>M Reille</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J.-L De Beaulieu</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>54</volume>
<pages><last>248</last>
<first>233</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Bouchet. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>History of the Würm and Holocene vegetation in western Velay (Massif Central, France): a comparison of pollen analysis from three corings at Lac du</title>
<publicationDate>1988</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>17</volume>
<pages><last>370</last>
<first>339</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1982</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A Late Quaternary pollen record from the Transvaal Bushveld, South Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1982</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>122</last>
<first>113</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Pollen analysis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of late Quaternary sediment exposures in the eastern Orange Free State, South Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1986</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>28</volume>
<pages><last>156</last>
<first>144</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Quaternary Research</title>
<publicationDate>1987</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Pollen analysis of Hyena coprolites and sediments from Equus Cave, Taung, Southern Kalahari (South Africa)</title>
<publicationDate>1987</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>55</volume>
<pages><last>116</last>
<first>107</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>South African Journal of Botany</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Late Quaternary vegetation history and climatic change in the eastern Orange Free State, South Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>70</volume>
<pages><last>353</last>
<first>345</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Climatic conditions in southern Africa since the last glacial maximum, inferred from pollen analysis</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>L Scott</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>9</volume>
<pages><last>81</last>
<first>71</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Historical Biology</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Palynology of Late Pleistocene Hyrax middens, South-Western Cape Province, South Africa: a preliminary report</title>
<publicationDate>1994</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>H Straka</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>196</volume>
<pages><last>449</last>
<first>439</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Dissertationes Botanicae</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Vegetationsgeschichte von Madagascar. (Vorläufige Mitteilung) Festschrift Zoller</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>192</last>
<first>173</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>M,R Talbot</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D,A Livingstone</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>P,G Palmer</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J Maley</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>J,M Melack</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>G Delibrias</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Gulliksen</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Preliminary results from sediment cores from Lake Bosumtwi</title>
<publicationDate>1984</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>D,M Taylor</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>80</volume>
<pages><last>300</last>
<first>283</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1990</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Late Quaternary pollen records from two Ugandan mires: evidence for environmental change in the Rukiga highlands of southwest Uganda</title>
<publicationDate>1990</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>W Van Zeist</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Bottema</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><pages><last>85</last>
<first>19</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palynological investigation in western Iran. Palaeohistoria</title>
<publicationDate>1977</publicationDate>
</host>
<publicationDate>1977</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>W Van Zeist</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>S Bottema</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>27</volume>
<pages><last>32126</last>
<first>277</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Biogeography</title>
<publicationDate>1982-11-15</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Vegetational history of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East during the last 20,000 years. Palaeoclimates, palaeoenvironments and human communities in the eastern Mediterranean Region in later prehistory</title>
<publicationDate>1982-11-15</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>144</last>
<first>53</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>W Van Zeist</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>H Woldring</name>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>D Stapert</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Late Quaternary vegetation and climate of southwestern Turkey</title>
<publicationDate>1975</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>428</last>
<first>421</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>E,M Van Zinderen Bakker</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>A Late-and Post Glacial pollen record from the Namib Desert</title>
<publicationDate>1983</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><host><pages><last>814</last>
<first>809</first>
</pages>
