Digital library research in the US an overview with a knowledge management perspective
Identifieur interne : 001B25 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001B24; suivant : 001B26Digital library research in the US an overview with a knowledge management perspective
Auteurs : Hsinchun ChenSource :
- Program [ 0033-0337 ] ; 2004-09-01.
Abstract
The provision of information resources and services is now readily available online via digital libraries furnished by a wide variety of information providers. Information is no longer just text and pictures, and is now available in a wide variety of multimedia formats. Digital libraries represent a new form of information technology in which content management, service delivery and social impact matter as much as technological advancement. In addition, for digital library researchers there is a need to transform information access to knowledge creation and management. Based on research in the USA in the Digital Libraries Initiative and the National Science Digital Library programmes, a review is provided of significant past and emerging digital library research activities, and research based on new knowledge management concepts and technologies is suggested.
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DOI: 10.1108/00330330410547205
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Digital library research in the US an overview with a knowledge management perspective</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Chen, Hsinchun" sort="Chen, Hsinchun" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Hsinchun" last="Chen">Hsinchun Chen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>McClelland Professor of Management Information Systems and is also Director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Hoffman Ecommerce Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:50B51E491B90466C55596B7CFEBC271FD68F04E2</idno><date when="2004" year="2004">2004</date><idno type="doi">10.1108/00330330410547205</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/50B51E491B90466C55596B7CFEBC271FD68F04E2/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001B25</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001B25</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Digital library research in the US an overview with a knowledge management perspective</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Chen, Hsinchun" sort="Chen, Hsinchun" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Hsinchun" last="Chen">Hsinchun Chen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>McClelland Professor of Management Information Systems and is also Director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Hoffman Ecommerce Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Program</title><idno type="ISSN">0033-0337</idno><imprint><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><date type="published" when="2004-09-01">2004-09-01</date><biblScope unit="volume">38</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="157">157</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="167">167</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0033-0337</idno></series><idno type="istex">50B51E491B90466C55596B7CFEBC271FD68F04E2</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1108/00330330410547205</idno><idno type="filenameID">2800380302</idno><idno type="original-pdf">2800380302.pdf</idno><idno type="href">00330330410547205.pdf</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0033-0337</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The provision of information resources and services is now readily available online via digital libraries furnished by a wide variety of information providers. Information is no longer just text and pictures, and is now available in a wide variety of multimedia formats. Digital libraries represent a new form of information technology in which content management, service delivery and social impact matter as much as technological advancement. In addition, for digital library researchers there is a need to transform information access to knowledge creation and management. Based on research in the USA in the Digital Libraries Initiative and the National Science Digital Library programmes, a review is provided of significant past and emerging digital library research activities, and research based on new knowledge management concepts and technologies is suggested.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>emerald</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Hsinchun Chen</name><affiliations><json:string>McClelland Professor of Management Information Systems and is also Director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Hoffman Ecommerce Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Digital libraries</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Research</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Knowledge management</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Government</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>United States of America</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>e-conceptual-paper</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The provision of information resources and services is now readily available online via digital libraries furnished by a wide variety of information providers. Information is no longer just text and pictures, and is now available in a wide variety of multimedia formats. Digital libraries represent a new form of information technology in which content management, service delivery and social impact matter as much as technological advancement. In addition, for digital library researchers there is a need to transform information access to knowledge creation and management. Based on research in the USA in the Digital Libraries Initiative and the National Science Digital Library programmes, a review is provided of significant past and emerging digital library research activities, and research based on new knowledge management concepts and technologies is suggested.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.536</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>5</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>871</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5766</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>43467</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>11</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>128</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Digital library research in the US an overview with a knowledge management perspective</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>S. Burleigh</name></json:item><json:item><name>V. Cerf</name></json:item><json:item><name>R. Durk</name></json:item><json:item><name>K. Fall</name></json:item><json:item><name>A. Hooke</name></json:item><json:item><name>K. Scott</name></json:item><json:item><name>H. Weiss</name></json:item></author><host><volume>53</volume><issue>410</issue><author></author><title>Acta Astronautica</title></host><title>The interplanetary Internet a communications structure for Mars exploration</title></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>Digital government and the Internet</title></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>V. Cerf</name></json:item><json:item><name>R.E. Kahn</name></json:item></author><host><volume>22</volume><issue>5</issue><author></author><title>IEEE Transactions on Communications</title></host><title>Protocol for packet network intercommunication</title></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>Knowledge Management Systems A Text Mining Perspective</title></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>A.K. Elmagarmid</name></json:item><json:item><name>W.J. McIver</name></json:item></author><host><volume>34</volume><issue>2</issue><author></author><title>IEEE Computer</title></host><title>The ongoing march toward digital government</title></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>The world stands at the threshold of a digital renaissance</title></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>R.V. Hauck</name></json:item><json:item><name>H. Chen</name></json:item></author><host><pages><last>28</last><first>15</first></pages><author></author><title>Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Information Systems '99</title></host><title>COPLINK a case of intelligent analysis and knowledge management</title></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>Convergence of knowledge management and elearning the GetSmart experience</title></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>B.R. Schatz</name></json:item><json:item><name>H. Chen</name></json:item></author><host><volume>29</volume><issue>5</issue><author></author><title>IEEE Computer</title></host><title>Building largescale digital libraries</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>B.R. Schatz</name></json:item><json:item><name>H. 