Injustice in harm and loss
Identifieur interne : 001A18 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001A17; suivant : 001A19Injustice in harm and loss
Auteurs : Leo MontadaSource :
- Social Justice Research [ 0885-7466 ] ; 1994-03-01.
Abstract
Abstract: The major topics of this overview article are as follow: (i) A distinction is made between justice and deservedness. Suffered harm and loss may be judged undeserved with respect to the victim's prior behavior, prior life, and personality without the implication that a victimizer is identified who acted unjustly. (ii) The perception of injustice is outlined as a subjective construction that has two major components: The subject selects and applies one of several rules or principles of justice applicable to the case and the subject is attributing responsibility to an agent or agency who is not the victim himself or herself. It is argued that in every case there are several options for the selection of a rule of justice and for the attribution of responsibility. (iii) Several so-called risk factors of critical life events as unforeseeability, uncontrollability of events, and nonnormativeness of events are reinterpreted as factors relevant in the subjective construction of injustice. (iv) Several coping strategies reported in the literature on critical life events such as palliative comparisons, self-blame, or search for meaning are interpreted as efforts to avoid feelings of injustice. (v) On the basis of empirical data a closer look is taken on self-blame which, psychologically, is a heterogeneous construct. The effects of self-blame depend on its function: When used strategically as a means to avoid feelings of uncontrollability of one's fate or to reduce feelings of hostility toward a victimizer, it may have adaptive functions. When imposed by the subjective view of the facts it may result in feelings of guilt, shame, or anger about an avoidable mistake, feelings that are not adaptive but rather add to the negative balance caused by the primary loss or harm. (vi) Concerning search for meaning, a distinction is proposed between (a) grasping the meaning in the sense of understanding motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer and (b) discovering and construing some gains in the consequences of a victimization, gains which may be material, social, experiential, self- and personality-related, or developmental. While finding meaning of the second kind improves the loss-gain balance and tends to reduce the perceived injustice the first kind of grasping meaning may sometimes result in intensifying feelings of injustice, especially when motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer are considered as selfish, malevolent, or uncaring. The article ends with a discussion of the ambivalence of a victim's status which establishes some entitlements for compensation and care but also bears the risk of secondary victimization by negative social reactions.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/BF02333820
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074Le document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Injustice in harm and loss</title><author><name sortKey="Montada, Leo" sort="Montada, Leo" uniqKey="Montada L" first="Leo" last="Montada">Leo Montada</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Universität Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074</idno><date when="1994" year="1994">1994</date><idno type="doi">10.1007/BF02333820</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001A18</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001A18</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Injustice in harm and loss</title><author><name sortKey="Montada, Leo" sort="Montada, Leo" uniqKey="Montada L" first="Leo" last="Montada">Leo Montada</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Universität Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Social Justice Research</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Soc Just Res</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-7466</idno><idno type="eISSN">1573-6725</idno><imprint><publisher>Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1994-03-01">1994-03-01</date><biblScope unit="volume">7</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="5">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="28">28</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0885-7466</idno></series><idno type="istex">B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/BF02333820</idno><idno type="ArticleID">BF02333820</idno><idno type="ArticleID">Art2</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0885-7466</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: The major topics of this overview article are as follow: (i) A distinction is made between justice and deservedness. Suffered harm and loss may be judged undeserved with respect to the victim's prior behavior, prior life, and personality without the implication that a victimizer is identified who acted unjustly. (ii) The perception of injustice is outlined as a subjective construction that has two major components: The subject selects and applies one of several rules or principles of justice applicable to the case and the subject is attributing responsibility to an agent or agency who is not the victim himself or herself. It is argued that in every case there are several options for the selection of a rule of justice and for the attribution of responsibility. (iii) Several so-called risk factors of critical life events as unforeseeability, uncontrollability of events, and nonnormativeness of events are