<author><json:item><name>A Vincens</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<title>Les forêts claires Zambéziennes du bassin Sud- Tanganyika. Evolution entre 25,000 et 6000 ans bp. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences</title>
<publicationDate>1989</publicationDate>
</host>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>A Vincens</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>86</volume>
<pages><last>226</last>
<first>207</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</title>
<publicationDate>1991</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Late Quaternary vegetation history of South- Tanganyika Basin. Climatic implications in South Central Africa</title>
<publicationDate>1991</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>A Vincens</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>78</volume>
<pages><last>394</last>
<first>381</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Nouvelle séquence pollinique du lac Tanganyika: 30,000 ans d'histoire botanique et climatique du bassin nord</title>
<publicationDate>1993</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>W,A Watts</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>142</volume>
<pages><last>499</last>
<first>491</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Journal of Geology</title>
<publicationDate>1985</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>A long pollen record from Laghi di Monticchio, southern Italy: a preliminary account</title>
<publicationDate>1985</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>W,A Watts</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><pages><last>112</last>
<first>101</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Proceedings of the EC Climatology Programme symposium</title>
<publicationDate>1986</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Stages of climatic change from full glacial to Holocene in northwest Spain, southern France and Italy: a comparison of the atlantic coast and the mediterranean basin. Current issues in climate research</title>
<publicationDate>1986</publicationDate>
</json:item>
<json:item><author><json:item><name>T,A Wijmstra</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<host><volume>18</volume>
<pages><last>527</last>
<first>511</first>
</pages>
<author></author>
<title>Acta Botanica Neerlandica</title>
<publicationDate>1969</publicationDate>
</host>
<title>Palynology of the first 30 metres of a 120 m deep section in Northern Greece the sites will be in the public domain in early</title>
<publicationDate>1969</publicationDate>
</json:item>
</refBibs>
<genre><json:string>other</json:string>
</genre>
<host><volume>27</volume>
<publisherId><json:string>JBI</json:string>
</publisherId>
<pages><total>14</total>
<last>634</last>
<first>621</first>
</pages>
<issn><json:string>0305-0270</json:string>
</issn>
<issue>3</issue>
<genre><json:string>journal</json:string>
</genre>
<language><json:string>unknown</json:string>
</language>
<eissn><json:string>1365-2699</json:string>
</eissn>
<title>Journal of Biogeography</title>
<doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2699</json:string>
</doi>
</host>
<categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string>
<json:string>geography, physical</json:string>
<json:string>ecology</json:string>
</wos>
<scienceMetrix><json:string>natural sciences</json:string>
<json:string>biology</json:string>
<json:string>ecology</json:string>
</scienceMetrix>
</categories>
<publicationDate>2000</publicationDate>
<copyrightDate>2000</copyrightDate>
<doi><json:string>10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00430.x</json:string>
</doi>
<id>D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E</id>
<score>1</score>
<fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension>
<original>true</original>
<mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E/fulltext/pdf</uri>
</json:item>
<json:item><extension>zip</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>application/zip</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E/fulltext/zip</uri>
</json:item>
<istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp</title>
<respStmt><resp>Références bibliographiques récupérées via GROBID</resp>
<name resp="ISTEX-API">ISTEX-API (INIST-CNRS)</name>
</respStmt>
<respStmt><resp>Références bibliographiques récupérées via GROBID</resp>
<name resp="ISTEX-API">ISTEX-API (INIST-CNRS)</name>
</respStmt>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority>
<publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher>
<pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace>
<availability><p>WILEY</p>
</availability>
<date>2000</date>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp</title>
<author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">H.</forename>
<surname>Elenga</surname>
</persName>
<email>jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</email>
<affiliation>African Pollen Database, CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">O.</forename>
<surname>Peyron</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename>
<surname>Bonnefille</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<affiliation>Institut Français de Pondichéry, BP 33, 11 rue St Louis, 605001 Pondicherry, India,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">D.</forename>
<surname>Jolly</surname>
</persName>
<email>jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</email>
<affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 100164, D‐07701 Jena, Germany,</affiliation>
<affiliation>School of Ecology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden,</affiliation>
<affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename>
<surname>Cheddadi</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
<affiliation>European Pollen Database, Place de la République, 13200 Arles, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename>