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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="e-conceptual-paper"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">prog</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/prog</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Program</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0033-0337</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/00330330410547205</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">2800380302.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">2800380302</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">e-conceptual-paper</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Conceptual paper</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IKM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & knowledge management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-ICT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & communications technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-INT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Internet</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IBRT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information behaviour & retrieval</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-MTD</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Metadata</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LTC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Digital library research in the US: an overview with a knowledge management perspective</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Hsinchun</given-names> <surname>Chen</surname></string-name><aff>McClelland Professor of Management Information Systems and is also Director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Hoffman E‐commerce Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2004</year></pub-date><volume>38</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>157</fpage><lpage>167</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2004</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="00330330410547205.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The provision of information resources and services is now readily available online via digital libraries furnished by a wide variety of information providers. Information is no longer just text and pictures, and is now available in a wide variety of multimedia formats. Digital libraries represent a new form of information technology in which content management, service delivery and social impact matter as much as technological advancement. In addition, for digital library researchers there is a need to transform information access to knowledge creation and management. Based on research in the USA in the Digital Libraries Initiative and the National Science Digital Library programmes, a review is provided of significant past and emerging digital library research activities, and research based on new knowledge management concepts and technologies is suggested.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Digital libraries</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Research</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Knowledge management</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Government</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>United States of America</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><ack><p>Received: 7 January 2004 Revised: 4 March 2004 Accepted: 11 March 2004</p></ack></front><body><sec><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The Internet is changing the way we live and do business. Since the first ARPANET node was installed at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) on September 1, 1969 and since the first paper on the Internet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Cerf and Kahn, 1974</xref>), the Internet has evolved from a file transfer protocol (ftp), an information gopher service and an e‐mail exchange to supporting seamless multimedia content creation, access, and transactions over the Web.</p><p>Some researchers and practitioners believe that business, technology and society in general are in a true “Digital Renaissance” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">Fiorina, 2000</xref>). As Hewlett Packard (HP) chief executive officer, Fiorina, put it:<disp-quote><p>Like the first Renaissance, which was the liberation of the inventive imagination, the Digital Renaissance is about the empowerment of the individual and the consumer. And if we can bridge the gap between business, science, and government so that we can all understand and foster the Digital Renaissance then we have a chance to make this second Renaissance truly global and grassroots.</p></disp-quote>Using HP as an example, she suggested three emerging forces in the technology and business landscape:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>information appliances covering anything with a chip inside able to connect to the Internet;</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>always‐on IT infrastructure that needs to be as available and reliable as tap water and electricity; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>e‐services that will take any process or any asset that can be digitised and deliver it over the Web.</p></list-item></list>This viewpoint is frequently echoed by other Internet pioneers such as Cerf. He has been preaching about the next‐generation Internet as a medium for Internet‐enabled appliances (for example, Internet‐enabled automobiles for maintenance and tax collection, Internet‐enabled wine corks for ideal storage and drinking conditions and so on), real‐time Internet multimedia supports (e.g. Internet multicast video, Internet‐enabled Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) – call centres, net‐based speech recognition, etc.), and even “interplanetary Internet” to support future National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Mars and other planetary explorations, and continuous future data collection and simulation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Burleigh <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>).</p><p>In spite of such a positive outlook, many researchers and policy makers caution against the potential pitfalls of technology innovation without careful policy considerations in areas such as privacy/security, cryptography and export, trademarks, domain names and copyright issues, regulatory framework, taxation, liability and dispute resolution, censorship, and digital signatures and certificates, to name but a few outlined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Cerf (2002)</xref> in a presentation on digital government and the Internet. While business and technology are in a true Digital Renaissance, we cannot afford to have our whole approach to policy‐making remain rooted in the industrial, medieval world.