reinterpreted as factors relevant in the subjective construction of injustice. (iv) Several coping strategies reported in the literature on critical life events such as palliative comparisons, self-blame, or search for meaning are interpreted as efforts to avoid feelings of injustice. (v) On the basis of empirical data a closer look is taken on self-blame which, psychologically, is a heterogeneous construct. The effects of self-blame depend on its function: When used strategically as a means to avoid feelings of uncontrollability of one's fate or to reduce feelings of hostility toward a victimizer, it may have adaptive functions. When imposed by the subjective view of the facts it may result in feelings of guilt, shame, or anger about an avoidable mistake, feelings that are not adaptive but rather add to the negative balance caused by the primary loss or harm. (vi) Concerning search for meaning, a distinction is proposed between (a) grasping the meaning in the sense of understanding motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer and (b) discovering and construing some gains in the consequences of a victimization, gains which may be material, social, experiential, self- and personality-related, or developmental. While finding meaning of the second kind improves the loss-gain balance and tends to reduce the perceived injustice the first kind of grasping meaning may sometimes result in intensifying feelings of injustice, especially when motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer are considered as selfish, malevolent, or uncaring. The article ends with a discussion of the ambivalence of a victim's status which establishes some entitlements for compensation and care but also bears the risk of secondary victimization by negative social reactions.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>springer</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Leo Montada</name><affiliations><json:string>Universität Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>BF02333820</json:string><json:string>Art2</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>OriginalPaper</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: The major topics of this overview article are as follow: (i) A distinction is made between justice and deservedness. Suffered harm and loss may be judged undeserved with respect to the victim's prior behavior, prior life, and personality without the implication that a victimizer is identified who acted unjustly. (ii) The perception of injustice is outlined as a subjective construction that has two major components: The subject selects and applies one of several rules or principles of justice applicable to the case and the subject is attributing responsibility to an agent or agency who is not the victim himself or herself. It is argued that in every case there are several options for the selection of a rule of justice and for the attribution of responsibility. (iii) Several so-called risk factors of critical life events as unforeseeability, uncontrollability of events, and nonnormativeness of events are reinterpreted as factors relevant in the subjective construction of injustice. (iv) Several coping strategies reported in the literature on critical life events such as palliative comparisons, self-blame, or search for meaning are interpreted as efforts to avoid feelings of injustice. (v) On the basis of empirical data a closer look is taken on self-blame which, psychologically, is a heterogeneous construct. The effects of self-blame depend on its function: When used strategically as a means to avoid feelings of uncontrollability of one's fate or to reduce feelings of hostility toward a victimizer, it may have adaptive functions. When imposed by the subjective view of the facts it may result in feelings of guilt, shame, or anger about an avoidable mistake, feelings that are not adaptive but rather add to the negative balance caused by the primary loss or harm. (vi) Concerning search for meaning, a distinction is proposed between (a) grasping the meaning in the sense of understanding motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer and (b) discovering and construing some gains in the consequences of a victimization, gains which may be material, social, experiential, self- and personality-related, or developmental. While finding meaning of the second kind improves the loss-gain balance and tends to reduce the perceived injustice the first kind of grasping meaning may sometimes result in intensifying feelings of injustice, especially when motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer are considered as selfish, malevolent, or uncaring. 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Issues</title><publicationDate>1983</publicationDate></host><title>Coping with victimization: Conclusions and implications for future research</title><publicationDate>1983</publicationDate></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>C,B Wortman</name></json:item><json:item><name>R,C Silver</name></json:item></author><host><pages><last>366</last><first>341</first></pages><author></author><title>Life Crises and Experiences of Losses hl Arhdthood</title><publicationDate>1992</publicationDate></host><title>Reconsidering assumptions about coping with loss: An overview of current research</title><publicationDate>1992</publicationDate></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>7</volume><pages><last>28</last><first>5</first></pages><issn><json:string>0885-7466</json:string></issn><issue>1</issue><subject><json:item><value>Philosophy</value></json:item><json:item><value>Anthropology/Archaeometry</value></json:item><json:item><value>Political