Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean
Identifieur interne : 001A49 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001A48; suivant : 001A50Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean
Auteurs : Sascha Willmes ; Christian Haas ; Marcel Nicolaus ; Jörg BareissSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2009-03.
Abstract
Snowmelt processes on Antarctic sea ice are examined. We present a simple snowmelt indicator based on diurnal brightness temperature variations from microwave satellite data. The method is validated through extensive field data from the western Weddell Sea and lends itself to the investigation of interannual and spatial variations of the typical snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice. We use in‐situ measurements of physical snow properties to show that despite the absence of strong melting, the summer period is distinct from all other seasons with enhanced diurnal variations of snow wetness. A microwave emission model reveals that repeated thawing and refreezing cause the typical microwave emissivity signatures that are found on perennial Antarctic sea ice during summer. The proposed melt indicator accounts for the characteristic phenomenological stages of snowmelt in the Southern Ocean and detects the onset of diurnal snow wetting. An algorithm is presented to map large‐scale snowmelt onset based on satellite data from the period between 1988 and 2006. The results indicate strong meridional gradients of snowmelt onset with the Weddell, Amundsen, and Ross Seas showing earliest (beginning of October) and most frequent snowmelt. Moreover, a distinct interannual variability of melt onset dates and large areas of first‐year ice where no diurnal freeze thawing occurs at the surface are determined.
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DOI: 10.1029/2008JC004919
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean</title><author><name sortKey="Willmes, Sascha" sort="Willmes, Sascha" uniqKey="Willmes S" first="Sascha" last="Willmes">Sascha Willmes</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: willmes@uni-trier.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haas, Christian" sort="Haas, Christian" uniqKey="Haas C" first="Christian" last="Haas">Christian Haas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate Division, Alfred‐Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Now at Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolaus, Marcel" sort="Nicolaus, Marcel" uniqKey="Nicolaus M" first="Marcel" last="Nicolaus">Marcel Nicolaus</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Polar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bareiss, Jorg" sort="Bareiss, Jorg" uniqKey="Bareiss J" first="Jörg" last="Bareiss">Jörg Bareiss</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5</idno><date when="2009" year="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1029/2008JC004919</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001A49</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001A49</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean</title><author><name sortKey="Willmes, Sascha" sort="Willmes, Sascha" uniqKey="Willmes S" first="Sascha" last="Willmes">Sascha Willmes</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: willmes@uni-trier.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haas, Christian" sort="Haas, Christian" uniqKey="Haas C" first="Christian" last="Haas">Christian Haas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate Division, Alfred‐Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Now at Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolaus, Marcel" sort="Nicolaus, Marcel" uniqKey="Nicolaus M" first="Marcel" last="Nicolaus">Marcel Nicolaus</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Polar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bareiss, Jorg" sort="Bareiss, Jorg" uniqKey="Bareiss J" first="Jörg" last="Bareiss">Jörg Bareiss</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-03">2009-03</date><biblScope unit="volume">114</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">C3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series><idno type="istex">8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2008JC004919</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2008JC004919</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Snowmelt processes on Antarctic sea ice are examined. We present a simple snowmelt indicator based on diurnal brightness temperature variations from microwave satellite data. The method is validated through extensive field data from the western Weddell Sea and lends itself to the investigation of interannual and spatial variations of the typical snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice. We use in‐situ measurements of physical snow properties to show that despite the absence of strong melting, the summer period is distinct from all other seasons with enhanced diurnal variations of snow wetness. A microwave emission model reveals that repeated thawing and refreezing cause the typical microwave emissivity signatures that are found on perennial Antarctic sea ice during summer. The proposed melt indicator accounts for the characteristic phenomenological stages of snowmelt in the Southern Ocean and detects the onset of diurnal snow wetting. An algorithm is presented to map large‐scale snowmelt onset based on satellite data from the period between 1988 and 2006. The results indicate strong meridional gradients of snowmelt onset with the Weddell, Amundsen, and Ross Seas showing earliest (beginning of October) and most frequent snowmelt. Moreover, a distinct interannual variability of melt onset dates and large areas of first‐year ice where no diurnal freeze thawing occurs at the surface are determined.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Sascha Willmes</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</json:string><json:string>E-mail: willmes@uni-trier.de</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christian Haas</name><affiliations><json:string>Climate Division, Alfred‐Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</json:string><json:string>Now at Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Marcel Nicolaus</name><affiliations><json:string>Polar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jörg Bareiss</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>snowmelt detection</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>sea ice remote sensing</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>snow metamorphism</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ISPOL</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>2008JC004919</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Snowmelt processes on Antarctic sea ice are examined. We present a simple snowmelt indicator based on diurnal brightness temperature variations from microwave satellite data. The method is validated through extensive field data from the western Weddell Sea and lends itself to the investigation of interannual and spatial variations of the typical snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice. We use in‐situ measurements of physical snow properties to show that despite the absence of strong melting, the summer period is distinct from all other seasons with enhanced diurnal variations of snow wetness. A microwave emission model reveals that repeated thawing and refreezing cause the typical microwave emissivity signatures that are found on perennial Antarctic sea ice during summer. The proposed melt indicator accounts for the characteristic phenomenological stages of snowmelt in the Southern Ocean and detects the onset of diurnal snow wetting. An algorithm is presented to map large‐scale snowmelt onset based on satellite data from the period between 1988 and 2006. The results indicate strong meridional gradients of snowmelt onset with the Weddell, Amundsen, and Ross Seas showing earliest (beginning of October) and most frequent snowmelt. Moreover, a distinct interannual variability of melt onset dates and large areas of first‐year ice where no diurnal freeze thawing occurs at the surface are determined.