<surname>Guiot</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">V.</forename>
<surname>Andrieu</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-8"><persName><forename type="first">S.</forename>
<surname>Bottema</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Biologisch‐Archaeologisch Instituut, Rijkuniversiteit Groningen, Poststraat 6, NL‐9712 ER Groningen, The Netherlands,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-9"><persName><forename type="first">G.</forename>
<surname>Buchet</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-10"><persName><forename type="first">J.‐L.</forename>
<surname>De Beaulieu</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-11"><persName><forename type="first">A. C.</forename>
<surname>Hamilton</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>WWF, Panda House, Weyside Park, Cattershall Lane, Godalming GU7 1XR, UK,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-12"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename>
<surname>Maley</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Paléoenvironnements et Palynologie, USTL, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-13"><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename>
<surname>Marchant</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>University of Hull, School of Geography and Earth Resources, Hull HU6 7RX, UK,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-14"><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename>
<surname>Perez‐Obiol</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Department of Botany, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-15"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename>
<surname>Reille</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-16"><persName><forename type="first">G.</forename>
<surname>Riollet</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-17"><persName><forename type="first">L.</forename>
<surname>Scott</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Department of Botany and Genetics, PO Box 339, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-18"><persName><forename type="first">H.</forename>
<surname>Straka</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Forstweg 47, D‐24105 Kiel, Germany,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-19"><persName><forename type="first">D.</forename>
<surname>Taylor</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-20"><persName><forename type="first">E.</forename>
<surname>Van Campo</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Laboratoire d’Ecologie Terrestre, CNRS‐UPS, 13 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4403, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-21"><persName><forename type="first">A.</forename>
<surname>Vincens</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-22"><persName><forename type="first">F.</forename>
<surname>Laarif</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-23"><persName><forename type="first">H.</forename>
<surname>Jonson</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr><title level="j">Journal of Biogeography</title>
<idno type="pISSN">0305-0270</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1365-2699</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2699</idno>
<imprint><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher>
<pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace>
<date type="published" when="2000-05"></date>
<biblScope unit="volume">27</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="621">621</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="634">634</biblScope>
</imprint>
</monogr>
<idno type="istex">D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00430.x</idno>
<idno type="ArticleID">JBI430</idno>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><creation><date>2000</date>
</creation>
<langUsage><language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
<abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Pollen data from 18,000 14C yr bp were compiled in order to reconstruct biome distributions at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe and Africa. Biome reconstructions were made using the objective biomization method applied to pollen counts using a complete list of dryland taxa wherever possible. Consistent and major differences from present‐day biomes are shown. Forest and xerophytic woods/scrub were replaced by steppe, both in the Mediterranean region and in southern Africa, except in south‐western Cape Province where fynbos (xerophytic scrub) persisted. Sites in the tropical highlands, characterized today by evergreen forest, were dominated by steppe and/or xerophytic vegetation (cf. today’s Ericaceous belt and Afroalpine grassland) at the last glacial maximum. Available data from the tropical lowlands are sparse but suggest that the modern tropical rain forest was largely replaced by tropical seasonal forest while the modern seasonal or dry forests were encroached on by savanna or steppe. Montane forest elements descended to lower elevations than today.</p>
</abstract>
<textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head>
<item><term>Pollen data</term>
</item>
<item><term>plant functional types</term>
</item>
<item><term>biomes</term>
</item>
<item><term>vegetation changes</term>
</item>
<item><term>Europe</term>
</item>
<item><term>Africa</term>
</item>
<item><term>last glacial maximum</term>
</item>
</list>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
<revisionDesc><change when="2000-05">Published</change>
<change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2016-12-14">References added</change>
<change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2017-02-9">References added</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
</istex:fulltextTEI>