Science</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sociology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Personality & Social Psychology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Social Policy</value></json:item></subject><journalId><json:string>11211</json:string></journalId><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1573-6725</json:string></eissn><title>Social Justice Research</title><publicationDate>1994</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1994</copyrightDate></host><publicationDate>1994</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1994</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1007/BF02333820</json:string></doi><id>B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074</id><score>0.8833542</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Injustice in harm and loss</title><respStmt><resp>Références bibliographiques récupérées via GROBID</resp><name resp="ISTEX-API">ISTEX-API (INIST-CNRS)</name></respStmt><respStmt><resp>Références bibliographiques récupérées via GROBID</resp><name resp="ISTEX-API">ISTEX-API (INIST-CNRS)</name></respStmt></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace><availability><p>Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1994</p></availability><date>1994</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Injustice in harm and loss</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Leo</forename><surname>Montada</surname></persName><affiliation>Universität Trier, Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Social Justice Research</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Soc Just Res</title><idno type="journal-ID">11211</idno><idno type="pISSN">0885-7466</idno><idno type="eISSN">1573-6725</idno><idno type="issue-article-count">6</idno><idno type="volume-issue-count">4</idno><imprint><publisher>Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1994-03-01"></date><biblScope unit="volume">7</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="5">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="28">28</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/BF02333820</idno><idno type="ArticleID">BF02333820</idno><idno type="ArticleID">Art2</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1994</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract: The major topics of this overview article are as follow: (i) A distinction is made between justice and deservedness. Suffered harm and loss may be judged undeserved with respect to the victim's prior behavior, prior life, and personality without the implication that a victimizer is identified who acted unjustly. (ii) The perception of injustice is outlined as a subjective construction that has two major components: The subject selects and applies one of several rules or principles of justice applicable to the case and the subject is attributing responsibility to an agent or agency who is not the victim himself or herself. It is argued that in every case there are several options for the selection of a rule of justice and for the attribution of responsibility. (iii) Several so-called risk factors of critical life events as unforeseeability, uncontrollability of events, and nonnormativeness of events are reinterpreted as factors relevant in the subjective construction of injustice. (iv) Several coping strategies reported in the literature on critical life events such as palliative comparisons, self-blame, or search for meaning are interpreted as efforts to avoid feelings of injustice. (v) On the basis of empirical data a closer look is taken on self-blame which, psychologically, is a heterogeneous construct. The effects of self-blame depend on its function: When used strategically as a means to avoid feelings of uncontrollability of one's fate or to reduce feelings of hostility toward a victimizer, it may have adaptive functions. When imposed by the subjective view of the facts it may result in feelings of guilt, shame, or anger about an avoidable mistake, feelings that are not adaptive but rather add to the negative balance caused by the primary loss or harm. (vi) Concerning search for meaning, a distinction is proposed between (a) grasping the meaning in the sense of understanding motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer and (b) discovering and construing some gains in the consequences of a victimization, gains which may be material, social, experiential, self- and personality-related, or developmental. While finding meaning of the second kind improves the loss-gain balance and tends to reduce the perceived injustice the first kind of grasping meaning may sometimes result in intensifying feelings of injustice, especially when motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer are considered as selfish, malevolent, or uncaring. The article ends with a discussion of the ambivalence of a victim's status which establishes some entitlements for compensation and care but also bears the risk of secondary victimization by negative social reactions.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>Psychology</head><item><term>Philosophy</term></item><item><term>Anthropology/Archaeometry</term></item><item><term>Political Science</term></item><item><term>Sociology</term></item><item><term>Personality & Social Psychology</term></item><item><term>Social Policy</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1994-03-01">Published</change><change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2016-11-22">References added</change><change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2017-01-20">References added</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Springer, Publisher found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//Springer-Verlag//DTD A++ V2.4//EN" URI="http://devel.springer.de/A++/V2.4/DTD/A++V2.4.