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.02</score><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1406</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>7953</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>46712</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>13</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>210</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>W. Abdalati</name></json:item><json:item><name>K. Steffen</name></json:item></author><host><volume>10</volume><pages><last>175</last><first>165</first></pages><issue>2</issue><author></author><title>J. 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Res.</title></host><title>Observation of melt onset on multiyear arctic sea ice using ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>114</volume><publisherId><json:string>JGRC</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>13</total><last>n/a</last><first>n/a</first></pages><issn><json:string>0148-0227</json:string></issn><issue>C3</issue><subject><json:item><value>CRYOSPHERE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Snowmelt</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sea ice</value></json:item><json:item><value>Remote sensing</value></json:item><json:item><value>Snow</value></json:item><json:item><value>HYDROLOGY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Glaciology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Snow and ice</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>2156-2202</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>geosciences, multidisciplinary</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>natural sciences</json:string><json:string>earth & environmental sciences</json:string><json:string>meteorology & atmospheric sciences</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2009</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2009</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1029/2008JC004919</json:string></doi><id>8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5</id><score>1.0577216</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><p>Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.</p></availability><date>2009</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Sascha</forename><surname>Willmes</surname></persName><email>willmes@uni-trier.de</email><affiliation>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Christian</forename><surname>Haas</surname></persName><affiliation>Climate Division, Alfred‐Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Now at Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Marcel</forename><surname>Nicolaus</surname></persName><affiliation>Polar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Jörg</forename><surname>Bareiss</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Geophys. Res.</title><idno type="pISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-03"></date><biblScope unit="volume">114</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">C3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="/">n/a</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="/">n/a</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2008JC004919</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2008JC004919</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2009</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Snowmelt processes on Antarctic sea ice are examined. We present a simple snowmelt indicator based on diurnal brightness temperature variations from microwave satellite data. The method is validated through extensive field data from the western Weddell Sea and lends itself to the investigation of interannual and spatial variations of the typical snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice. We use in‐situ measurements of physical snow properties to show that despite the absence of strong melting, the summer period is distinct from all other seasons with enhanced diurnal variations of snow wetness. A microwave emission model reveals that repeated thawing and refreezing cause the typical microwave emissivity signatures that are found on perennial Antarctic sea ice during summer. The proposed melt indicator accounts for the characteristic phenomenological stages of snowmelt in the Southern Ocean and detects the onset of diurnal snow wetting. An algorithm is presented to map large‐scale snowmelt onset based on satellite data from the period between 1988 and 2006. The results indicate strong meridional gradients of snowmelt onset with the Weddell, Amundsen, and Ross Seas showing earliest (beginning of October) and most frequent snowmelt. Moreover, a distinct interannual variability of melt onset dates and large areas of first‐year ice where no diurnal freeze thawing occurs at the surface are determined.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>snowmelt detection</term></item><item><term>sea ice remote sensing</term></item><item><term>snow metamorphism</term></item><item><term>ISPOL</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>index-terms</head><item><term>CRYOSPHERE</term></item><item><term>Snowmelt</term></item><item><term>Sea ice</term></item><item><term>Remote sensing</term></item><item><term>Snow</term></item><item><term>HYDROLOGY</term></item><item><term>Glaciology</term></item><item><term>Snow and ice</term></item><item><term>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</term></item><item><term>Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2008-05-19">Received</change><change when="2009-01-06">Registration</change><change when="2009-03">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="jgrc11121"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</doi><issn type="print">0148-0227</issn><issn type="electronic">2156-2202</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JGRC"></id><id type="coden" value="JGREA2"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: OCEANS">Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title><title type="short">J. 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Geophys. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>114</vol>, C03006, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2008JC004919">10.1029/2008JC004919</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRC.JGRC11121.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="9"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean</title><title type="short">SNOWMELT ON ANTARCTIC SEA ICE</title><title type="shortAuthors">Willmes <i>et al</i>.