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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The effect of massage therapy on occupational stress of Intensive Care Unit nurses</title><author><name sortKey="Nazari, Fateme" sort="Nazari, Fateme" uniqKey="Nazari F" first="Fateme" last="Nazari">Fateme Nazari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirzamohamadi, Mojtaba" sort="Mirzamohamadi, Mojtaba" uniqKey="Mirzamohamadi M" first="Mojtaba" last="Mirzamohamadi">Mojtaba Mirzamohamadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Student Research Center, Faculty of nursing and midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yousefi, Hojatollah" sort="Yousefi, Hojatollah" uniqKey="Yousefi H" first="Hojatollah" last="Yousefi">Hojatollah Yousefi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Adult Health Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26257809</idno><idno type="pmc">4525352</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4525352</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4525352</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/1735-9066.161001</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000014</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000014</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The effect of massage therapy on occupational stress of Intensive Care Unit nurses</title><author><name sortKey="Nazari, Fateme" sort="Nazari, Fateme" uniqKey="Nazari F" first="Fateme" last="Nazari">Fateme Nazari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirzamohamadi, Mojtaba" sort="Mirzamohamadi, Mojtaba" uniqKey="Mirzamohamadi M" first="Mojtaba" last="Mirzamohamadi">Mojtaba Mirzamohamadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Student Research Center, Faculty of nursing and midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yousefi, Hojatollah" sort="Yousefi, Hojatollah" uniqKey="Yousefi H" first="Hojatollah" last="Yousefi">Hojatollah Yousefi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Adult Health Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research</title><idno type="ISSN">1735-9066</idno><idno type="eISSN">2228-5504</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>One of the main causes of stress in the lives of people is their jobs. Occupational stress is causing a wide range of significant issues in health and community services. Nursing is the most stressful profession in the health services. Massage therapy is one way of coping with stress. This study was conducted to determine the effect of massage therapy on stress in nurses.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>This study was a clinical trial on 66 male and female nurses working in intensive care units (dialysis, ICU, and CCU) of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2013. Participants were selected according to the aims and inclusion criteria of the study. Then, they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI) (Osipow and Spokane, 1987) was completed by participants of the two groups before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the intervention. General Swedish massage was performed on participants of the experimental group for 25 min in each session, twice a week for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics [Chi-square, <italic>t</italic>-test, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA)] using SPSS software.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Results showed that the difference in overall mean occupation stress scores between experimental and control groups 2 weeks after the intervention was significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions:</title><p>According to the results, it is recommended that massage, as a valuable noninvasive method, be used for nurses in intensive care units to reduce their stress, promote mental health, and prevent the decrease in quality of nursing work life.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vali, L" uniqKey="Vali L">L Vali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ravangard, R" uniqKey="Ravangard R">R 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJNMR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1735-9066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2228-5504</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26257809</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4525352</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJNMR-20-508</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/1735-9066.161001</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The effect of massage therapy on occupational stress of Intensive Care Unit nurses</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nazari</surname><given-names>Fateme</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mirzamohamadi</surname><given-names>Mojtaba</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yousefi</surname><given-names>Hojatollah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Student Research Center, Faculty of nursing and midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Department of Adult Health Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Hojatollah Yousefi, Department of Adult Health Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail: <email xlink:href="yousefi@nm.mui.ac.ir">yousefi@nm.mui.ac.ir</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jul-Aug</season><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>508</fpage><lpage>515</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>09</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>02</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>One of the main causes of stress in the lives of people is their jobs. Occupational stress is causing a wide range of significant issues in health and community services. Nursing is the most stressful profession in the health services. Massage therapy is one way of coping with stress. This study was conducted to determine the effect of massage therapy on stress in nurses.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>This study was a clinical trial on 66 male and female nurses working in intensive care units (dialysis, ICU, and CCU) of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2013. Participants were selected according to the aims and inclusion criteria of the study. Then, they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI) (Osipow and Spokane, 1987) was completed by participants of the two groups before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the intervention. General Swedish massage was performed on participants of the experimental group for 25 min in each session, twice a week for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics [Chi-square, <italic>t</italic>-test, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA)] using SPSS software.