</p><p>The Internet offers a tremendous opportunity for many different traditional institutions such as libraries, governments, and businesses to deliver better their content and services and interact with their constituents – citizens, patrons, businesses, and other government partners. In addition to providing information, communication, and transaction services, exciting and innovative transformation could occur with new technologies and practices. Data and information can begin to become knowledge assets. Digital library (e‐library), digital government (e‐government), and e‐commerce research have many common threads, yet each faces some unique challenges and opportunities.</p></sec><sec><title>2. Digital libraries: an overview of funded projects</title><p>The location and provision of information services has changed dramatically over the last ten years. There is no need to leave the home or office to locate and access information now readily available online via digital gateways furnished by a wide variety of information providers including libraries, electronic publishers, businesses, organisations and individuals. Information access is no longer restricted to what is physically available in the nearest library. It is electronically accessible from a wide variety of globally distributed information repositories.</p><p>Information is no longer simply text and pictures. It is available electronically in a wide variety of formats, many of which are large, complex (i.e. video and audio) and often integrated (i.e. multimedia). This increased variety of information allows one to take virtual tours of museums, historical sites and natural wonders, attend virtual concerts and theatre performances, watch a variety of movies, and read, view or listen to books, articles, lectures and music, all through digital libraries.</p><p>The Web has made access to the Internet part of everyday life, and over the past few years, the primary interface to the Web has evolved from browsing to searching. Millions of people all over the world perform Web searches every day. But the commercial technology of searching large collections has remained largely unchanged from its roots in US government‐sponsored research projects of the 1960s. This public awareness of the Web as a critical infrastructure in the 1990s has caused a new revolution in the technologies for information and knowledge management in digital libraries.</p><p>Digital libraries represent a form of information technology in which social impact matters as much as technological advancement. It is hard to evaluate a new technology, such as digital libraries, in the absence of real users and large collections. The best way to develop effective new systems and services is in multi‐year large‐scale research projects that use real‐world electronic test beds for actual users and aim at developing new, comprehensive, and user‐friendly technologies for digital libraries. Typically, these test bed projects should also examine the broad social, economic, legal, ethical and cross‐cultural contexts and impacts of digital library development.</p><sec><title>2.1 Digital Library Initiative, 1994‐1998</title><p>The original Digital Library Initiative (DLI or DLI‐1) in the USA, sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and NASA, began in 1994. The original programme announcement stated:<disp-quote><p>The Initiative's focus is to dramatically advance the means to collect, store, and organize information in digital forms and make it available for searching, retrieval, and processing via communication networks – all in user‐friendly ways. Digital libraries basically store materials in electronic format and manipulate large collections of those materials effectively. Research into digital libraries is research into network information systems, concentrating on how to develop the necessary infrastructure to effectively mass‐manipulate the information on the Net. The key technical issues are how to search and display desired selections from and across large collections (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/dlione/">www.dli2.nsf.gov/dlione/</ext-link>).</p></disp-quote>After a competitive proposal solicitation and review process, six large‐scale projects ($4 million per project on average) were selected. Most projects were technical in nature, were led by reputable computer scientists, and consisted of a strong team of computer, information and library science researchers, sociologists, and content specialists (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/dlione/">www.dli2.nsf.gov/dlione/</ext-link>). The six projects are listed below:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>The University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign's (UIUC) Interspace Project was led by Schatz and focused on federating repositories of scientific literature using SGML. Co‐principal investigator (PI) Chen, of the University of Arizona, was responsible for the semantic federation and retrieval component. The Software Development Group at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), which had developed the Mosaic Browser in 1992, was responsible for the server architecture and system interface.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>Carnegie Mellon University's (CMU) Informedia Project was led by Wactlar and researched the topics of multimedia digital video library and retrieval using speech recognition, image/film segmentation, and text retrieval techniques.</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>The Stanford University Infobus Project was led by Garcia‐Molina, and its aim was to develop interoperation mechanisms among heterogeneous digital library services. The now popular Google search engine was one of the significant derivatives from the project.</p></list-item><list-item><label>4. </label><p>The University of California at Berkeley (UCB) project was led by Wilensky, and researched topics on environmental planning and geographic information systems (GIS).</p></list-item><list-item><label>5. </label><p>The Alexandria Project at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) was led by Smith, and focused on providing access to spatially referenced map information.</p></list-item><list-item><label>6. </label><p>The University of Michigan project was led by Atkins, and focused on intelligent agents for information location.</p></list-item></list>The DLI projects were extremely successful for several reasons. Each research team consisted of technologists, sociologists, and content specialists who worked closely together for a long period of time. The research programme was funded jointly by the NSF, DARPA, and NASA and had significant, hands‐on project monitoring and involvement from all three agencies. The biannual project site visits and all‐PI meetings supported intellectual communication and scholarship exchange among researchers. A new digital library community took shape.</p><p>Many interesting technical advancements in areas such as semantic retrieval, video retrieval, geo‐spatial access, search engines, and system interoperability were developed. The DLI research results were also reported in many digital library related conferences, books, book chapters, and papers. For example, the May 1996 issue of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE's) <italic>Computer</italic> magazine was a special issue, edited by Schatz and Chen, that focused on DLI with reports from each of the projects at the halfway point in the initiative (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Schatz and Chen, 1996</xref>). The February 1999 IEEE <italic>Computer</italic> issue, edited by the same guest editors, focused on practical outcomes from major DLI and non‐DLI research projects, both in the US and internationally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">Schatz and Chen, 1999</xref>). Truly it was an exciting, pioneering time for digital library research.