<json:item><extension>txt</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>text/plain</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E/fulltext/txt</uri>
</json:item>
</fulltext>
<metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration>
<istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisherName>
<publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc>
</publisherInfo>
<doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2699</doi>
<issn type="print">0305-0270</issn>
<issn type="electronic">1365-2699</issn>
<idGroup><id type="product" value="JBI"></id>
<id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id>
</idGroup>
<titleGroup><title type="main" sort="JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY">Journal of Biogeography</title>
</titleGroup>
</publicationMeta>
<publicationMeta level="part" position="05003"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/jbi.2000.27.issue-3</doi>
<numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="27">27</numbering>
<numbering type="journalIssue" number="3">3</numbering>
</numberingGroup>
<coverDate startDate="2000-05">May 2000</coverDate>
</publicationMeta>
<publicationMeta level="unit" type="miscellaneous" position="0062100" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00430.x</doi>
<idGroup><id type="unit" value="JBI430"></id>
</idGroup>
<countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="14"></count>
</countGroup>
<titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">BIOME 6000: 18,000, 6000, and 0 <sup>14</sup>
C yr <sc>BP</sc>
</title>
</titleGroup>
<eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2001-12-24"></event>
<event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2001-12-24"></event>
<event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.2 mode:FullText source:Header result:Header" date="2010-03-10"></event>
<event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-19"></event>
<event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-23"></event>
</eventGroup>
<numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="621">621</numbering>
<numbering type="pageLast" number="634">634</numbering>
</numberingGroup>
<correspondenceTo> *Correspondence: Dr D. Jolly, Département Paléoenvironnements & Palynologie, ISEM, Case 61, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France. E‐mail: <email normalForm="jolly@isem.univ-montp2.fr">jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</email>
</correspondenceTo>
<linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JBI.JBI430.pdf"></link>
</linkGroup>
</publicationMeta>
<contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="1"></count>
<count type="tableTotal" number="7"></count>
<count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count>
<count type="referenceTotal" number="132"></count>
<count type="wordTotal" number="3862"></count>
<count type="linksPubMed" number="2"></count>
<count type="linksCrossRef" number="3"></count>
</countGroup>
<titleGroup><title type="main">Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr <sc>bp</sc>
</title>
<title type="shortAuthors">H. Elenga <i>et al.</i>
</title>
<title type="short">Biome reconstructions for southern Europe and Africa</title>
</titleGroup>
<creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1 #a2" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>H.</givenNames>
<familyName>Elenga</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2 #a3"><personName><givenNames>O.</givenNames>
<familyName>Peyron</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a2 #a4"><personName><givenNames>R.</givenNames>
<familyName>Bonnefille</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a5 #a6 #a7" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>D.</givenNames>
<familyName>Jolly</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a3 #a8"><personName><givenNames>R.</givenNames>
<familyName>Cheddadi</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr6" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>J.</givenNames>
<familyName>Guiot</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr7" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>V.</givenNames>
<familyName>Andrieu</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr8" affiliationRef="#a9"><personName><givenNames>S.</givenNames>
<familyName>Bottema</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr9" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>G.</givenNames>
<familyName>Buchet</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr10" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>J.‐L.</givenNames>
<familyName>De Beaulieu</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr11" affiliationRef="#a10"><personName><givenNames>A. C.</givenNames>
<familyName>Hamilton</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr12" affiliationRef="#a11"><personName><givenNames> J.</givenNames>
<familyName>Maley</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr13" affiliationRef="#a12"><personName><givenNames>R.</givenNames>
<familyName>Marchant</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr14" affiliationRef="#a13"><personName><givenNames>R.</givenNames>
<familyName>Perez‐Obiol</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr15" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>M.</givenNames>
<familyName>Reille</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr16" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>G.</givenNames>
<familyName>Riollet</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr17" affiliationRef="#a14"><personName><givenNames>L.</givenNames>
<familyName>Scott</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr18" affiliationRef="#a15"><personName><givenNames> H.</givenNames>
<familyName>Straka</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr19" affiliationRef="#a16"><personName><givenNames>D.</givenNames>
<familyName>Taylor</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr20" affiliationRef="#a17"><personName><givenNames>E.</givenNames>