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Results showed that the difference in overall mean occupation stress scores between experimental and control groups 2 weeks after the intervention was significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions:</title><p>According to the results, it is recommended that massage, as a valuable noninvasive method, be used for nurses in intensive care units to reduce their stress, promote mental health, and prevent the decrease in quality of nursing work life.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Intensive care unit</kwd><kwd>massage therapy</kwd><kwd>nursing</kwd><kwd>occupational stress</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>I<sc>NTRODUCTION</sc></title><p>Personnel are the most valuable assets of any organization, are at the disposal of the managers, and their individual performance affects the performance of the entire organization.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] One of the factors affecting performance in organizations is organizational stress, which puts the health of many staff at risk.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] Stress or mental stress is the most common, comprehensive, and destructive force in today's society.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] One of the main causes of stress in the life of an individual is their career. Occupation, for each individual, is a constituent element of their social identity, the source of living requirements, forms their social relationships, and is one of the main sources of stress.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]</p><p>Occupational stress is a serious and chronic health problem and is the cause of behavioral problems such as increased alcohol and tobacco consumption.[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] In addition, it is the cause of growing concern among employers and employees.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] Stress reduces employee productivity and increases absenteeism, retirement and disability costs, and economic costs imposed directly on employers.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] Thus, it has become a common and costly problem in today's business environment.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] The International Labour Organization reported that increase in occupational stress has caused countries to spend 10% of their gross national income.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] Moreover, occupational stress increases health care costs; employees with higher levels of occupational stress have 50% higher health care costs.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] Statistics have shown that occupational stress has become more common and more expensive than before; direct medical costs associated with stress-related problems in the United States are estimated to be about 150–300 billion dollars.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] The United Nations has considered occupational stress as a modern disease of the century and a major health threat, and the World Health Organization has declared it a global pandemic.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</p><p>In several studies, it has been found that about 30% of the workforce in developed countries suffers from occupational stress and this number is much higher in developing countries.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] According to estimates in America, the average rate of absence from work due to severe stress was 4 times the average rate of absence from work due to illness and nonfatal injuries.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] The rate of occupational stress is higher among health professionals compared to other professionals.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] The high levels of stress among nurses, physicians, hospital administrators, and health professionals are related to the nature of their work.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] In the nursing profession, high concentration and strong teamwork required during work and providing 24-h care cause high rates of occupational stress, and thus, stress is a recognized component of modern nursing.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] The results of a study on a large sample of Swedish nurses indicated that more than 80% of nurses reported higher levels of stress than other professional groups.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</p><p>Many studies have been undertaken regarding the effect of stress on the health of nurses. There is agreement among them on the results of high levels of occupational stress. These results are: Inability to perform duties, increase in error rate, vulnerabilities in professional communication, high rate of employee conflicts and displacement, health impairment and increased rate of mental illnesses, physical illnesses, reduction in the quality of nursing care, job dissatisfaction, and leaving the profession. High levels of stress caused by heavy workload can lead to burnout, psychosomatic complaints, and reduction in the quality of nursing work life, and can threaten the lives and safety of patients.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] According to previous research, 7.4% of nurses are absent per week due to corrosion or disability caused by stress, which is 80% higher than other professional groups.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] Furthermore, according to an estimate, due to occupational stress, one out of every five nurses plan to leave their job in the first 5 years.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref><xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</p><p>Levels of stress and stressors vary in different wards, and this difference is due to the working conditions and duties assigned to nurses. Intensive care units (ICUs) are stressful atmospheres because of the complexity and dynamic nature of their environment. The use of sophisticated technical equipment is one of the challenges of ICUs. ICU stressors include: Working relationship with nurses and other health care team members, communication and conversations with the patient, the high levels of knowledge and skills needed to work in this ward, high workload, the need to respond quickly and promptly to situations with urgent care requirements, and heavy responsibility arising from the care of the patients.