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><Publisher><PublisherInfo><PublisherName>Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers</PublisherName><PublisherLocation>New York</PublisherLocation></PublisherInfo><Journal><JournalInfo JournalProductType="ArchiveJournal" NumberingStyle="Unnumbered"><JournalID>11211</JournalID><JournalPrintISSN>0885-7466</JournalPrintISSN><JournalElectronicISSN>1573-6725</JournalElectronicISSN><JournalTitle>Social Justice Research</JournalTitle><JournalAbbreviatedTitle>Soc Just Res</JournalAbbreviatedTitle><JournalSubjectGroup><JournalSubject Type="Primary">Psychology</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Philosophy</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Anthropology/Archaeometry</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Political Science</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Sociology</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Personality & Social Psychology</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Social Policy</JournalSubject></JournalSubjectGroup></JournalInfo><Volume><VolumeInfo TocLevels="0" VolumeType="Regular"><VolumeIDStart>7</VolumeIDStart><VolumeIDEnd>7</VolumeIDEnd><VolumeIssueCount>4</VolumeIssueCount></VolumeInfo><Issue IssueType="Regular"><IssueInfo TocLevels="0"><IssueIDStart>1</IssueIDStart><IssueIDEnd>1</IssueIDEnd><IssueArticleCount>6</IssueArticleCount><IssueHistory><CoverDate><Year>1994</Year><Month>3</Month></CoverDate></IssueHistory><IssueCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Plenum Publishing Corporation</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>1994</CopyrightYear></IssueCopyright></IssueInfo><Article ID="Art2"><ArticleInfo ArticleType="OriginalPaper" ContainsESM="No" Language="En" NumberingStyle="Unnumbered" TocLevels="0"><ArticleID>BF02333820</ArticleID><ArticleDOI>10.1007/BF02333820</ArticleDOI><ArticleSequenceNumber>2</ArticleSequenceNumber><ArticleTitle Language="En">Injustice in harm and loss</ArticleTitle><ArticleFirstPage>5</ArticleFirstPage><ArticleLastPage>28</ArticleLastPage><ArticleHistory><RegistrationDate><Year>2006</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>16</Day></RegistrationDate></ArticleHistory><ArticleCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Plenum Publishing Corporation</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>1994</CopyrightYear></ArticleCopyright><ArticleGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ArticleGrants><ArticleContext><JournalID>11211</JournalID><VolumeIDStart>7</VolumeIDStart><VolumeIDEnd>7</VolumeIDEnd><IssueIDStart>1</IssueIDStart><IssueIDEnd>1</IssueIDEnd></ArticleContext></ArticleInfo><ArticleHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff1"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>Leo</GivenName><FamilyName>Montada</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Affiliation ID="Aff1"><OrgName>Universität Trier</OrgName><OrgAddress><Country>Germany</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En"><Heading>Abstract</Heading><Para>The major topics of this overview article are as follow: (i) A distinction is made between justice and deservedness. Suffered harm and loss may be judged undeserved with respect to the victim's prior behavior, prior life, and personality without the implication that a victimizer is identified who acted unjustly. (ii) The perception of injustice is outlined as a subjective construction that has two major components: The subject selects and applies one of several rules or principles of justice applicable to the case and the subject is attributing responsibility to an agent or agency who is not the victim himself or herself. It is argued that in every case there are several options for the selection of a rule of justice and for the attribution of responsibility. (iii) Several so-called risk factors of critical life events as unforeseeability, uncontrollability of events, and nonnormativeness of events are reinterpreted as factors relevant in the subjective construction of injustice. (iv) Several coping strategies reported in the literature on critical life events such as palliative comparisons, self-blame, or search for meaning are interpreted as efforts to avoid feelings of injustice. (v) On the basis of empirical data a closer look is taken on self-blame which, psychologically, is a heterogeneous construct. The effects of self-blame depend on its function: When used strategically as a means to avoid feelings of uncontrollability of one's fate or to reduce feelings of hostility toward a victimizer, it may have adaptive functions. When imposed by the subjective view of the facts it may result in feelings of guilt, shame, or anger about an avoidable mistake, feelings that are not adaptive but rather add to the negative balance caused by the primary loss or harm. (vi) Concerning search for meaning, a distinction is proposed between (a) grasping the meaning in the sense of understanding motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer and (b) discovering and construing some gains in the consequences of a victimization, gains which may be material, social, experiential, self- and personality-related, or developmental. While finding meaning of the second kind improves the loss-gain balance and tends to reduce the perceived injustice the first kind of grasping meaning may sometimes result in intensifying feelings of injustice, especially when motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer are considered as selfish, malevolent, or uncaring. The article ends with a discussion of the ambivalence of a victim's status which establishes some entitlements for compensation and care but also bears the risk of secondary victimization by negative social reactions.