<familyName>Van Campo</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr21" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>A.</givenNames>
<familyName>Vincens</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr22" affiliationRef="#a7"><personName><givenNames>F.</givenNames>
<familyName>Laarif</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr23" affiliationRef="#a7"><personName><givenNames>H.</givenNames>
<familyName>Jonson</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
</creators>
<affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="FR"><unparsedAffiliation>African Pollen Database, CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="FR"><unparsedAffiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="FR"><unparsedAffiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a4" countryCode="IN"><unparsedAffiliation>Institut Français de Pondichéry, BP 33, 11 rue St Louis, 605001 Pondicherry, India,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a5" countryCode="DE"><unparsedAffiliation>Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 100164, D‐07701 Jena, Germany,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a6" countryCode="SE"><unparsedAffiliation>School of Ecology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a7" countryCode="SE"><unparsedAffiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a8" countryCode="FR"><unparsedAffiliation>European Pollen Database, Place de la République, 13200 Arles, France,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a9" countryCode="NL"><unparsedAffiliation>Biologisch‐Archaeologisch Instituut, Rijkuniversiteit Groningen, Poststraat 6, NL‐9712 ER Groningen, The Netherlands,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a10"><unparsedAffiliation>WWF, Panda House, Weyside Park, Cattershall Lane, Godalming GU7 1XR, UK,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a11" countryCode="FR"><unparsedAffiliation>Paléoenvironnements et Palynologie, USTL, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a12"><unparsedAffiliation>University of Hull, School of Geography and Earth Resources, Hull HU6 7RX, UK,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a13" countryCode="ES"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Botany, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a14" countryCode="ZA"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Botany and Genetics, PO Box 339, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a15" countryCode="DE"><unparsedAffiliation>Forstweg 47, D‐24105 Kiel, Germany,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a16" countryCode="SG"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore,</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="a17" countryCode="FR"><unparsedAffiliation>Laboratoire d’Ecologie Terrestre, CNRS‐UPS, 13 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4403, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
</affiliationGroup>
<keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">Pollen data</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k2">plant functional types</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k3">biomes</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k4">vegetation changes</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k5">Europe</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k6">Africa</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k7">last glacial maximum</keyword>
</keywordGroup>
<abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title>
<p>Pollen data from 18,000 <sup>14</sup>
C yr <sc>bp</sc>
were compiled in order to reconstruct biome distributions at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe and Africa. Biome reconstructions were made using the objective biomization method applied to pollen counts using a complete list of dryland taxa wherever possible. Consistent and major differences from present‐day biomes are shown.</p>
<p>Forest and xerophytic woods/scrub were replaced by steppe, both in the Mediterranean region and in southern Africa, except in south‐western Cape Province where fynbos (xerophytic scrub) persisted.</p>
<p>Sites in the tropical highlands, characterized today by evergreen forest, were dominated by steppe and/or xerophytic vegetation (cf. today’s Ericaceous belt and Afroalpine grassland) at the last glacial maximum.</p>
<p>Available data from the tropical lowlands are sparse but suggest that the modern tropical rain forest was largely replaced by tropical seasonal forest while the modern seasonal or dry forests were encroached on by savanna or steppe. Montane forest elements descended to lower elevations than today.</p>
</abstract>
</abstractGroup>
</contentMeta>
</header>
</component>
</istex:document>
</istex:metadataXml>
<mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Biome reconstructions for southern Europe and Africa</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Elenga</namePart>
<affiliation>African Pollen Database, CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">O.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Peyron</namePart>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Bonnefille</namePart>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<affiliation>Institut Français de Pondichéry, BP 33, 11 rue St Louis, 605001 Pondicherry, India,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Jolly</namePart>
<affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 100164, D‐07701 Jena, Germany,</affiliation>
<affiliation>School of Ecology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden,</affiliation>
<affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: jolly@isem.univ‐montp2.fr</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Cheddadi</namePart>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