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] Moreover, other sources of stress for experienced nurses are excessive workload, management or leadership style, professional conflicts, and emotional baggage.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</p><p>Some research results show that nurses working in ICUs, due to more frequent exposure to occupational stressors and the sensitive nature of their profession, probably experience the most work-related injuries compared to other employees.[<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref><xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] In addition, they are more susceptible to burnout, job dissatisfaction, function disorders, and cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, muscular, and neurotropic disorders.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] The studies by Abdi and Shahbazi[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] and Rahmani <italic>et al.</italic>[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] on nurses in ICUs showed that 49.2% of nurses had high level of stress due to working in the mentioned wards. The results regarding the six dimensions of stress showed that in terms of workload 25–27.4%, incompetence 26.3–54.1%, dichotomy 40.5%, range of nurses’ role 31.3–62.5%, responsibility of their role 33.3–48.9%, and physical environment 48.4%–54.2% of nurses had occupational stress.</p><p>One of the non-pharmaceutical methods of reducing stress is massage therapy. It is a traditional method of treatment which is currently considered as part of the health care system.[<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref><xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] Massage therapy has beneficial physiological effects such as dilation of blood vessels, increased skin temperature and body relaxation, the production of lactic acid in the muscles, improvement of lymphatic and venous circulation, and stimulation and healing of the connective tissue. Massage therapy promotes psychosocial well-being and reduces stress. Massage therapy is commonly used to relieve pain and anxiety.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</p><p>Present studies show that massage in the workplace is an appropriate way to relieve stress. For example, a study suggested that staff who received 20 min of massage twice a week for 8 weeks reported lower levels of anxiety and sleep disturbance, and decreased blood pressure and heart rate.[<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] In a similar study on massage therapy for 15 min for 6 weeks, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was reduced.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] In a meta-analysis of 37 massage therapy studies, involving 1802 participants, of whom 795 received massage therapy and 1007 patients did not, significant differences were observed between the treatment groups at different levels. Furthermore, participants who had received massage had considerably lower rate of anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate. These results indicated that massage therapy can be a powerful tool for immediate, effective changes on general health.[<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] Although the results of Davis <italic>et al.</italic> in 2005 showed that aromatherapy massage with music caused an immediate positive impact on the anxiety levels of emergency nurses, their stress levels and number of sick days were not reduced, and there were high levels of job stress related to workload.[<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</p><p>Given the inevitability of some stress factors in the nursing profession and the need to prevent mental and behavioral effects of stress, applying measures and steps toward reducing stress and training stress management is required. In addition, prevention is better than cure; thus, finding non-pharmacological approaches, such as massage therapy, for nurses’ occupational stress can lead them to a healthy life and reduce occupational complications. This can lead to the empowerment of nurses in coping with stressors, and this in turn leads to better outcomes and increased productivity for nurses. Increased productivity will result in advantages such as reduction of nosocomial infections, nurse retention, effective use of the nursing workforce, and increased satisfaction of patients, nurses, physicians, and employees.[<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] In this way, the economic, social, and psychological burden to nurses and the community is reduced.</p><p>Nurses in ICUs are exposed to great and consistent stressors due to the nature of their profession, experience the most work-related injuries than other employees, and there is no scheduled programming to maintain the health of these healthcare providers.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] Moreover, maintaining a healthy nursing workforce, primarily as human beings and secondly as individuals who protect the health and well-being of other members of society, is essential. Therefore, the researcher conducted this study to determine the effects of massage therapy on the occupational stress of ICU nurses and hope to have taken steps toward reducing nurses’ stress, increasing their capacity and efficiency, and improving the quality of nursing care for patients in the ICU.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>M<sc>ATERIALS AND</sc> M<sc>ETHODS</sc></title><p>This study was a randomized clinical trial 20114042217387 performed with two groups of subjects. It was performed in three stages of before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the intervention. It was performed on 66 male and female nurses working in intensive care units (dialysis, ICU, and CCU) in the treatment centers of Alzahra, Chamran, Kashani, and Noor hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2013. The number of subjects needed to conduct the research taking into consideration 10% loss was estimated at 80 in total (40 subjects in each group). By the end of the study, there was a loss of 14 subjects: 3 men and 2 women from the intervention groups due to lack of participation, 1 man due to family problems, 1 woman due to traveling, and 7 people from the control group due to not completing the questionnaire were excluded from the study. Finally, the study was performed on 66 subjects (33 in experimental group and 33 in control group) [Consort Diagram].