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11121-cr-0001" affiliationRef="#jgrc11121-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>Sascha</givenNames> <familyName>Willmes</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email normalForm="willmes@uni-trier.de">willmes@uni-trier.de</email></contactDetails></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11121-cr-0002" affiliationRef="#jgrc11121-aff-0002 #jgrc11121-aff-0004"><personName><givenNames>Christian</givenNames> <familyName>Haas</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11121-cr-0003" affiliationRef="#jgrc11121-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>Marcel</givenNames> <familyName>Nicolaus</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="jgrc11121-cr-0004" affiliationRef="#jgrc11121-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>Jörg</givenNames> <familyName>Bareiss</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="DE" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11121-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Department of Environmental Meteorology</orgDiv><orgName>University of Trier</orgName><address><city>Trier</city><country>Germany</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="DE" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11121-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Climate Division</orgDiv><orgName>Alfred‐Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research</orgName><address><city>Bremerhaven</city><country>Germany</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="NO" type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11121-aff-0003"><orgDiv>Polar Environmental Centre</orgDiv><orgName>Norwegian Polar Institute</orgName><address><city>Tromsø</city><country>Norway</country></address></affiliation><affiliation type="organization" xml:id="jgrc11121-aff-0004"><unparsedAffiliation>Now at Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="jgrc11121-kwd-0001">snowmelt detection</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc11121-kwd-0002">sea ice remote sensing</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc11121-kwd-0003">snow metamorphism</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrc11121-kwd-0004">ISPOL</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrc11121:jgrc11121-sup-0001-t01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="jgrc11121-para-0001" label="1">Snowmelt processes on Antarctic sea ice are examined. We present a simple snowmelt indicator based on diurnal brightness temperature variations from microwave satellite data. The method is validated through extensive field data from the western Weddell Sea and lends itself to the investigation of interannual and spatial variations of the typical snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice. We use in‐situ measurements of physical snow properties to show that despite the absence of strong melting, the summer period is distinct from all other seasons with enhanced diurnal variations of snow wetness. A microwave emission model reveals that repeated thawing and refreezing cause the typical microwave emissivity signatures that are found on perennial Antarctic sea ice during summer. The proposed melt indicator accounts for the characteristic phenomenological stages of snowmelt in the Southern Ocean and detects the onset of diurnal snow wetting. An algorithm is presented to map large‐scale snowmelt onset based on satellite data from the period between 1988 and 2006. The results indicate strong meridional gradients of snowmelt onset with the Weddell, Amundsen, and Ross Seas showing earliest (beginning of October) and most frequent snowmelt. Moreover, a distinct interannual variability of melt onset dates and large areas of first‐year ice where no diurnal freeze thawing occurs at the surface are determined.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>SNOWMELT ON ANTARCTIC SEA ICE</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sascha</namePart><namePart type="family">Willmes</namePart><affiliation>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: willmes@uni-trier.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christian</namePart><namePart type="family">Haas</namePart><affiliation>Climate Division, Alfred‐Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Now at Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Marcel</namePart><namePart type="family">Nicolaus</namePart><affiliation>Polar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jörg</namePart><namePart type="family">Bareiss</namePart><affiliation>Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-03</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2008-05-19</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2009-01-06</dateValid><edition>Willmes, S., C. Haas, M. Nicolaus, and J. Bareiss (2009), Satellite microwave observations of the interannual variability of snowmelt on sea ice in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C03006, doi:10.1029/2008JC004919.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">9</extent><extent unit="tables">1</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>Snowmelt processes on Antarctic sea ice are examined. We present a simple snowmelt indicator based on diurnal brightness temperature variations from microwave satellite data. The method is validated through extensive field data from the western Weddell Sea and lends itself to the investigation of interannual and spatial variations of the typical snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice. We use in‐situ measurements of physical snow properties to show that despite the absence of strong melting, the summer period is distinct from all other seasons with enhanced diurnal variations of snow wetness. A microwave emission model reveals that repeated thawing and refreezing cause the typical microwave emissivity signatures that are found on perennial Antarctic sea ice during summer. The proposed melt indicator accounts for the characteristic phenomenological stages of snowmelt in the Southern Ocean and detects the onset of diurnal snow wetting. An algorithm is presented to map large‐scale snowmelt onset based on satellite data from the period between 1988 and 2006. The results indicate strong meridional gradients of snowmelt onset with the Weddell, Amundsen, and Ross Seas showing earliest (beginning of October) and most frequent snowmelt. Moreover, a distinct interannual variability of melt onset dates and large areas of first‐year ice where no diurnal freeze thawing occurs at the surface are determined.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>snowmelt detection</topic><topic>sea ice remote sensing</topic><topic>snow metamorphism</topic><topic>ISPOL</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0740">Snowmelt</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0750">Sea ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0758">Remote sensing</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0736">Snow</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1800">HYDROLOGY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1827">Glaciology</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1863">Snow and ice</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4540">Ice mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0148-0227</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2156-2202</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202c</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">JGREA2</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JGRC</identifier><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>114</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>C3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>n/a</start><end>n/a</end><total>13</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">8EB2445FCF00E2FB2FAB571DF499C13E4D6ECDC5</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2008JC004919</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2008JC004919</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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