</p></sec><sec><title>2.2 DLI‐2 and other projects, 1999‐</title><p>The excitement of Internet‐enabled IT developments and e‐commerce opportunities in the 1990s prompted the US Government to examine the role of IT research for long‐term US interest. A President's Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC) was formed, which included many leading US IT researchers and practitioners. Digital library research was identified as one of the successful federal research programmes and a future target research area. The PITAC report concluded:<disp-quote><p>Vigorous information technology research and development (R&D) is essential for achieving America's 21st century aspirations. The technical advances that led to today's information tools, such as electronic computers and the Internet, began with Federal Government support of research in partnership with industry and universities. These innovations depended on patient investment in fundamental and applied research.We have had a spectacular return on that Federal research investment. Businesses that produce computers, semiconductors, software, and communications equipment have accounted for a third of the total growth in US economic production since 1992, creating millions of high‐paying new jobs. Government‐sponsored university research programs have supported graduate education for many of the leaders and innovators in the field.As we approach the 21st century, the opportunities for innovation in information technology are larger than they have ever been – and more important. We have an essential national interest in ensuring a continued flow of good new ideas and trained professionals in information technology.After careful review of the Federal programs this Committee has concluded that Federal support for research in information technology is seriously inadequate. Research programs intended to maintain the flow of new ideas in information technology and to train the next generation of researchers are funding only a small fraction of the research that is needed, turning away large numbers of excellent proposals. Compounding this problem, Federal agency managers are faced with insufficient resources to meet all research needs and have naturally favored research supporting the short‐term goals of their missions over long‐term high‐risk investigations. While this is undoubtedly the correct local decision for each agency, the sum of such decisions threatens the long‐term welfare of the nation.The Nation needs significant new research on computing and communication systems. This research will help sustain the economic boom in information technology, address important societal problems such as education and crisis management, and protect us from catastrophic failures of the complex systems that now underpin our transportation, defense, business, finance, and healthcare infrastructures. If the results are to be available when needed, we must act now to reinvigorate the long‐term IT research endeavor and to revitalize the computing infrastructure at university campuses and other civilian research facilities, which are rapidly falling behind the state of the art. If we do not take these steps, the flow of ideas that have fueled the information revolution over the past decades may slow to a trickle in the next.To address these problems, the Committee estimated in its Interim report in August 1998 that the Federal government should increase its support for information technology research by a billion dollars per year by FY 2004. Since that time the Committee has sought comments from the community regarding its preliminary findings and recommendations, and convened several panels to review those recommendations. This effort produced a more detailed model for the costs of the research programs and other activities needed to address the problems identified in our report (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hpcc.gov/pitac/report/exec_summary.html">www.hpcc.gov/pitac/report/exec_summary.html</ext-link>).</p></disp-quote>The success of the original DLI programme and the continued IT research interest as stated in the PITAC report allowed the NSF to continue to spearhead the development of the DLI Phase 2 (DLI‐2) research programme (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/">www.dli2.nsf.gov/</ext-link>). More sponsor agencies joined DARPA, NASA and the NSF in the DLI‐2 programme, including the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the Library of Congress (LOC), the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the Smithsonian Institution (SI), and the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS). DLI‐2 supported a broader range of activities than the first DLI, including small projects and humanities topics. There is an even stronger emphasis on working test beds with real users and real collections.</p><p>As the NSF DLI‐1 and DLI‐2 Program Director, Griffin, explains (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">Schatz and Chen, 1999</xref>):<disp-quote><p>The Digital Libraries Initiative‐Phase 2 (DLI‐2) supported by NSF, DARPA, NLM, LOC, NEH, NASA and other agency partners will address a refined technology research agenda and look to support new areas and dimensions in the digital libraries information lifecycle including content creation, access, use and usability, preservation and archiving. DLI‐2 will look to create domain applications and operational infrastructure, and understand their use and usability in various organizational, economic, social, international contexts – in short, digital libraries as human‐centered systems. DLI‐2 involvement will extend far beyond computing and communications specialty communities and engage scholars, practitioners and learners in not only science and engineering but also arts and humanities. DLI‐2 recognizes that knowledge access is inherently international and will actively promote activities and processes that bridge political and language boundaries, including funding through a new program in International Digital Libraries.</p></disp-quote>In particular, the sponsoring agencies provided examples of research areas (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1998/nsf9863/nsf9863.htm">www.nsf.gov/pubs/1998/nsf9863/nsf9863.htm</ext-link>) in the categories identified which included:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p><italic>Human‐centred systems</italic>:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>Methods, algorithms, and software leading to wide‐spectrum information discovery, search, retrieval, manipulation and presentation capabilities:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>software tools and toolkits;</p></list-item><list-item><p>browsing and navigation software for large and diverse information spaces;</p></list-item><list-item><p>intelligent search of image/video types by content, structure and context;</p></list-item><list-item><p>semantic search and retrieval theories and models;</p></list-item><list-item><p>multilingual information access and cross‐lingual data services; and</p></list-item><list-item><p>advanced software for searching, filtering, abstracting and summarising large volumes of data, imagery, and other kinds of information.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>Intelligent user interfaces:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>user/system learning and adaptation processes associated with interactive use;</p></list-item><list-item><p>autonomous intelligent agents to support human needs; and</p></list-item><list-item><p>information presentation and visualisation.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>Collaboration technologies and tools.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>User and usability studies, including human‐computer interaction, human‐mediated communication and users and institutions with special needs.</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>Use in education, learning and capacity building, especially in new and naïve user communities.