The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers
Identifieur interne : 001A16 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001A15; suivant : 001A17The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers
Auteurs : Ervin StaubSource :
- International Journal of Intercultural Relations [ 0147-1767 ] ; 1993.
Abstract
This article examines the psychological and cultural-societal origins of genocide and mass killing, with a focus on the Holocaust. Difficult conditions of life in a society, like severe economic problems or political conflict and violence, give rise to powerful needs—for security, protection of the psychological self, comprehension, connection, and hope. Certain cultural-societal characteristics create a predisposition for group violence. They include devaluation of a subgroup, strong respect for authority, a monolithic culture, certain societal self-concepts, and a history of aggression. They intensify needs and make it probable that the group deals with them by scapegoating, usually a subgroup of society “preselecte” by the history of cultural devaluation, by adopting nationalistic and/or “better world” ideologies that identify the victims as the enemy, and by joining movements. As perpetrators begin to harm victims, they change. Their evolution, with steps along a continuum of destruction, ends in genocide or mass killing. Both internal bystanders, members of the society, and external ones including other nations, usually remain passive, which encourages perpetrators. Internal bystanders share with perpetrators a “societal tilt” and psychological processes like just world thinking, moral equilibration, and the exclusion of victims from the moral realm. Passivity changes bystanders and some evolve into perpetrators. People who endanger themselves to help victims are guided by moral values and empathy and in contrast to perpetrators (and bystanders) are “inclusive.” They also change as a result of their own actions, and even if at first motivated by ties to specific victims, many develop intense commitment to helping.
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DOI: 10.1016/0147-1767(93)90037-9
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers</title><author><name sortKey="Staub, Ervin" sort="Staub, Ervin" uniqKey="Staub E" first="Ervin" last="Staub">Ervin Staub</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Massachusetts USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F</idno><date when="1993" year="1993">1993</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/0147-1767(93)90037-9</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001A16</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001A16</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers</title><author><name sortKey="Staub, Ervin" sort="Staub, Ervin" uniqKey="Staub E" first="Ervin" last="Staub">Ervin Staub</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Massachusetts USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">International Journal of Intercultural Relations</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">IJIR</title><idno type="ISSN">0147-1767</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1993">1993</date><biblScope unit="volume">17</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="315">315</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="341">341</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0147-1767</idno></series><idno type="istex">110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/0147-1767(93)90037-9</idno><idno type="PII">0147-1767(93)90037-9</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0147-1767</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This article examines the psychological and cultural-societal origins of genocide and mass killing, with a focus on the Holocaust. Difficult conditions of life in a society, like severe economic problems or political conflict and violence, give rise to powerful needs—for security, protection of the psychological self, comprehension, connection, and hope. Certain cultural-societal characteristics create a predisposition for group violence. They include devaluation of a subgroup, strong respect for authority, a monolithic culture, certain societal self-concepts, and a history of aggression. They intensify needs and make it probable that the group deals with them by scapegoating, usually a subgroup of society “preselecte” by the history of cultural devaluation, by adopting nationalistic and/or “better world” ideologies that identify the victims as the enemy, and by joining movements. As perpetrators begin to harm victims, they change. Their evolution, with steps along a continuum of destruction, ends in genocide or mass killing. Both internal bystanders, members of the society, and external ones including other nations, usually remain passive, which encourages perpetrators. Internal bystanders share with perpetrators a “societal tilt” and psychological processes like just world thinking, moral equilibration, and the exclusion of victims from the moral realm. Passivity changes bystanders and some evolve into perpetrators. People who endanger themselves to help victims are guided by moral values and empathy and in contrast to perpetrators (and bystanders) are “inclusive.” They also change as a result of their own actions, and even if at first motivated by ties to specific victims, many develop intense commitment to helping.