</p><p>The inclusion criteria included willingness to participate in the experiment and receive a massage, having a score of less than 150 according to the Holmes and Rahe stress scale, having a total occupational stress score above 134 according to the Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI), not being treated with relaxing techniques such as meditation and yoga or tranquilizers and anti-anxiety medications, absence of edema, inflammation, and fractures in the areas of massage, and having no acute or chronic disease. After obtaining an informed written consent from the participants, they were randomly enrolled into one of the study groups using draw (experimental group and control). The control group did not receive any intervention. The questionnaires were given before and immediately after the intervention and 2 weeks after completion of the study (6 weeks). The experimental group received massage therapy for 4 weeks, 2 times a week for 25 min, in a warm quite room with efficient light, temperature, and ventilation, located in special units of each treatment center.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] The technique used for the intervention in the experimental group was the general Swedish massage. First, the technique was described to the participant. Then, it was applied to the hands, legs, back, chest, and lower back by the researcher and a female colleague (after passing a theoretical and practical training course on massage therapy). The researcher and his research partner tried to have a calm mind at the time of the massage intervention. They had comfortable clothing, with short nails and without wearing a ring or any other means that would harm the subject's skin. Each of the subjects in the experimental group was given disposable clothing. Then, each of the subjects sat on a chair and relaxed for 3–5 min; they would lean on the chair and open their legs to shoulder width in a way that the legs were not stretched. To massage the hands, a pillow was placed on the subject's lap and the palms of their hands were placed on them facing upward. The researcher rubbed the Firozeh Massage Lotion with a coconut scent on his hands and started the procedure. Both hands were used for massage; the fingers were stuck together and stroking motions were performed on the surface of the skin with moderate pressure of the palms using massage lotion. During the massage, the researcher's hands did not part from the subjects’ body. The participants were asked not to participate in any other counseling and psychotherapy programs until the end of the study and to continue their normal living routine. Then, they were all asked to complete the demographic information form.</p><p>The exclusion criteria included participation in other complementary medicine programs during the study, unwillingness to continue participating in the study, use of anti-anxiety drugs and other psychiatric medications during the study, experiencing acute stress during the study, or having acute or chronic illnesses that affect a person's mental state.</p><p>The data gathering tool was a questionnaire, which was completed before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the intervention by the researcher. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first section consists of 12 questions relating to personal and professional information, including age, gender, marital status, education level, number of children, income, years of work experience, work experience in the ICU, type of employment, and work shifts. The second part includes the OSI, which was first used in 1987 by Osipow <italic>et al.</italic> This instrument has been frequently used by researchers in the country and its reliability was calculated and verified with Cronbach's alpha at a satisfactory level of 0.89%.[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] It consists of 60 questions and is graded based on a 5-point Likert scale, from never to always. This questionnaire consists of six scales: Role Overload is related to how people respond to the demands of the workplace; Role Insufficiency is related to the amount of proportionality between skills, education, training, and experiential and learning characteristics of the individual and workplace requirements; Role Ambiguity is related to the knowledge of the person regarding the priorities and expectations of the workplace and evaluation criteria; Role Boundary is related to individual differences in terms of work ethic and the role expected of them; Responsibility is related to the individual's sense of responsibility in terms of performance and well-being of others in the workplace; and Physical Environment is related to unfavorable environmental conditions that the individual is exposed to. Each scale contains 10 questions. In the OSI, the stress levels were determined in each of the six scales by four levels of lower than normal, mild stress, moderate stress, and severe stress. Collected data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Student's independent <italic>t</italic>-test, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS for Windows (version 18; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>].</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Consort diagram</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJNMR-20-508-g001"></graphic></fig><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Ethical considerations</title><p>The Author declares that have no conflict of interest in this study and they have surveyed under the research ethics.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>R<sc>ESULTS</sc></title><p>The findings of this study showed that the mean age of the participants in the experimental group was 34.1 ± 5.9 and in the control group was 34.6 ± 6.8. The mean number of years of work experience in the experimental group was 10.6 ± 6.0 and in the control group was 10 ± 5.69. The number of female participants in both groups was more than the number of male participants (51.5% in the experimental group and 63.3% in the control group). Most of the participants in both groups had a bachelor's degree in nursing (experimental group 90.9% and control group 97%), were working in ICU (experimental group 66.7% and control group 72.7%), and working in shifts (experimental 84.5% and control 78.3%). