Tracking the decline of the once‐common butterfly: delayed oviposition, demography and population genetics in the hermit Chazara briseis
Identifieur interne : 001A03 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001A02; suivant : 001A04Tracking the decline of the once‐common butterfly: delayed oviposition, demography and population genetics in the hermit Chazara briseis
Auteurs : T. Kadlec ; P. Vrba ; P. Kepka ; T. Schmitt ; M. KonvickaSource :
- Animal Conservation [ 1367-9430 ] ; 2010-04.
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Abstract
Large populations, seemingly not at risk of extinction, can decline rapidly due to alteration of habitat. This appears to be the case of the butterfly Chazara briseis, which is declining in all of Central and Eastern Europe, even from apparently large areas of its steppe grassland habitats. We combined mark–recapture, allozyme electrophoresis and adult behaviour observation to study the last remaining metapopulation of this once‐widespread butterfly in the Czech Republic. The total population estimate was 1300 males and 1050 females in 10 colonies within a 70 km2 landscape. Adults were long‐lived, and inseminated females required several weeks before they started ovipositing. Models using realistic lengths of the preoviposition period estimated that due to background mortality, only 25–55% of the female census population lived long enough to contribute to the next generation. This demographic load was unlikely to be balanced by an increased fecundity. Allozyme electrophoresis of 22 loci revealed much higher allelic variation than in most other studies of butterflies living in small populations (mean heterozygosity: 20.7%). If expressed as per individual colony, the genetic variation did not correlate with population density, survival or longevity. This was probably due to frequent movements among colonies; during 8 weeks of adult flight, 5.1% of recaptured males and 3.6% of recaptured females moved between colonies. The high preoviposition mortality indicates that populations of this species must contain more individuals compared with populations not suffering this additional demographic load. The high allelic diversity of each single colony suggests that the population as a whole has not undergone genetic bottlenecks, but now may be facing risks of inbreeding depression due to allele frequency shifts and the possible increase of weakly deleterious alleles. In the past, high effective population sizes were maintained by frequent dispersal in dense networks of steppic grasslands. Generous habitat restoration is necessary to safeguard populations of this specialized, yet formerly common species.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00318.x
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Kadlec</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vrba, P" sort="Vrba, P" uniqKey="Vrba P" first="P." last="Vrba">P. Vrba</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kepka, P" sort="Kepka, P" uniqKey="Kepka P" first="P." last="Kepka">P. Kepka</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmitt, T" sort="Schmitt, T" uniqKey="Schmitt T" first="T." last="Schmitt">T. 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This appears to be the case of the butterfly Chazara briseis, which is declining in all of Central and Eastern Europe, even from apparently large areas of its steppe grassland habitats. We combined mark–recapture, allozyme electrophoresis and adult behaviour observation to study the last remaining metapopulation of this once‐widespread butterfly in the Czech Republic. The total population estimate was 1300 males and 1050 females in 10 colonies within a 70 km2 landscape. Adults were long‐lived, and inseminated females required several weeks before they started ovipositing. Models using realistic lengths of the preoviposition period estimated that due to background mortality, only 25–55% of the female census population lived long enough to contribute to the next generation. This demographic load was unlikely to be balanced by an increased fecundity. Allozyme electrophoresis of 22 loci revealed much higher allelic variation than in most other studies of butterflies living in small populations (mean heterozygosity: 20.7%). If expressed as per individual colony, the genetic variation did not correlate with population density, survival or longevity. This was probably due to frequent movements among colonies; during 8 weeks of adult flight, 5.1% of recaptured males and 3.6% of recaptured females moved between colonies. The high preoviposition mortality indicates that populations of this species must contain more individuals compared with populations not suffering this additional demographic load. The high allelic diversity of each single colony suggests that the population as a whole has not undergone genetic bottlenecks, but now may be facing risks of inbreeding depression due to allele frequency shifts and the possible increase of weakly deleterious alleles. In the past, high effective population sizes were maintained by frequent dispersal in dense networks of steppic grasslands. Generous habitat restoration is necessary to safeguard populations of this specialized, yet formerly common species.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>T. Kadlec</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>P. Vrba</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic</json:string><json:string>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>P. Kepka</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>T. Schmitt</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Trier, Fachbereich VI Biogeographie, Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Konvicka</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</json:string><json:string>Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>allozyme electrophoresis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Lepidoptera</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>mark–recapture</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>metapopulation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>minimum viable population</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>reproductive effort</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Satyrinae</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>ACV318</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Large populations, seemingly not at risk of extinction, can decline rapidly due to alteration of habitat. This appears to be the case of the butterfly Chazara briseis, which is declining in all of Central and Eastern Europe, even from apparently large areas of its steppe grassland habitats. We combined mark–recapture, allozyme