</p></list-item><list-item><label>4. </label><p>Economic and social implications:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>social science research and humanities research applied to distributed networked information environments and contexts;</p></list-item><list-item><p>social informatics;</p></list-item><list-item><p>nature and services of libraries, universities, schools and other institutions in the transition to widespread use of digital media;</p></list-item><list-item><p>knowledge acquisition, organisation, dissemination and use practised by individuals and user communities;</p></list-item><list-item><p>factors determining usage, public acceptance and investment in digital libraries; and</p></list-item><list-item><p>means and media for advancing scholarly communication.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p><italic>Content and collections‐based research</italic>:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>Efficient data capture, representation, preservation and archiving:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>novel digital representations of text and non‐text media and derivatives;</p></list-item><list-item><p>intelligent systems and algorithms for indexing, abstracting, interpreting, classifying and cataloguing;</p></list-item><list-item><p>content‐based image recognition, analysis and classification;</p></list-item><list-item><p>intelligent text processing and document management; natural language analysis for data extraction and for structure and topical segmentation;</p></list-item><list-item><p>alternative document and text mark‐up systems, structuring principles and distributed management models;</p></list-item><list-item><p>structuring and linking of information objects and documents; and</p></list-item><list-item><p>cost‐effective methods for creating and converting digital objects.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>Metadata:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>means and methods for preserving and presenting context for data elements and collections; and</p></list-item><list-item><p>metadata types and standards development.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>Interoperability of content and collections.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>Domain‐specific information objects.</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>Technologies, methods and processes for addressing societal, economic and legal issues associated with the creation and use of digital collections:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>intellectual property and rights management;</p></list-item><list-item><p>privacy and security;</p></list-item><list-item><p>publishing in a digital environment;</p></list-item><list-item><p>charging mechanisms for copyright documents; and</p></list-item><list-item><p>authentication and copyright protection.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>New economic and business models corresponding to new electronic media.</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>Development and access to educational materials and approaches including:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>new resources for science, mathematics and engineering education at all levels;</p></list-item><list-item><p>interactive educational tools and interfaces appropriate for different groups of users;</p></list-item><list-item><p>creation of learning environments.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p><italic>Systems‐centred research</italic>:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>Open, networked architectures for new information environments capable of supporting complex information access and analysis and collaborative work.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Systems scalability, federation, extensibility and composability.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Intelligent agents.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Interoperability.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Networking, communications and middleware research topics relevant to digital libraries including new approaches and protocols for high bandwidth applications; metadata services; reliability and integrity of services; quality of service and payment models and issues.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Advanced multimedia information capture, representation and digitisation.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Systems evaluation and performance studies.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p><italic>Development of digital library test beds</italic>:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p>Integration of functional components into useful systems to serve specific domain communities and identifying unique information requirements, technical and design issues, and metrics of performance and utility.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Applications that enhance the general functionality of existing and future digital libraries by providing new concepts and tools for example for document mark‐up, image and video management, semantic encoding, metadata, intelligent search and retrieval, and federation of existing and new digital collections.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Specialised digital libraries applications designed for specific knowledge domains and communities (defence, geosciences, physical sciences, biological sciences, medicine, social sciences, arts and humanities, etc.).</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p>Improving processes which support education, learning, scholarly communication and collaboration:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>new types of digital collections;</p></list-item><list-item><p>electronic journals, textbooks, catalogues; and</p></list-item><list-item><p>new means for gathering, aggregating and establishing relationships among knowledge sources.</p></list-item></list><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>High‐risk, “breakthrough” applications capable of providing new conceptual paradigms for information technologies and altering social and work practices on a grand scale:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>distributed knowledge‐work environments;</p></list-item><list-item><p>online educational and cultural resources in the form of virtual classrooms, museums, concert halls, theatres, galleries, studios suited to a broad audience;</p></list-item><list-item><p>multilingual, global‐scale knowledge repositories; and</p></list-item><list-item><p>multimodal access supporting information needs of mobile individuals whose primary attention is directed elsewhere.</p></list-item></list>DLI‐2 funded 29 research projects, with an additional nine projects having an undergraduate emphasis (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/projects.html">www.dli2.nsf.gov/projects.html</ext-link>). Nine projects were large in scope and funding ($2m+, mostly over four to five years). Among them, Stanford, UCB, UCSB and CMU were original DLI‐1 recipients and their research topics are extensions of their original works, e.g. UCSB for a digital earth prototype, CMU for video summarisation and visualisation, Stanford for interoperability technologies, and UCB for scholarly information dissemination and use. A few new large‐scale projects began to explore other unique digital library applications (e.g. Columbia University's patent‐case digital library, Harvard University's social science digital library, Indiana University's digital music library, Tufts University's humanities digital library, and Michigan State University's national gallery of the spoken word). Similar to the DLI‐1 projects, most of these large‐scale projects involve a team of technologists, sociologists, and content specialists for a non‐trivial domain or application. Most of the smaller DLI‐2 projects are either technology‐focused (e.g. the University of Arizona's high‐performance digital library classification system) or domain‐specific (e.g. the University of Hawaii's Shuhai Wenyuan classical Chinese digital library).