Associations between the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and sympatric monkeys in Korup National Park, Cameroon
Identifieur interne : 001901 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001900; suivant : 001902Associations between the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and sympatric monkeys in Korup National Park, Cameroon
Auteurs : Christos Astaras ; Stefan Krause ; Lutz Mattner ; Christoph Rehse ; Matthias WaltertSource :
- American Journal of Primatology [ 0275-2565 ] ; 2011-02.
English descriptors
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Abstract
Studies of polyspecific associations among African forest primates have primarily focused on arboreal Cercopithecus and Procolobus/Colobus species. We examined the association frequency of the terrestrial drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) with six sympatric monkey species in Korup National Park, Cameroon, testing reports that Mandrillus associations are infrequent and transient. We conducted 3,284 km of trail walks for 12 months (February–June 2006; July 2007 to January 2008), recording species composition in 612 primate clusters. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo test, we compared the observed frequency of dyadic associations against null models of “no association.” A novel conservative statistical approach which addresses possible dependence of observations close in time was also used, further strengthening confidence in our findings. Drills associated with all monkeys throughout the study period, and were with at least one other species (range 1–5) in half of the encounters. The association frequency of drills with red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) was greater than expected by chance, which is interesting given the morphological adaptation of the Mandrillus‐Cercocebus clade for the exploitation of the same dietary niche, hard seeds. The difference we observed in the use of forest strata by drills and mangabeys may reflect a strategy to reduce food competition while in association. The nature and duration of observed drill associations varied. Although some associations seemed to be chance encounters, others lasted for hours with the involved species foraging together. Am. J. Primatol. 73:127–134, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20877
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ISTEX:CDC4A560E6039FED65247A5A0A3C2C224C05C628Le document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Associations between the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and sympatric monkeys in Korup National Park, Cameroon</title><author><name sortKey="Astaras, Christos" sort="Astaras, Christos" uniqKey="Astaras C" first="Christos" last="Astaras">Christos Astaras</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Stefan" sort="Krause, Stefan" uniqKey="Krause S" first="Stefan" last="Krause">Stefan Krause</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informatik, Fachhochschule Lübeck, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattner, Lutz" sort="Mattner, Lutz" uniqKey="Mattner L" first="Lutz" last="Mattner">Lutz Mattner</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>FB IV – Mathematik, Universität Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rehse, Christoph" sort="Rehse, Christoph" uniqKey="Rehse C" first="Christoph" last="Rehse">Christoph Rehse</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waltert, Matthias" sort="Waltert, Matthias" uniqKey="Waltert M" first="Matthias" last="Waltert">Matthias Waltert</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:CDC4A560E6039FED65247A5A0A3C2C224C05C628</idno><date when="2011" year="2011">2011</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/ajp.20877</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/CDC4A560E6039FED65247A5A0A3C2C224C05C628/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001901</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001901</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Associations between the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and sympatric monkeys in Korup National Park, Cameroon</title><author><name sortKey="Astaras, Christos" sort="Astaras, Christos" uniqKey="Astaras C" first="Christos" last="Astaras">Christos Astaras</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Stefan" sort="Krause, Stefan" uniqKey="Krause S" first="Stefan" last="Krause">Stefan Krause</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informatik, Fachhochschule Lübeck, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattner, Lutz" sort="Mattner, Lutz" uniqKey="Mattner L" first="Lutz" last="Mattner">Lutz Mattner</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>FB IV – Mathematik, Universität Trier, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rehse, Christoph" sort="Rehse, Christoph" uniqKey="Rehse C" first="Christoph" last="Rehse">Christoph Rehse</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waltert, Matthias" sort="Waltert, Matthias" uniqKey="Waltert M" first="Matthias" last="Waltert">Matthias Waltert</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">American Journal of Primatology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Am. J. Primatol.</title><idno type="ISSN">0275-2565</idno><idno type="eISSN">1098-2345</idno><imprint><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-02">2011-02</date><biblScope unit="volume">73</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="127">127</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="134">134</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0275-2565</idno></series><idno type="istex">CDC4A560E6039FED65247A5A0A3C2C224C05C628</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/ajp.20877</idno><idno type="ArticleID">AJP20877</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0275-2565</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Cercocebus torquatus</term><term>Cross‐Sanaga region</term><term>Korup</term><term>Mandrillus leucophaeus</term><term>Markov chain Monte Carlo test</term><term>mixed‐species groups</term><term>polyspecific association</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Studies of polyspecific associations among African forest primates have primarily focused on arboreal Cercopithecus and Procolobus/Colobus species. We examined the association frequency of the terrestrial drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) with six sympatric monkey species in Korup National Park, Cameroon, testing reports that Mandrillus associations are infrequent and transient. We conducted 3,284 km of trail walks for 12 months (February–June 2006; July 2007 to January 2008), recording species composition in 612 primate clusters. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo test, we compared the observed frequency of dyadic associations against null models of “no association.” A novel conservative statistical approach which addresses possible dependence of observations close in time was also used, further strengthening confidence in our findings. Drills associated with all monkeys throughout the study period, and were with at least one other species (range 1–5) in half of the encounters. The association frequency of drills with red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) was greater than expected by chance, which is interesting given the morphological adaptation of the Mandrillus‐Cercocebus clade for the exploitation of the same dietary niche, hard seeds. The difference we observed in the use of forest strata by drills and mangabeys may reflect a strategy to reduce food competition while in association. The nature and duration of observed drill associations varied. Although some associations seemed to be chance encounters, others lasted for hours with the involved species foraging together. Am. J. Primatol. 73:127–134, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Christos Astaras</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</json:string><json:string>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Stefan Krause</name><affiliations><json:string>Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informatik, Fachhochschule Lübeck, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Lutz Mattner</name><affiliations><json:string>FB IV – Mathematik, Universität Trier, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christoph Rehse</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Matthias Waltert</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Mandrillus leucophaeus</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cercocebus torquatus</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>polyspecific association</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>mixed‐species groups</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Korup</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cross‐Sanaga region</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Markov chain Monte Carlo test</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>AJP20877</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Studies of polyspecific associations among African forest primates have primarily focused on arboreal Cercopithecus and Procolobus/Colobus species. We examined the association frequency of the terrestrial drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) with six sympatric monkey species in Korup National Park, Cameroon, testing reports that Mandrillus associations are infrequent and transient. We conducted 3,284 km of trail walks for 12 months (February–June 2006; July 2007 to January 2008), recording species composition in 612 primate clusters. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo test, we compared the observed frequency of dyadic associations against null models of “no association.” A novel conservative statistical approach which addresses possible dependence of observations close in time was also used, further strengthening confidence in our findings. Drills associated with all monkeys throughout the study period, and were with at least one other species (range 1–5) in half of the encounters. The association frequency of drills with red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) was greater than expected by chance, which is interesting given the morphological adaptation of the Mandrillus‐Cercocebus clade for the exploitation of the same dietary niche, hard seeds. The difference we observed in the use of forest strata by drills and mangabeys may reflect a strategy to reduce food competition while in association. The nature and duration of observed drill associations varied. Although some associations seemed to be chance encounters, others lasted for hours with the involved species foraging together. Am. J. Primatol. 73:127–134, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.832</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>593.972 x 792 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1662</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5071</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>33766</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>236</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Associations between the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and sympatric monkeys in Korup National Park, Cameroon</title><refBibs><json:item><host><author></author><title>Ecology and status of the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) in Korup National Park, Southwest Cameroon: implications for conservation [Dissertation]</title></host></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>C Astaras</name></json:item><json:item><name>M Mühlenberg</name></json:item><json:item><name>M Waltert</name></json:item></author><host><volume>70</volume><pages><last>310</last><first>306</first></pages><author></author><title>American Journal of Primatology</title></host><title>Note on drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) ecology and conservation status in Korup National Park, southwest Cameroon</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>J Besag</name></json:item><json:item><name>P Clifford</name></json:item></author><host><volume>76</volume><pages><last>642</last><first>633</first></pages><author></author><title>Biometrika</title></host><title>Generalized Monte Carlo significance tests</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>PJ Buzzard</name></json:item></author><host><volume>27</volume><pages><last>558</last><first>529</first></pages><author></author><title>International Journal of Primatology</title></host><title>Ecological partitioning of Cercopithecus campbelli, C. petaurista, and C. diana in the Taï Forest</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>CA Chapman</name></json:item><json:item><name>LJ Chapman</name></json:item></author><host><volume>17</volume><pages><last>50</last><first>31</first></pages><author></author><title>International Journal of Primatology</title></host><title>Mixed‐species primate groups in the Kibale forest: ecological constraints on association</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>CA Chapman</name></json:item><json:item><name>LJ Chapman</name></json:item></author><host><volume>47</volume><pages><last>139</last><first>129</first></pages><author></author><title>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</title></host><title>Interdemic variation in mixed‐species association patterns: common diurnal primates of Kibale National Park, Uganda</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>GB Chuyong</name></json:item><json:item><name>R Condit</name></json:item><json:item><name>D Kenfack</name></json:item><json:item><name>E Losos</name></json:item><json:item><name>M Sainge</name></json:item><json:item><name>NC Songwe</name></json:item><json:item><name>DW Thomas</name></json:item></author><host><pages><last>516</last><first>506</first></pages><author></author><title>Forest diversity and dynamism: findings from a network of large‐scale tropical forest plots</title></host><title>Korup forest dynamics plot, Cameroon</title></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>Cords M. 1987. 