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Ervin Staub</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Massachusetts USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>This article examines the psychological and cultural-societal origins of genocide and mass killing, with a focus on the Holocaust. Difficult conditions of life in a society, like severe economic problems or political conflict and violence, give rise to powerful needs—for security, protection of the psychological self, comprehension, connection, and hope. Certain cultural-societal characteristics create a predisposition for group violence. They include devaluation of a subgroup, strong respect for authority, a monolithic culture, certain societal self-concepts, and a history of aggression. They intensify needs and make it probable that the group deals with them by scapegoating, usually a subgroup of society “preselecte” by the history of cultural devaluation, by adopting nationalistic and/or “better world” ideologies that identify the victims as the enemy, and by joining movements. As perpetrators begin to harm victims, they change. Their evolution, with steps along a continuum of destruction, ends in genocide or mass killing. Both internal bystanders, members of the society, and external ones including other nations, usually remain passive, which encourages perpetrators. Internal bystanders share with perpetrators a “societal tilt” and psychological processes like just world thinking, moral equilibration, and the exclusion of victims from the moral realm. Passivity changes bystanders and some evolve into perpetrators. People who endanger themselves to help victims are guided by moral values and empathy and in contrast to perpetrators (and bystanders) are “inclusive.” They also change as a result of their own actions, and even if at first motivated by ties to specific victims, many develop intense commitment to helping.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>396 x 648 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1748</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>10713</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>66213</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>27</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>251</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers</title><pii><json:string>0147-1767(93)90037-9</json:string></pii><refBibs><json:item><host><author></author><title>The collapse of the Weimar Republic</title></host></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>Attitudes, personality and behavior</title></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>A. 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Zimbardo</name></json:item></author><host><author></author><title>Nebraska symposium on motivation</title></host><title>The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse and chaos</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><serie><volume>Vol 6</volume><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Advances in experimental social psychology</title></serie><host><volume>17</volume><pii><json:string>S0147-1767(00)X0058-2</json:string></pii><pages><last>341</last><first>315</first></pages><issn><json:string>0147-1767</json:string></issn><issue>3</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>International Journal of Intercultural Relations</title><publicationDate>1993</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>social science</json:string><json:string>sociology</json:string><json:string>social sciences, interdisciplinary</json:string><json:string>psychology, social</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>health sciences</json:string><json:string>psychology & cognitive sciences</json:string><json:string>social psychology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>1993</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1993</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/0147-1767(93)90037-9</json:string></doi><id>110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F</id><score>0.016352205</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>1993</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>This article is a revised version of a paper that won The Otto Klineberg International and Intercultural Relations Prize of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (A division of the American Psychological Association).</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Ervin</forename><surname>Staub</surname></persName><note type="biography">Reprint requests should be sent to Ervin Staub, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.</note><affiliation>Reprint requests should be sent to Ervin Staub, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.</affiliation><affiliation>University of Massachusetts USA</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">International Journal of Intercultural Relations</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">IJIR</title><idno type="pISSN">0147-1767</idno><idno type="PII">S0147-1767(00)X0058-2</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1993"></date><biblScope unit="volume">17</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="315">315</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="341">341</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/0147-1767(93)90037-9</idno><idno type="PII">0147-1767(93)90037-9</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1993</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the psychological and cultural-societal origins of genocide and mass killing, with a focus on the Holocaust. Difficult conditions of life in a society, like severe economic problems or political conflict and violence, give rise to powerful needs—for security, protection of the psychological self, comprehension, connection, and hope. Certain cultural-societal characteristics create a predisposition for group violence. They include devaluation of a subgroup, strong respect for authority, a monolithic culture, certain societal self-concepts, and a history of aggression. They intensify needs and make it probable that the group deals with them by scapegoating, usually a subgroup of society “preselecte” by the history of cultural devaluation, by adopting nationalistic and/or “better world” ideologies that identify the victims as the enemy, and by joining movements. As perpetrators begin to harm victims, they change. Their evolution, with steps along a continuum of destruction, ends in genocide or mass killing. Both internal bystanders, members of the society, and external ones including other nations, usually remain passive, which encourages perpetrators. Internal bystanders share with perpetrators a “societal tilt” and psychological processes like just world thinking, moral equilibration, and the exclusion of victims from the moral realm. Passivity changes bystanders and some evolve into perpetrators. People who endanger themselves to help victims are guided by moral values and empathy and in contrast to perpetrators (and bystanders) are “inclusive.” They also change as a result of their own actions, and even if at first motivated by ties to specific victims, many develop intense commitment to helping.