</p><p>An additional 15 projects have been funded since 1999 under the Information Technology Research (ITR) programme (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/itrprojects.html">www.dli2.nsf.gov/itrprojects.html</ext-link>). Some address language (e.g. CMU's AVENUE project for adaptive voice translation for minority languages) and 3D modelling topics (e.g. Columbia's project for modelling, visualising and analysing historical and archaeological sites), others research topics in law enforcement information sharing and knowledge management (University of Arizona's COPLINK agent project) and multilingual access to large spoken archives (Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, a $7.5m project, 2001‐2006).</p><p>In addition to the core DLI‐2 and related ITR projects, DLI‐2 also sponsors 12 international digital library projects (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/intl.html">www.dli2.nsf.gov/intl.html</ext-link>) involving partners from the UK (e.g. University of Liverpool, Southampton University, King's College London), Germany (University Library of Göttingen, University of Trier), China (Tsinghua University), Taiwan (National Taiwan University), Japan (National Institute for Informatics), and Africa (West African Research Centre). Although most projects are of limited budget ($400k) and scope, international projects face unique logistics and collaboration challenges.</p><p>Due to the large number of agencies and research projects involved, DLI‐2 and the related ITR research programme elected a more free‐form annual all‐PI meeting format that often co‐occurred with the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)‐IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL). Although most all‐PI meetings involved only traditional lecture‐style project presentations, the diversity of digital library research increased significantly in these DLI‐2 and ITR projects.</p><p>Several partnership agencies also began to develop digital library projects that are uniquely tailored to their institution's function. For example, the IMLS, which is an independent federal agency that fosters leadership, innovation and lifelong learning, supports a series of 130‐plus smaller‐scale digital project grants to libraries and museums for research, digitisation, and management of digital resources (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.imls.gov/closer/cls_po.asp">www.imls.gov/closer/cls_po.asp</ext-link>), from Brooklyn's Children's Museum to the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and from Duke University's library to the Georgia Department of Archives and History. IMLS is the only federal agency with statutory authority to support digitisation. IMLS grants address critical challenges of preservation, interoperability, and user impact, in addition to supporting the creation of rich digital content.</p><p>Another significant digital library research programme that was developed concurrently under the NSF was the National Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Digital Library (NSDL; see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://nsdl.org">http://nsdl.org</ext-link>). The NSDL offers, via the Internet, high‐quality materials for science, mathematics, engineering and technology education. It will strongly affect education at all levels, including pre‐kindergarten to grade 12, undergraduate, graduate, and lifelong learning, by providing any time/anywhere access to a rich array of authoritative and reliable interactive materials and learning environments. More than 60 projects have been funded since 1998 in three areas:<list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>the collection track for offering contents (e.g. national biology digital library, digital mathematics library, experimental economics digital library);</p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>the service track for providing technologies and services (e.g. University of Arizona's GetSmart e‐learning concept map system); and</p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>the core integration track, for linking all contents and services under a unified framework.</p></list-item></list>Open Archive Initiative (OAI) based content creation and metadata harvesting is one of the critical components in NSDL, which has the potential for improving the standards and sustainability of all projects involved. The NSDL programme takes a grass‐roots approach to inviting community input and consensus building through various committees and working groups. Significant process and sustainability issues have been carefully considered in this programme. The first release of the NSDL was in Fall 2002, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2800380302001">Figure 1</xref> shows its homepage.</p></sec><sec><title>2.3 International conferences on digital libraries 1995‐</title><p>Digital libraries have become far more important nationally and internationally in 2004 than they were in 1996. Many new and significant national digital library initiatives have emerged. In addition, international conferences on digital libraries have proliferated from their roots in the ACM and IEEE Digital Conferences (and then the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, JCDL) to a European version (the European Conference on Digital Libraries; ECDL) and an Asian version (the International Conference of Asian Digital Libraries; ICADL). ICADL, for instance, has evolved from its modest inception of about 80 participants in Hong Kong in 1998 to 150 participants in Taipei, Taiwan in 1999, to 300 participants in Seoul, Korea in 2000 and to 600 participants from 13 countries in Bangalore, India in 2001. Even regional digital library conferences, such as the First China Digital Library Conference, hosted by the National Library of China and held in Beijing in 2002, drew 450 participants from 18 countries, and 125 exhibitors. Such a high level of activity is due to continuous interest among digital library researchers and practitioners internationally. Partially, this is also due to the exponential growth of information content on the Web around the globe, which Web searchers are failing to handle successfully. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2800380302002">Table I</xref> summarises a selection of the milestones in digital library research and development since 1994.</p></sec><sec><title>2.4 Digital library challenges</title><p>Unlike digital government or e‐commerce, digital library researchers face some unique challenges, some of which are listed below.</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Cultural and historical heritage</italic>. Many digital library and museum collections contain artefacts that are fragile, precious, and of historical significance. Many different countries are quickly moving towards digitising their unique cultural and historical collections. However, the selection and digitisation process has not been easy, both for technical, organisational, and economic reasons.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Heterogeneity of content and media types</italic>. Digital library collections have a wide range of content and media types, ranging from 3D chemical structures to tornado simulation models, from the statue of David to paintings by Van Gogh. A mix of text, audio, and video is common. Collection, organisation, indexing, searching, and analysis of such diverse information content continues to create unique technical challenges.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Intellectual property issues</italic>. Unlike digital government or e‐commerce applications that often generate their own content, digital libraries provide content management and retrieval services to many other content owners. The intellectual property issues (rights and fee collection) surrounding such diverse collections need to be addressed.