electrophoresis and adult behaviour observation to study the last remaining metapopulation of this once‐widespread butterfly in the Czech Republic. The total population estimate was 1300 males and 1050 females in 10 colonies within a 70 km2 landscape. Adults were long‐lived, and inseminated females required several weeks before they started ovipositing. Models using realistic lengths of the preoviposition period estimated that due to background mortality, only 25–55% of the female census population lived long enough to contribute to the next generation. This demographic load was unlikely to be balanced by an increased fecundity. Allozyme electrophoresis of 22 loci revealed much higher allelic variation than in most other studies of butterflies living in small populations (mean heterozygosity: 20.7%). If expressed as per individual colony, the genetic variation did not correlate with population density, survival or longevity. This was probably due to frequent movements among colonies; during 8 weeks of adult flight, 5.1% of recaptured males and 3.6% of recaptured females moved between colonies. The high preoviposition mortality indicates that populations of this species must contain more individuals compared with populations not suffering this additional demographic load. The high allelic diversity of each single colony suggests that the population as a whole has not undergone genetic bottlenecks, but now may be facing risks of inbreeding depression due to allele frequency shifts and the possible increase of weakly deleterious alleles. In the past, high effective population sizes were maintained by frequent dispersal in dense networks of steppic grasslands. Generous habitat restoration is necessary to safeguard populations of this specialized, yet formerly common species.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 782.362 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>2130</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>7601</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>48523</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>12</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>308</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Tracking the decline of the once‐common butterfly: delayed oviposition, demography and population genetics in the hermit Chazara briseis</title><refBibs><json:item><host><author></author><title>Benes, J., Konvicka, M., Dvorak, J., Fric, Z., Havelda, Z., Pavlicko, A., Vrabec, V. & Weidenhoffer, Z.(Eds.) (2002). Butterflies of the Czech Republic: distribution and conservation I, II. 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Journal compilation © 2009 The Zoological Society of London</p></availability><date>2010</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Tracking the decline of the once‐common butterfly: delayed oviposition, demography and population genetics in the hermit Chazara briseis</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">T.</forename><surname>Kadlec</surname></persName><affiliation>Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">P.</forename><surname>Vrba</surname></persName><affiliation>Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic</affiliation><affiliation>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">P.</forename><surname>Kepka</surname></persName><affiliation>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">T.</forename><surname>Schmitt</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Trier, Fachbereich VI Biogeographie, Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Konvicka</surname></persName><affiliation>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Animal Conservation</title><idno type="pISSN">1367-9430</idno><idno type="eISSN">1469-1795</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2010-04"></date><biblScope unit="volume">13</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="172">172</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="183">183</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">8BF3639C03E23D19C54F46189842B73E0999E4A4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00318.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">ACV318</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2010</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Large populations, seemingly not at risk of extinction, can decline rapidly due to alteration of habitat. This appears to be the case of the butterfly Chazara briseis, which is declining in all of Central and Eastern Europe, even from apparently large areas of its steppe grassland habitats. We combined mark–recapture, allozyme electrophoresis and adult behaviour observation to study the last remaining metapopulation of this once‐widespread butterfly in the Czech Republic. The total population estimate was 1300 males and 1050 females in 10 colonies within a 70 km2 landscape. Adults were long‐lived, and inseminated females required several weeks before they started ovipositing. Models using realistic lengths of the preoviposition period estimated that due to background mortality, only 25–55% of the female census population lived long enough to contribute to the next generation. This demographic load was unlikely to be balanced by an increased fecundity. Allozyme electrophoresis of 22 loci revealed much higher allelic variation than in most other studies of butterflies living in small populations (mean heterozygosity: 20.7%). If expressed as per individual colony, the genetic variation did not correlate with population density, survival or longevity. This was probably due to frequent movements among colonies; during 8 weeks of adult flight, 5.1% of recaptured males and 3.6% of recaptured females moved between colonies. The high preoviposition mortality indicates that populations of this species must contain more individuals compared with populations not suffering this additional demographic load. The high allelic diversity of each single colony suggests that the population as a whole has not undergone genetic bottlenecks, but now may be facing risks of inbreeding depression due to allele frequency shifts and the possible increase of weakly deleterious alleles. In the past, high effective population sizes were maintained by frequent dispersal in dense networks of steppic grasslands. Generous habitat restoration is necessary to safeguard populations of this specialized, yet formerly common species.