</Para></Abstract><KeywordGroup Language="En"><Heading>Key Words</Heading><Keyword>victimization</Keyword><Keyword>deservedness</Keyword><Keyword>responsibility</Keyword><Keyword>search for meaning</Keyword></KeywordGroup></ArticleHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Article></Issue></Volume></Journal></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Injustice in harm and loss</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Injustice in harm and loss</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Leo</namePart><namePart type="family">Montada</namePart><affiliation>Universität Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="OriginalPaper"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">New York</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1994-03-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1994</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Abstract: The major topics of this overview article are as follow: (i) A distinction is made between justice and deservedness. Suffered harm and loss may be judged undeserved with respect to the victim's prior behavior, prior life, and personality without the implication that a victimizer is identified who acted unjustly. (ii) The perception of injustice is outlined as a subjective construction that has two major components: The subject selects and applies one of several rules or principles of justice applicable to the case and the subject is attributing responsibility to an agent or agency who is not the victim himself or herself. It is argued that in every case there are several options for the selection of a rule of justice and for the attribution of responsibility. (iii) Several so-called risk factors of critical life events as unforeseeability, uncontrollability of events, and nonnormativeness of events are reinterpreted as factors relevant in the subjective construction of injustice. (iv) Several coping strategies reported in the literature on critical life events such as palliative comparisons, self-blame, or search for meaning are interpreted as efforts to avoid feelings of injustice. (v) On the basis of empirical data a closer look is taken on self-blame which, psychologically, is a heterogeneous construct. The effects of self-blame depend on its function: When used strategically as a means to avoid feelings of uncontrollability of one's fate or to reduce feelings of hostility toward a victimizer, it may have adaptive functions. When imposed by the subjective view of the facts it may result in feelings of guilt, shame, or anger about an avoidable mistake, feelings that are not adaptive but rather add to the negative balance caused by the primary loss or harm. (vi) Concerning search for meaning, a distinction is proposed between (a) grasping the meaning in the sense of understanding motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer and (b) discovering and construing some gains in the consequences of a victimization, gains which may be material, social, experiential, self- and personality-related, or developmental. While finding meaning of the second kind improves the loss-gain balance and tends to reduce the perceived injustice the first kind of grasping meaning may sometimes result in intensifying feelings of injustice, especially when motives, goals, and reasons of the victimizer are considered as selfish, malevolent, or uncaring. The article ends with a discussion of the ambivalence of a victim's status which establishes some entitlements for compensation and care but also bears the risk of secondary victimization by negative social reactions.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Social Justice Research</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Soc Just Res</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" displayLabel="Archive Journal"></genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1994-03-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1994</copyrightDate></originInfo><subject><genre>Psychology</genre><topic>Philosophy</topic><topic>Anthropology/Archaeometry</topic><topic>Political Science</topic><topic>Sociology</topic><topic>Personality & Social Psychology</topic><topic>Social Policy</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0885-7466</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1573-6725</identifier><identifier type="JournalID">11211</identifier><identifier type="IssueArticleCount">6</identifier><identifier type="VolumeIssueCount">4</identifier><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><number>7</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>5</start><end>28</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1994</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">B21E33C984E2BD817A5DDBCD0ADD0DE5F7F64074</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/BF02333820</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">BF02333820</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">Art2</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1994</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SPRINGER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1994</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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