<affiliation>European Pollen Database, Place de la République, 13200 Arles, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Guiot</namePart>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">V.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Andrieu</namePart>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Bottema</namePart>
<affiliation>Biologisch‐Archaeologisch Instituut, Rijkuniversiteit Groningen, Poststraat 6, NL‐9712 ER Groningen, The Netherlands,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Buchet</namePart>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.‐L.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">De Beaulieu</namePart>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A. C.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Hamilton</namePart>
<affiliation>WWF, Panda House, Weyside Park, Cattershall Lane, Godalming GU7 1XR, UK,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Maley</namePart>
<affiliation>Paléoenvironnements et Palynologie, USTL, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Marchant</namePart>
<affiliation>University of Hull, School of Geography and Earth Resources, Hull HU6 7RX, UK,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Perez‐Obiol</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Botany, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Reille</namePart>
<affiliation>IMEP CNRS, Case 451, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Riollet</namePart>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Scott</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Botany and Genetics, PO Box 339, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Straka</namePart>
<affiliation>Forstweg 47, D‐24105 Kiel, Germany,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Taylor</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Van Campo</namePart>
<affiliation>Laboratoire d’Ecologie Terrestre, CNRS‐UPS, 13 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4403, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Vincens</namePart>
<affiliation>CEREGE, BP 80, 13545 Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 04, France,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Laarif</namePart>
<affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Jonson</namePart>
<affiliation>Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S‐221 00 Lund, Sweden,</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource>
<genre type="other" displayLabel="miscellaneous"></genre>
<originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher>
<place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm>
</place>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2000-05</dateIssued>
<copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2000</copyrightDate>
</originInfo>
<language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm>
</language>
<physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType>
<extent unit="figures">1</extent>
<extent unit="tables">7</extent>
<extent unit="references">132</extent>
<extent unit="words">3862</extent>
</physicalDescription>
<abstract lang="en">Pollen data from 18,000 14C yr bp were compiled in order to reconstruct biome distributions at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe and Africa. Biome reconstructions were made using the objective biomization method applied to pollen counts using a complete list of dryland taxa wherever possible. Consistent and major differences from present‐day biomes are shown. Forest and xerophytic woods/scrub were replaced by steppe, both in the Mediterranean region and in southern Africa, except in south‐western Cape Province where fynbos (xerophytic scrub) persisted. Sites in the tropical highlands, characterized today by evergreen forest, were dominated by steppe and/or xerophytic vegetation (cf. today’s Ericaceous belt and Afroalpine grassland) at the last glacial maximum. Available data from the tropical lowlands are sparse but suggest that the modern tropical rain forest was largely replaced by tropical seasonal forest while the modern seasonal or dry forests were encroached on by savanna or steppe. Montane forest elements descended to lower elevations than today.</abstract>
<subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre>
<topic>Pollen data</topic>
<topic>plant functional types</topic>
<topic>biomes</topic>
<topic>vegetation changes</topic>
<topic>Europe</topic>
<topic>Africa</topic>
<topic>last glacial maximum</topic>
</subject>
<relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Biogeography</title>
</titleInfo>
<genre type="journal">journal</genre>
<identifier type="ISSN">0305-0270</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">1365-2699</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2699</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID">JBI</identifier>
<part><date>2000</date>
<detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption>
<number>27</number>
</detail>
<detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption>
<number>3</number>
</detail>
<extent unit="pages"><start>621</start>
<end>634</end>
<total>14</total>
</extent>
</part>
</relatedItem>
<identifier type="istex">D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00430.x</identifier>
<identifier type="ArticleID">JBI430</identifier>
<recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource>
<recordOrigin>Blackwell Science Ltd</recordOrigin>
</recordInfo>
</mods>
</metadata>
<serie></serie>
</istex>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Bois/explor/CheneBelgiqueV2/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000B70 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000B70 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Bois |area= CheneBelgiqueV2 |flux= Istex |étape= Corpus |type= RBID |clé= ISTEX:D536AAA58FA621C362DCC6C5E278EC116EF0AF7E |texte= Pollen‐based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp }}
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.27. | ![]() |