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>allozyme electrophoresis</term></item><item><term>Lepidoptera</term></item><item><term>mark–recapture</term></item><item><term>metapopulation</term></item><item><term>minimum viable population</term></item><item><term>reproductive effort</term></item><item><term>Satyrinae</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2010-04">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8BF3639C03E23D19C54F46189842B73E0999E4A4/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</doi><issn type="print">1367-9430</issn><issn type="electronic">1469-1795</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="ACV"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="ANIMAL CONSERVATION">Animal Conservation</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="04002"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/acv.2010.13.issue-2</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="13">13</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="2">2</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2010-04">April 2010</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="12" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00318.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="ACV318"></id><id type="supplier" value="318"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="12"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">ORIGINAL ARTICLES</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 The Zoological Society of London</copyright><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2009-11-17"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2010-03-23"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.4 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-03-29"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2013-12-31"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-14"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="172">172</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="183">183</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><b>Correspondence</b>
Martin Konvicka, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ‐370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. Tel: +420 38 777 5312
Email: <email normalForm="konva@entu.cas.cz">konva@entu.cas.cz</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:ACV.ACV318.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received 18 April 2009; accepted 11 September 2009</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="5"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="4"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="5"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="75"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="9194"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="94"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Tracking the decline of the once‐common butterfly: delayed oviposition, demography and population genetics in the hermit <i>Chazara briseis</i></title><title type="shortAuthors">T. Kadlec <i>et al.</i></title><title type="short">Extinction threat in a once‐common butterfly</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>T.</givenNames><familyName>Kadlec</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a1 #a2"><personName><givenNames>P.</givenNames><familyName>Vrba</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>P.</givenNames><familyName>Kepka</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>T.</givenNames><familyName>Schmitt</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a2 #a4"><personName><givenNames>M.</givenNames><familyName>Konvicka</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="CZ"><unparsedAffiliation>Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="CZ"><unparsedAffiliation>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="DE"><unparsedAffiliation>University of Trier, Fachbereich VI Biogeographie, Trier, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a4" countryCode="CZ"><unparsedAffiliation>Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">allozyme electrophoresis</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">Lepidoptera</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">mark–recapture</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">metapopulation</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">minimum viable population</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">reproductive effort</keyword><keyword xml:id="k7">Satyrinae</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><p><b>Appendix S1.</b> Electrophoresis conditions for 17 enzyme systems analysed representing 22 loci for <i>Chazara briseis</i> (in order of EC‐No.). TC: Tris‐citrate pH=8.2 (Richardson <i>et al</i>., 1986), TG: Tris‐glycine pH=8.5 (Hebert & Beaton, 1993), TM: Tris maleic acid pH=7.0 (adjusted from TM pH=7.8 (Richardson <i>et al</i>., 1986)). All buffers were run at 200 V.</p><p><b>Appendix S2.</b> Allele frequencies of the 17 polymorphic allozyme loci in six <i>Chazara briseis</i> samples in the Ceske Stredohori, NW Czech Republic.</p><p>As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.</p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting info item" href="urn-x:wiley:13679430:media:acv318:ACV_318_sm_suppinfo"></mediaResource><caption>Supporting info item</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Large populations, seemingly not at risk of extinction, can decline rapidly due to alteration of habitat. This appears to be the case of the butterfly <i>Chazara briseis</i>, which is declining in all of Central and Eastern Europe, even from apparently large areas of its steppe grassland habitats. We combined mark–recapture, allozyme electrophoresis and adult behaviour observation to study the last remaining metapopulation of this once‐widespread butterfly in the Czech Republic. The total population estimate was 1300 males and 1050 females in 10 colonies within a 70 km<sup>2</sup> landscape. Adults were long‐lived, and inseminated females required several weeks before they started ovipositing. Models using realistic lengths of the preoviposition period estimated that due to background mortality, only 25–55% of the female census population lived long enough to contribute to the next generation. This demographic load was unlikely to be balanced by an increased fecundity. Allozyme electrophoresis of 22 loci revealed much higher allelic variation than in most other studies of butterflies living in small populations (mean heterozygosity: 20.7%). If expressed as per individual colony, the genetic variation did not correlate with population density, survival or longevity. This was probably due to frequent movements among colonies; during 8 weeks of adult flight, 5.1% of recaptured males and 3.6% of recaptured females moved between colonies. The high preoviposition mortality indicates that populations of this species must contain more individuals compared with populations not suffering this additional demographic load. The high allelic diversity of each single colony suggests that the population as a whole has not undergone genetic bottlenecks, but now may be facing risks of inbreeding depression due to allele frequency shifts and the possible increase of weakly deleterious alleles. In the past, high effective population sizes were maintained by frequent dispersal in dense networks of steppic grasslands. Generous habitat restoration is necessary to safeguard populations of this specialized, yet formerly common species.