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Cost and sustainability issues</italic>. Many patrons would often like library services to be “free”, or at least extremely affordable. Compounding the issue further is the notion of “free” Internet content. However, for high‐quality, credible content to be accessible through digital libraries, cost and sustainability problems needed to be resolved. Different digital library pricing models would need to be developed for different contents and services.</p></list-item><list-item><label>• </label><p><italic>Universal access and international collaboration</italic>. Digital library content is often of interest not just to people in one region, but possibly all over the world. Many content creation and development processes also require collaboration among researchers and librarians in different parts of the world. Digital library researchers are facing the unique challenge of creating a global service that bridges cultural and language barriers.</p></list-item></list></sec></sec><sec><title>3. Trailblazing a path towards knowledge and transformation</title><p>Based on experiences gained through the DLI and DLI‐2 projects, it is our belief that digital libraries require a switch of focus from simple data organisation and information access to the more important process of knowledge creation, management and sharing. It is well recognised that “knowledge is power”, but not data or information (which creates “data/information overload”). We also believe that a fundamental “transformation” is required of institutions to adopt new technologies and the associated processes, instead of relying only on technologies to provide information, communication and transactions over the Internet.</p><sec><title>3.1 Data, information, and knowledge</title><p>It is generally agreed by IT practitioners that a continuum of data, information, and knowledge (and even wisdom) exists within any enterprise. The concept of data and the systems to manage them began to be popular in the 1980s. Data are mostly structured, factual, and often numeric. They often exist as business transactions in database management systems (DBMS) such as Oracle, DB2, and MS SQL. Information, on the other hand, became a hot item for businesses in the 1990s, especially after the explosion of the Web and the successes of many search engines. Information is factual, but unstructured, and in many cases textual. Web pages and e‐mail are good examples of “information” that often exists in search engines, portals, groupware, and document management systems. Information is often used to support business decisions. Knowledge is inferential, abstract, and is often needed to make business decisions.</p><p>In addition to the IT view of the data‐information‐knowledge continuum, other researchers have taken a more academic view. According to these researchers, data consist of facts, images, or sounds. When data are combined with interpretation and meaning, information emerges. Information is formatted, filtered and summarised data that, when combined with action and application, becomes knowledge. Knowledge exists in forms such as instincts, ideas, rules and procedures that guide actions and decisions. This can be represented in tabular form, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2800380302003">Table II</xref> as a data, information and knowledge pyramid.</p><p>The concept of knowledge has become prevalent in many disciplines and business practices. For example, information scientists consider taxonomies, subject headings, and classification schemes as representations of knowledge. Artificial intelligence researchers have long been seeking such ways to represent human knowledge as semantic nets, logic, production systems and frames. Consulting firms have also been actively promoting practices and methodologies to capture corporate knowledge assets and organisational memory. Since the 1990s, knowledge management has become a popular term that appears in many applications, from digital libraries to search engines, and from data mining to text mining. Despite its apparent popularity, we believe the field is rather disjointed and new knowledge management technologies are relatively foreign to practitioners. For a more in‐depth review of knowledge management related research and techniques, readers are referred to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">Chen (2002)</xref>. The NSDL, as described earlier, is an example of a digital library as applied in education. As part of the NSDL project the GetSmart system is being created to apply knowledge management techniques in a learning environment. Researchers reported at the JCDL 2003 on experimenting with the system with students at the University of Arizona and at Virginia Polytechnic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">Marshall <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>).</p><p>For digital library researchers, there is a need to transform information access into knowledge creation. Instead of serving as information providers, digital libraries could become knowledge repositories by effectively categorising, analysing and organising the contents of digital libraries. Ontology creation, automatic thesaurus or subject headings generation, knowledge map development, and user modelling are all areas that could allow digital libraries to provide more personalised and useful services, and thus form part of the digital library research programme outlined earlier.</p></sec><sec><title>3.2 Information‐communication‐transaction transformation: digital library, digital government and e‐commerce</title><p>The Internet delivers library, business, and government content and services with different levels of interaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Elmagarmid and McIver, 2001</xref>). Digital libraries, digital government (or e‐government) and e‐commerce share many common challenges and opportunities.</p><p>At the lowest level, library, government or business “information” is created, categorised and indexed and delivered to its target audiences through the Internet. Digital library services exhibit this characteristic most strongly. Metadata, data consolidation, content quality and system interfaces are the most critical issues under consideration. Most early government‐to‐citizen (G2C) and government‐to‐business (G2B) services also belong to this category, in which governments merely act as information providers and do not provide a two‐way communication channel connecting them with citizens or businesses. Many business portals (business‐to‐citizen (B2C)) also serve to convey their product and service information through the Web. For digital government and e‐commerce researchers and practitioners, there is much to learn from the content creation, management, organisation, searching and analysis experience of digital library researchers.</p><p>At the next level, e‐services support two‐way “communication”, whereby patrons, customers or citizens can communicate their needs or requests through Web forms, e‐mail or other Internet media. Many early B2C, G2C and G2B applications quickly evolved into providers of such communication services by adding simple Web‐based groupware functionalities such as Web forums, e‐mail, bulletin boards, chat rooms, etc. Computer‐supported collaborative systems (or groupware) and recommender systems can significantly improve communication services for all digital library, digital government and e‐commerce applications. Some of these systems have only begun to emerge recently. We believe groupware‐based technologies have a tremendous potential for helping digital library, government and e‐commerce researchers and practitioners better understand their targeted customers or citizens and deliver more customised services.