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1993">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>IJIR</jid><aid>93900379</aid><ce:pii>0147-1767(93)90037-9</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/0147-1767(93)90037-9</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="unknown" year="1993"></ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:article-footnote><ce:label>☆</ce:label><ce:note-para>This article is a revised version of a paper that won The Otto Klineberg International and Intercultural Relations Prize of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (A division of the American Psychological Association).</ce:note-para></ce:article-footnote><ce:title>The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Ervin</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Staub</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="COR1"><ce:sup>∗</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>University of Massachusetts USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="COR1"><ce:label>∗</ce:label><ce:text>Reprint requests should be sent to Ervin Staub, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>This article examines the psychological and cultural-societal origins of genocide and mass killing, with a focus on the Holocaust. Difficult conditions of life in a society, like severe economic problems or political conflict and violence, give rise to powerful needs—for security, protection of the psychological self, comprehension, connection, and hope. Certain cultural-societal characteristics create a predisposition for group violence. They include devaluation of a subgroup, strong respect for authority, a monolithic culture, certain societal self-concepts, and a history of aggression. They intensify needs and make it probable that the group deals with them by scapegoating, usually a subgroup of society “preselecte” by the history of cultural devaluation, by adopting nationalistic and/or “better world” ideologies that identify the victims as the enemy, and by joining movements. As perpetrators begin to harm victims, they change. Their evolution, with steps along a continuum of destruction, ends in genocide or mass killing. Both internal bystanders, members of the society, and external ones including other nations, usually remain passive, which encourages perpetrators. Internal bystanders share with perpetrators a “societal tilt” and psychological processes like just world thinking, moral equilibration, and the exclusion of victims from the moral realm. Passivity changes bystanders and some evolve into perpetrators. People who endanger themselves to help victims are guided by moral values and empathy and in contrast to perpetrators (and bystanders) are “inclusive.” They also change as a result of their own actions, and even if at first motivated by ties to specific victims, many develop intense commitment to helping.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ervin</namePart><namePart type="family">Staub</namePart><affiliation>University of Massachusetts USA</affiliation><description>Reprint requests should be sent to Ervin Staub, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1993</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1993</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">This article examines the psychological and cultural-societal origins of genocide and mass killing, with a focus on the Holocaust. Difficult conditions of life in a society, like severe economic problems or political conflict and violence, give rise to powerful needs—for security, protection of the psychological self, comprehension, connection, and hope. Certain cultural-societal characteristics create a predisposition for group violence. They include devaluation of a subgroup, strong respect for authority, a monolithic culture, certain societal self-concepts, and a history of aggression. They intensify needs and make it probable that the group deals with them by scapegoating, usually a subgroup of society “preselecte” by the history of cultural devaluation, by adopting nationalistic and/or “better world” ideologies that identify the victims as the enemy, and by joining movements. As perpetrators begin to harm victims, they change. Their evolution, with steps along a continuum of destruction, ends in genocide or mass killing. Both internal bystanders, members of the society, and external ones including other nations, usually remain passive, which encourages perpetrators. Internal bystanders share with perpetrators a “societal tilt” and psychological processes like just world thinking, moral equilibration, and the exclusion of victims from the moral realm. Passivity changes bystanders and some evolve into perpetrators. People who endanger themselves to help victims are guided by moral values and empathy and in contrast to perpetrators (and bystanders) are “inclusive.” They also change as a result of their own actions, and even if at first motivated by ties to specific victims, many develop intense commitment to helping.</abstract><note>This article is a revised version of a paper that won The Otto Klineberg International and Intercultural Relations Prize of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (A division of the American Psychological Association).</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>International Journal of Intercultural Relations</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>IJIR</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">199322</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0147-1767</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0147-1767(00)X0058-2</identifier><part><date>199322</date><detail type="volume"><number>17</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>3</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>271</start><end>398</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>315</start><end>341</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">110C63E4158D039BCC948FB2FDAF30AFB316B44F</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/0147-1767(93)90037-9</identifier><identifier type="PII">0147-1767(93)90037-9</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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