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Tracking the decline of the once‐common butterfly: delayed oviposition, demography and population genetics in the hermit Chazara briseis</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Extinction threat in a once‐common butterfly</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Tracking the decline of the once‐common butterfly: delayed oviposition, demography and population genetics in the hermit Chazara briseis</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kadlec</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vrba</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic</affiliation><affiliation>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kepka</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Schmitt</namePart><affiliation>University of Trier, Fachbereich VI Biogeographie, Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Konvicka</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Science, University Southern Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-04</dateIssued><edition>Received 18 April 2009; accepted 11 September 2009</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">5</extent><extent unit="tables">4</extent><extent unit="formulas">5</extent><extent unit="references">75</extent><extent unit="words">9194</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Large populations, seemingly not at risk of extinction, can decline rapidly due to alteration of habitat. This appears to be the case of the butterfly Chazara briseis, which is declining in all of Central and Eastern Europe, even from apparently large areas of its steppe grassland habitats. We combined mark–recapture, allozyme electrophoresis and adult behaviour observation to study the last remaining metapopulation of this once‐widespread butterfly in the Czech Republic. The total population estimate was 1300 males and 1050 females in 10 colonies within a 70 km2 landscape. Adults were long‐lived, and inseminated females required several weeks before they started ovipositing. Models using realistic lengths of the preoviposition period estimated that due to background mortality, only 25–55% of the female census population lived long enough to contribute to the next generation. This demographic load was unlikely to be balanced by an increased fecundity. Allozyme electrophoresis of 22 loci revealed much higher allelic variation than in most other studies of butterflies living in small populations (mean heterozygosity: 20.7%). If expressed as per individual colony, the genetic variation did not correlate with population density, survival or longevity. This was probably due to frequent movements among colonies; during 8 weeks of adult flight, 5.1% of recaptured males and 3.6% of recaptured females moved between colonies. The high preoviposition mortality indicates that populations of this species must contain more individuals compared with populations not suffering this additional demographic load. The high allelic diversity of each single colony suggests that the population as a whole has not undergone genetic bottlenecks, but now may be facing risks of inbreeding depression due to allele frequency shifts and the possible increase of weakly deleterious alleles. In the past, high effective population sizes were maintained by frequent dispersal in dense networks of steppic grasslands. Generous habitat restoration is necessary to safeguard populations of this specialized, yet formerly common species.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>allozyme electrophoresis</topic><topic>Lepidoptera</topic><topic>mark–recapture</topic><topic>metapopulation</topic><topic>minimum viable population</topic><topic>reproductive effort</topic><topic>Satyrinae</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Animal Conservation</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><note type="content"> Appendix S1. Electrophoresis conditions for 17 enzyme systems analysed representing 22 loci for Chazara briseis (in order of EC‐No.). TC: Tris‐citrate pH=8.2 (Richardson et al., 1986), TG: Tris‐glycine pH=8.5 (Hebert & Beaton, 1993), TM: Tris maleic acid pH=7.0 (adjusted from TM pH=7.8 (Richardson et al., 1986)). All buffers were run at 200 V. Appendix S2. Allele frequencies of the 17 polymorphic allozyme loci in six Chazara briseis samples in the Ceske Stredohori, NW Czech Republic. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Appendix S1. Electrophoresis conditions for 17 enzyme systems analysed representing 22 loci for Chazara briseis (in order of EC‐No.). TC: Tris‐citrate pH=8.2 (Richardson et al., 1986), TG: Tris‐glycine pH=8.5 (Hebert & Beaton, 1993), TM: Tris maleic acid pH=7.0 (adjusted from TM pH=7.8 (Richardson et al., 1986)). All buffers were run at 200 V. Appendix S2. Allele frequencies of the 17 polymorphic allozyme loci in six Chazara briseis samples in the Ceske Stredohori, NW Czech Republic. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Appendix S1. Electrophoresis conditions for 17 enzyme systems analysed representing 22 loci for Chazara briseis (in order of EC‐No.). TC: Tris‐citrate pH=8.2 (Richardson et al., 1986), TG: Tris‐glycine pH=8.5 (Hebert & Beaton, 1993), TM: Tris maleic acid pH=7.0 (adjusted from TM pH=7.8 (Richardson et al., 1986)). All buffers were run at 200 V. Appendix S2. Allele frequencies of the 17 polymorphic allozyme loci in six Chazara briseis samples in the Ceske Stredohori, NW Czech Republic. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer‐reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.Supporting Info Item: Supporting info item - </note><identifier type="ISSN">1367-9430</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1469-1795</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ACV</identifier><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>13</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>172</start><end>183</end><total>12</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">8BF3639C03E23D19C54F46189842B73E0999E4A4</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00318.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">ACV318</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2009 The Authors. 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