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, education level, marital status, number of children, career, type of employment, working shifts, and working position (<italic>P</italic> > 0.05). Student's independent <italic>t</italic>-test results showed that the mean score of stress before the intervention between the two groups of control and experiment was not significantly different (<italic>P</italic> > 0.05). Nevertheless, immediately after and 2 weeks after the intervention, the mean score of occupational stress in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Comparison of mean scores of occupational stress in the experimental and control groups</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJNMR-20-508-g002"></graphic></table-wrap><p>Repeated measures ANOVA results also showed that the mean total score of occupational stress in the experimental group before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the intervention was significantly different (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). However, in the control group, the mean total score of occupational stress before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the intervention had no significant difference (<italic>P</italic> > 0.05) [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>]. Furthermore, the results of <italic>post-hoc</italic> least significant difference (LSD) test showed that the score of occupational stress between the time before and after the intervention (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) and also between the time before and 2 weeks after the intervention (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) in the experimental group was significantly different.</p><p>Student's independent <italic>t</italic>-test results showed that the mean scores of the six scales of occupational stress before the intervention between the control and experimental groups were not significantly different (<italic>P</italic> > 0.05). Nonetheless, immediately after and 2 weeks after the intervention, the mean scores of the six scales of occupational stress in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of mean scores of scales of occupational stress in the experimental and control groups</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJNMR-20-508-g003"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>D<sc>ISCUSSION</sc></title><p>Findings from this study showed that the mean scores of occupational stress in the control group, which did not receive any intervention, immediately after the intervention and 2 weeks after the intervention had no significant difference compared to before the intervention. However, in the experiment group, the mean score of occupational stress after the intervention compared to before the intervention had significantly decreased. Moreover, this reduction had remained for 2 weeks; thus, it can be concluded that the intervention of massage therapy can be effective in reducing occupational stress. In this regard, the study by Sharp <italic>et al.</italic> suggested that the touch in massage causes biochemical changes by reducing cortisol, and reduces stress and improves mood by increasing serotonin and dopamine.[<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] In addition, in a study by Day <italic>et al.</italic>, it was shown that massage is an appropriate way to reduce stress in the workplace. Their results showed that staff who received 20 min massage, 2 times a week for 8 weeks, reported reduced levels of stress and less sleep disturbance.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] In a meta-analysis by Repar and Patton of 37 studies involving 1802 participants, 795 of whom had received massage therapy and 1007 patients had not received massage, there was a significant difference between treatment groups; participants who received massage therapy had significantly lower levels of anxiety (<italic>P</italic> < 0.01). These results indicated that massage is a powerful tool that can make a positive impact on the general health of nurses.[<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] In addition, the study by Bauer <italic>et al.</italic> on the impact of massage therapy on pain, anxiety, and stress in patients undergoing cardiac surgery concluded that massage therapy significantly reduces stress and anxiety.[<xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] Noto <italic>et al.</italic>, in their study, showed that back massage causes significant psychosocial improvement and stress reduction. In addition, after the massage, the levels of chromogranin significantly increased, but no effect was observed on salivary amylase and cortisol levels.[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] A clinical trial showed that eight sessions of massage therapy led to statistically significant changes in anxiety, depression, well-being, vitality and general health, and perceived stress, compared to eight sessions of guided relaxation. Furthermore, it can serve as an important strategy to maintain health and prevent anxiety, depression, and perceived stress in the elderly.[<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</p><p>The results of the present study showed that the mean scores of the six scales of occupational stress in the control group had no significant difference immediately after and 2 weeks after the intervention compared to before the intervention. However, in the experimental group, the mean scores of the six scales of occupational stress (Role Overload, Role Insufficiency, Role Ambiguity, Role Boundary, Responsibilities, and Physical Environment) after the intervention compared to before the intervention had significantly decreased. This decrease lasted until 2 weeks after the intervention and it can be concluded that therapeutic intervention was effective in reducing occupational stress in the six scales. In this context, Gholamnejad and Nickpeyma, in their study, aimed to investigate the causes of occupational stress in nurses and showed that the most important job stressor is high workload.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] Khaghanizadeh <italic>et al.</italic> also reported that the highest levels of job stress were due to workload which increased stress and fatigue at rest, exhaustion, and decreased job satisfaction.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] A team of researchers found that high workload and exposure to mortality were the most threatening stressors for nurses.