The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation
Identifieur interne : 001945 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 001944; suivant : 001946The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation
Auteurs : Alfons O. Hamm [Allemagne] ; Almut I. Weike [Allemagne]Source :
- International journal of psychophysiology [ 0167-8760 ] ; 2005.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Wicri :
- topic : Conditionnement, Homme.
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Abstract
In the current review article it is suggested that fear is a central emotional state that can be activated by external threat cues. The subcortical defensive system cannot only be activated by intrinsically aversive events but shows also strong plasticity enabling previously innocuous stimuli to get access to the fear system after they were paired with painful outcomes. On the other hand, aversive conditioning does not only result in the acquisition of a defensive disposition, the organism also learns on a pure cognitive level that one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another stimulus. It is suggested here that potentiation of the acoustic startle reflex is a rather specific measure for fear acquisition, while skin conductance discrimination indexes contingency learning. It is shown that the acquisition of fear-potentiated startle does not require cortical processing of the conditioned stimulus. Moreover, data indicate that conditioned startle potentiation is abolished in patients with unilateral lesions of the amygdala. Finally, conditioned startle potentiation can be obtained without contingency awareness, which on the other hand is necessary for skin conductance conditioning to occur. It is suggested that the learning of stimulus relations is mediated by the hippocampus and that conditioned startle potentiation is also mediated by the hippocampus in trace conditioning.
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Hamm</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Franz-Mehring-Sti: 47</s1><s2>17487 Greifswald</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>17487 Greifswald</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Franz-Mehring-Sti: 47</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>17487 Greifswald</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weike, Almut I" sort="Weike, Almut I" uniqKey="Weike A" first="Almut I." last="Weike">Almut I. Weike</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Franz-Mehring-Sti: 47</s1><s2>17487 Greifswald</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>17487 Greifswald</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Franz-Mehring-Sti: 47</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>17487 Greifswald</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">International journal of psychophysiology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Int. j. psychophysiol.</title><idno type="ISSN">0167-8760</idno><imprint><date when="2005">2005</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">International journal of psychophysiology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Int. j. psychophysiol.</title><idno type="ISSN">0167-8760</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acquisition process</term><term>Amygdala</term><term>Amygdaloid nucleus</term><term>Awareness</term><term>Conditioning</term><term>Cortical blindness</term><term>Emotion emotionality</term><term>Fear</term><term>Human</term><term>Learning</term><term>Neuropsychologia</term><term>Potentiation</term><term>Rat</term><term>Review</term><term>Temporal lobectomy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Neuropsychologie</term><term>Peur</term><term>Emotion émotivité</term><term>Apprentissage</term><term>Processus acquisition</term><term>Conditionnement</term><term>Potentialisation</term><term>Noyau amygdalien</term><term>Amygdale</term><term>Prise conscience</term><term>Cécité corticale</term><term>Lobectomie temporale</term><term>Homme</term><term>Rat</term><term>Article synthèse</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Conditionnement</term><term>Homme</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In the current review article it is suggested that fear is a central emotional state that can be activated by external threat cues. The subcortical defensive system cannot only be activated by intrinsically aversive events but shows also strong plasticity enabling previously innocuous stimuli to get access to the fear system after they were paired with painful outcomes. On the other hand, aversive conditioning does not only result in the acquisition of a defensive disposition, the organism also learns on a pure cognitive level that one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another stimulus. It is suggested here that potentiation of the acoustic startle reflex is a rather specific measure for fear acquisition, while skin conductance discrimination indexes contingency learning. It is shown that the acquisition of fear-potentiated startle does not require cortical processing of the conditioned stimulus. Moreover, data indicate that conditioned startle potentiation is abolished in patients with unilateral lesions of the amygdala. Finally, conditioned startle potentiation can be obtained without contingency awareness, which on the other hand is necessary for skin conductance conditioning to occur. It is suggested that the learning of stimulus relations is mediated by the hippocampus and that conditioned startle potentiation is also mediated by the hippocampus in trace conditioning.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li></country></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hamm, Alfons O" sort="Hamm, Alfons O" uniqKey="Hamm A" first="Alfons O." last="Hamm">Alfons O. Hamm</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Weike, Almut I" sort="Weike, Almut I" uniqKey="Weike A" first="Almut I." last="Weike">Almut I. Weike</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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