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Onassis Public Benefit Foundation</note><note>Volkswagen Foundation</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Associations between the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and sympatric monkeys in Korup National Park, Cameroon</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Christos</forename><surname>Astaras</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Stefan</forename><surname>Krause</surname></persName><affiliation>Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informatik, Fachhochschule Lübeck, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Lutz</forename><surname>Mattner</surname></persName><affiliation>FB IV – Mathematik, Universität Trier, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Christoph</forename><surname>Rehse</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Matthias</forename><surname>Waltert</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">American Journal of Primatology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Am. J. Primatol.</title><idno type="pISSN">0275-2565</idno><idno type="eISSN">1098-2345</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2345</idno><imprint><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-02"></date><biblScope unit="volume">73</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="127">127</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="134">134</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">CDC4A560E6039FED65247A5A0A3C2C224C05C628</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/ajp.20877</idno><idno type="ArticleID">AJP20877</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2011</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Studies of polyspecific associations among African forest primates have primarily focused on arboreal Cercopithecus and Procolobus/Colobus species. We examined the association frequency of the terrestrial drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) with six sympatric monkey species in Korup National Park, Cameroon, testing reports that Mandrillus associations are infrequent and transient. We conducted 3,284 km of trail walks for 12 months (February–June 2006; July 2007 to January 2008), recording species composition in 612 primate clusters. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo test, we compared the observed frequency of dyadic associations against null models of “no association.” A novel conservative statistical approach which addresses possible dependence of observations close in time was also used, further strengthening confidence in our findings. Drills associated with all monkeys throughout the study period, and were with at least one other species (range 1–5) in half of the encounters. The association frequency of drills with red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) was greater than expected by chance, which is interesting given the morphological adaptation of the Mandrillus‐Cercocebus clade for the exploitation of the same dietary niche, hard seeds. The difference we observed in the use of forest strata by drills and mangabeys may reflect a strategy to reduce food competition while in association. The nature and duration of observed drill associations varied. Although some associations seemed to be chance encounters, others lasted for hours with the involved species foraging together. Am. J. Primatol. 73:127–134, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Mandrillus leucophaeus</term></item><item><term>Cercocebus torquatus</term></item><item><term>polyspecific association</term></item><item><term>mixed‐species groups</term></item><item><term>Korup</term></item><item><term>Cross‐Sanaga region</term></item><item><term>Markov chain Monte Carlo test</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>Research Article</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-11-10">Received</change><change when="2010-07-11">Registration</change><change when="2011-02">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/CDC4A560E6039FED65247A5A0A3C2C224C05C628/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisherName><publisherLoc>Hoboken</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2345</doi><issn type="print">0275-2565</issn><issn type="electronic">1098-2345</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="AJP"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY">American Journal of Primatology</title><title type="short">Am. 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affiliationRef="#af3"><personName><givenNames>Lutz</givenNames><familyName>Mattner</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au4" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Christoph</givenNames><familyName>Rehse</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au5" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Matthias</givenNames><familyName>Waltert</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="af1" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af2" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informatik, Fachhochschule Lübeck, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af3" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>FB IV – Mathematik, Universität Trier, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1"><i>Mandrillus leucophaeus</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2"><i>Cercocebus torquatus</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">polyspecific association</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd4">mixed‐species groups</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd5">Korup</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd6">Cross‐Sanaga region</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd7">Markov chain Monte Carlo test</keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Wildlife Conservation