Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity.
Identifieur interne : 000945 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000944; suivant : 000946Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity.
Auteurs : J C Pruessner ; O T Wolf ; D H Hellhammer ; A. Buske-Kirschbaum ; K. Von Auer ; S. Jobst ; F. Kaspers ; C. KirschbaumSource :
- Life sciences [ 0024-3205 ] ; 1997.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Hydrocortisone.
- chemical , metabolism : Hydrocortisone.
- chemical : Biomarkers, Contraceptives, Oral.
- chemistry : Saliva.
- physiology : Adrenal Cortex, Premenopause, Sleep, Wakefulness.
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Smoking.
Abstract
In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n=152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30-60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50-75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p<.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.
PubMed: 9416776
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity.</title><author><name sortKey="Pruessner, J C" sort="Pruessner, J C" uniqKey="Pruessner J" first="J C" last="Pruessner">J C Pruessner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, O T" sort="Wolf, O T" uniqKey="Wolf O" first="O T" last="Wolf">O T Wolf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hellhammer, D H" sort="Hellhammer, D H" uniqKey="Hellhammer D" first="D H" last="Hellhammer">D H Hellhammer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buske Kirschbaum, A" sort="Buske Kirschbaum, A" uniqKey="Buske Kirschbaum A" first="A" last="Buske-Kirschbaum">A. Buske-Kirschbaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Auer, K" sort="Von Auer, K" uniqKey="Von Auer K" first="K" last="Von Auer">K. Von Auer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jobst, S" sort="Jobst, S" uniqKey="Jobst S" first="S" last="Jobst">S. Jobst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaspers, F" sort="Kaspers, F" uniqKey="Kaspers F" first="F" last="Kaspers">F. Kaspers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirschbaum, C" sort="Kirschbaum, C" uniqKey="Kirschbaum C" first="C" last="Kirschbaum">C. Kirschbaum</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="1997">1997</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:9416776</idno><idno type="pmid">9416776</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000945</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000945</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity.</title><author><name sortKey="Pruessner, J C" sort="Pruessner, J C" uniqKey="Pruessner J" first="J C" last="Pruessner">J C Pruessner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, O T" sort="Wolf, O T" uniqKey="Wolf O" first="O T" last="Wolf">O T Wolf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hellhammer, D H" sort="Hellhammer, D H" uniqKey="Hellhammer D" first="D H" last="Hellhammer">D H Hellhammer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buske Kirschbaum, A" sort="Buske Kirschbaum, A" uniqKey="Buske Kirschbaum A" first="A" last="Buske-Kirschbaum">A. Buske-Kirschbaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Auer, K" sort="Von Auer, K" uniqKey="Von Auer K" first="K" last="Von Auer">K. Von Auer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jobst, S" sort="Jobst, S" uniqKey="Jobst S" first="S" last="Jobst">S. Jobst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaspers, F" sort="Kaspers, F" uniqKey="Kaspers F" first="F" last="Kaspers">F. Kaspers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirschbaum, C" sort="Kirschbaum, C" uniqKey="Kirschbaum C" first="C" last="Kirschbaum">C. Kirschbaum</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Life sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">0024-3205</idno><imprint><date when="1997" type="published">1997</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adrenal Cortex (physiology)</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aging</term><term>Biomarkers</term><term>Child</term><term>Circadian Rhythm</term><term>Contraceptives, Oral</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Hydrocortisone (analysis)</term><term>Hydrocortisone (metabolism)</term><term>Kinetics</term><term>Male</term><term>Premenopause (physiology)</term><term>Saliva (chemistry)</term><term>Sleep (physiology)</term><term>Smoking</term><term>Wakefulness (physiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Hydrocortisone</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Hydrocortisone</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers</term><term>Contraceptives, Oral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Saliva</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Adrenal Cortex</term><term>Premenopause</term><term>Sleep</term><term>Wakefulness</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aging</term><term>Child</term><term>Circadian Rhythm</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Kinetics</term><term>Male</term><term>Smoking</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n=152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30-60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50-75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p<.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">9416776</PMID><DateCreated><Year>1998</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>20</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>1998</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>20</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>19</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0024-3205</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>61</Volume><Issue>26</Issue><PubDate><Year>1997</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Life sciences</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Life Sci.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>2539-49</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>In three independent studies, free cortisol levels after morning awakening were repeatedly measured in children, adults and elderly subjects (total n=152). Cortisol was assessed by sampling saliva at 10 or 15 minute intervals for 30-60 minutes, beginning at the time of awakening for two days (Study 1 and 2) or one (Study 3) day, respectively. In all three studies, free cortisol levels increased by 50-75% within the first 30 minutes after awakening in both sexes on all days. Premenopausal women consistently showed a stronger increase with a delayed peak after awakening compared to men on all days. In Study 2, there was a tendency for lower early morning free cortisol levels for women taking oral contraceptives (p=.10). Stability of the area under the curve (AUC) of the early morning free cortisol levels over the three (Study 1 and 2) or two (Study 3) days ranged between r=.39 and r=.67 (p<.001). Neither age, weight, nor smoking showed an effect on baseline or peak cortisol levels. Sleep duration, time of awakening and alcohol consumption also appeared to be unrelated to early morning free cortisol levels. From these data we conclude that in contrast to single assessments at fixed times, early morning cortisol levels can be a reliable biological marker for the individual's adrenocortical activity when measured repeatedly with strict reference to the time of awakening.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pruessner</LastName><ForeName>J C</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, University of Trier, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wolf</LastName><ForeName>O T</ForeName><Initials>OT</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hellhammer</LastName><ForeName>D H</ForeName><Initials>DH</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Buske-Kirschbaum</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>von Auer</LastName><ForeName>K</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jobst</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kaspers</LastName><ForeName>F</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kirschbaum</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D003160">Comparative Study</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Life Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0375521</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0024-3205</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D015415">Biomarkers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D003276">Contraceptives, Oral</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>WI4X0X7BPJ</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006854">Hydrocortisone</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000302" MajorTopicYN="N">Adrenal Cortex</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000375" MajorTopicYN="N">Aging</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015415" MajorTopicYN="Y">Biomarkers</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002648" MajorTopicYN="N">Child</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002940" MajorTopicYN="Y">Circadian Rhythm</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003276" MajorTopicYN="N">Contraceptives, Oral</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006854" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydrocortisone</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007700" MajorTopicYN="N">Kinetics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017697" MajorTopicYN="N">Premenopause</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012463" MajorTopicYN="N">Saliva</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012890" MajorTopicYN="N">Sleep</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012907" MajorTopicYN="N">Smoking</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014851" MajorTopicYN="N">Wakefulness</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>1997</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>1998</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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