</p><p>At the third level, “transaction” services for patrons, citizens and businesses are supported. Many businesses support transactions among their suppliers (business‐to‐business (B2B)) or customers (B2C) through enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain management (SCM) and customer relationship management systems. Various government departments or branches also use the Internet for transactions among themselves. Many of the more advanced G2C, G2B and government‐to‐government (G2G) digital government applications also belong to this category. Income tax filing, withholding and returns (for citizens and businesses), municipal service requests and tracking, business licence applications and payments, etc. constitute e‐government transactions that can be conducted over the Internet. E‐commerce researchers and practitioners clearly have the most experience in this area. Most e‐consumer services provide seamless (e.g. “one‐click” service) e‐transactions. Similarly, most within‐business (e.g. ERP‐type) and between‐business (e.g. SCM‐type) e‐commerce enterprise systems and services support complete process integration and transactions. However, significant adaptation needs to be done before such e‐commerce systems become practical and cost‐effective for other non‐commercial applications.</p><p>At the fourth and highest level, we believe there is an opportunity for the “transformation” of practices and services delivered by libraries, government agencies and businesses. Digital libraries have allowed traditional libraries to re‐examine their content management and service delivery assumptions and practices. Many leading information and library science departments are also re‐structuring their curriculum to take advantage of the abundant opportunities presented to the new generation of Internet information specialists. Business consulting professionals are creating new methodologies and best practices to take advantage of the new business opportunities. E‐voting and e‐politics are examples of e‐government applications that may significantly alter the conducting of democratic voting and political processes. In the law enforcement and litigation support area, new database and data mining technologies could become the catalyst for encouraging information sharing, supporting collaboration and investigation among police departments, corrections offices, social services and courts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Hauck and Chen, 1999</xref>). The information‐communication‐transaction‐transformation pyramid is shown in tabular form in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F_2800380302004">Table III</xref>.</p><p>By transforming enterprise‐specific data and information into knowledge that could be used to support fundamental transformation of processes and practices, we believe Internet‐enabled IT and knowledge management could become the catalyst for innovation in digital libraries, and possibly also for digital government and e‐commerce.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>4. The future</title><p>With unique challenges facing digital libraries, we foresee many active and high‐impact research opportunities for researchers in information science, library science, computer science, public policy and management information systems. Digital library researchers are well positioned to become the “agents of transformation” for the new Net of the twenty‐first century.</p><p>We believe information technologies such as the Internet, the Web, data mining, knowledge portals, recommender systems and visualisation are best considered as the “catalysts” for creating a human‐driven, system‐assisted transformation process rather than as “silver bullets” for solving an institution's basic problems. IT cannot be effective if it is not implemented and utilised properly by its owners and users, and without considering its larger organisational and social context. Over the past decade, we have seen many excellent examples of fundamental transformations occurring in many organisations with the help of new IT deployment, from e‐commerce to digital libraries. We hope that IT professionals and information science practitioners will embrace the IT challenges (and the associated opportunities) and consider leading activities in “trailblazing a path towards knowledge and transformation” in their own organisations.</p></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2800380302001"><label><bold>Figure 1<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Homepage of NSDL</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2800380302001.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2800380302002"><label><bold>Table I<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>Major digital library research and development milestones</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2800380302002.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2800380302003"><label><bold>Table II<x> </x></bold></label><caption><p>The data‐information‐knowledge pyramid</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="2800380302003.tif"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><fig position="float" id="F_2800380302004"><label><bold>Table III<x> 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and is also Director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Hoffman Ecommerce Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="other" displayLabel="e-conceptual-paper"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2004-09-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2004</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The provision of information resources and services is now readily available online via digital libraries furnished by a wide variety of information providers. Information is no longer just text and pictures, and is now available in a wide variety of multimedia formats. Digital libraries represent a new form of information technology in which content management, service delivery and social impact matter as much as technological advancement. In addition, for digital library researchers there is a need to transform information access to knowledge creation and management. Based on research in the USA in the Digital Libraries Initiative and the National Science Digital Library programmes, a review is provided of significant past and emerging digital library research activities, and research based on new knowledge management concepts and technologies is suggested.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Digital libraries</topic><topic>Research</topic><topic>Knowledge management</topic><topic>Government</topic><topic>United States of America</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Program</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-IKM">Information & knowledge management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-ICT">Information & communications technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-INT">Internet</topic></subject><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IBRT">Information behaviour & retrieval</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-MTD">Metadata</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LTC">Library technology</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0033-0337</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">prog</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/prog</identifier><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>38</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>157</start><end>167</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">50B51E491B90466C55596B7CFEBC271FD68F04E2</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/00330330410547205</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">2800380302</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">2800380302.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">00330330410547205.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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