Society</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Columbus Zoo and Aquarium</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>The Smithsonian Institute's Centre for Tropical Forest Science</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Conservation International</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>The Primate Society of Great Britain</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>The American Society of Primatologists</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Volkswagen Foundation</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Studies of polyspecific associations among African forest primates have primarily focused on arboreal <i>Cercopithecus</i> and <i>Procolobus/Colobus</i> species. We examined the association frequency of the terrestrial drill (<i>Mandrillus leucophaeus</i>) with six sympatric monkey species in Korup National Park, Cameroon, testing reports that <i>Mandrillus</i> associations are infrequent and transient. We conducted 3,284 km of trail walks for 12 months (February–June 2006; July 2007 to January 2008), recording species composition in 612 primate clusters. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo test, we compared the observed frequency of dyadic associations against null models of “no association.” A novel conservative statistical approach which addresses possible dependence of observations close in time was also used, further strengthening confidence in our findings. Drills associated with all monkeys throughout the study period, and were with at least one other species (range 1–5) in half of the encounters. The association frequency of drills with red‐capped mangabeys (<i>Cercocebus torquatus</i>) was greater than expected by chance, which is interesting given the morphological adaptation of the <i>Mandrillus</i>‐<i>Cercocebus</i> clade for the exploitation of the same dietary niche, hard seeds. The difference we observed in the use of forest strata by drills and mangabeys may reflect a strategy to reduce food competition while in association. The nature and duration of observed drill associations varied. Although some associations seemed to be chance encounters, others lasted for hours with the involved species foraging together. Am. J. Primatol. 73:127–134, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Associations between the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and sympatric monkeys in Korup National Park, Cameroon</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Primate Associations of Drills in Korup, Cameroon</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Associations between the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and sympatric monkeys in Korup National Park, Cameroon</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christos</namePart><namePart type="family">Astaras</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stefan</namePart><namePart type="family">Krause</namePart><affiliation>Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informatik, Fachhochschule Lübeck, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lutz</namePart><namePart type="family">Mattner</namePart><affiliation>FB IV – Mathematik, Universität Trier, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christoph</namePart><namePart type="family">Rehse</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Matthias</namePart><namePart type="family">Waltert</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Nature Conservation, Department of Conservation Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Hoboken</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011-02</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2009-11-10</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2010-07-11</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">3</extent><extent unit="tables">4</extent><extent unit="references">45</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Studies of polyspecific associations among African forest primates have primarily focused on arboreal Cercopithecus and Procolobus/Colobus species. We examined the association frequency of the terrestrial drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) with six sympatric monkey species in Korup National Park, Cameroon, testing reports that Mandrillus associations are infrequent and transient. We conducted 3,284 km of trail walks for 12 months (February–June 2006; July 2007 to January 2008), recording species composition in 612 primate clusters. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo test, we compared the observed frequency of dyadic associations against null models of “no association.” A novel conservative statistical approach which addresses possible dependence of observations close in time was also used, further strengthening confidence in our findings. Drills associated with all monkeys throughout the study period, and were with at least one other species (range 1–5) in half of the encounters. The association frequency of drills with red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) was greater than expected by chance, which is interesting given the morphological adaptation of the Mandrillus‐Cercocebus clade for the exploitation of the same dietary niche, hard seeds. The difference we observed in the use of forest strata by drills and mangabeys may reflect a strategy to reduce food competition while in association. The nature and duration of observed drill associations varied. Although some associations seemed to be chance encounters, others lasted for hours with the involved species foraging together. Am. J. Primatol. 73:127–134, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><note type="funding">Wildlife Conservation Society</note><note type="funding">Columbus Zoo and Aquarium</note><note type="funding">The Smithsonian Institute's Centre for Tropical Forest Science</note><note type="funding">Conservation International</note><note type="funding">The Primate Society of Great Britain</note><note type="funding">The American Society of Primatologists</note><note type="funding">Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation</note><note type="funding">Volkswagen Foundation</note><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Mandrillus leucophaeus</topic><topic>Cercocebus torquatus</topic><topic>polyspecific association</topic><topic>mixed‐species groups</topic><topic>Korup</topic><topic>Cross‐Sanaga region</topic><topic>Markov chain Monte Carlo test</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>American Journal of Primatology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Am. 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