[<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</p><p>In the study by Davis <italic>et al.</italic>, massage did not have an effect on occupational stress in Role Overload, Role Ambiguity, and Responsibility scales (<italic>P</italic> = 0.41, <italic>P</italic> = 0.28, and <italic>P</italic> = 0.12, respectively). The reasons for the lack of effect of massage therapy in this study can be the use of experimental group as the control group or having a single group. One of the other reasons can be the short duration of the massage.[<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] Although the study of Bahrami <italic>et al.</italic> aimed to investigate the occupational stress of nurses in hospitals of Kashan, Iran, and showed that the highest difference of stress scores was in the Role Inefficiency scale (<italic>P</italic> = 0.0003),[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] the study by Motavaripoor <italic>et al.</italic> on the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on the stress of nurses in ICUs showed that the mean stress scores before the intervention and after the intervention had a significant difference in Role Overload (<italic>P</italic> < 0.03).[<xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</p><p>The study by Saarikoski on nurses working in ICUs of hospitals in Canada showed that physical environment and high workload were the main sources of stress in this group.[<xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] Moreover, the study by Abdi and Shahbazi on ICU nurses showed that the most important sources of stress were the physical environment and responsibility.[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] Regarding the physical environment, Cole believes that the mental and physical health of 93% of the nurses is frequently affected by physical environment stressors.[<xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>] In Lee and Wang's study on occupational stress of nurses and its related factors, job responsibility has been reported as occupational stress.[<xref rid="ref39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>] Confirming the results of the present study, Gholipour <italic>et al.</italic> showed that zinc supplementation reduced the level of stress among nurses working in ICUs; however, this reduction was not statistically significant. Zinc supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in Role Overload, Role Ambiguity, and Responsibility in the intervention group; however, in the control group, no significant differences were observed in any of the scales of occupational stress.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</p><p>The results of the present study showed that nurses working in ICUs of hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, as an example of Iran's nursing staff, have relatively high levels of occupational stress. In addition, the intervention of massage therapy reduced the occupational stress of nurses in the ICUs, and it can be concluded that the effect of massage therapy will remain after the intervention period.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-5"><title>C<sc>ONCLUSION</sc></title><p>According to the results of this study, it is suggested that massage therapy can be used as a method suitable for nurses working in ICUs in order to reduce stress, promote mental health, and prevent a reduction in quality of nursing work life.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>A<sc>CKNOWLEDGMENTS</sc></title><p>This article was derived from a master thesis of Mojtaba Mirzamohamadi with project number 392001, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Our appreciation goes to all the nurses participating in this study, Mrs. Niloufar Binaiee for performing the intervention in female subjects, and the Deputy of Research of School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences who helped in the process of implementation.</p></ack><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> Nill.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>R<sc>EFERENCES</sc></title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vali</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Ravangard</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Study of effective factors on nurses job motivation in Kerman University of Medical Sciences teaching hospitals in 2007</article-title><source>Hospital</source><year>2009</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>9</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khaghanizadeh</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ebadi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Cirati Nair</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahmani</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The study of relationship between job stress and quality of work life of nurses in military hospitals</article-title><source>J Mil Med</source><year>2008</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>84</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kazemi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Javidi</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Aram</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The Effect of Communication Skills Training on Job related Stress of the Experts</article-title><source>Quarterly J New Approaches Educ Administration</source><year>2011</year><volume>1</volume><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>79</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rahmani</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Behshid</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Zamanzadeh</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahmani</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Relationship between general health, occupational stress and burnout in critical care nurses of Tabriz teaching hospitals</article-title><source>Iran J Nurs</source><year>2010</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>63</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Doppia</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Estryn-Béhar</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Fry</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Guetarni</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Lieutaud</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Survey Steering Committee SESMAT. 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| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |