Phylogeography of the Bothrops jararaca complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Identifieur interne : 001894 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001893; suivant : 001895Phylogeography of the Bothrops jararaca complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Auteurs : Felipe G. Grazziotin ; Markus Monzel ; Sergio Echeverrigaray ; Sandro L. BonattoSource :
- Molecular Ecology [ 0962-1083 ] ; 2006-11.
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Abstract
The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world's major biodiversity hotspots and is threatened by a severe habitat loss. Yet little is known about the processes that originated its remarkable richness of endemic species. Here we present results of a large‐scale survey of the genetic variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the pitviper, jararaca lancehead (Bothrops jararaca), and two closely related insular species (Bothrops insularis and Bothrops alcatraz), endemic of this region. Phylogenetic and network analyses revealed the existence of two well‐supported clades, exhibiting a southern and a northern distribution. The divergence time of these two phylogroups was estimated at 3.8 million years ago, in the Pliocene, a period of intense climatic changes and frequent fragmentation of the tropical rainforest. Our data also suggest that the two groups underwent a large size expansion between 50 000 and 100 000 years ago. However, the southern group showed a more marked signal of population size fluctuation than the northern group, corroborating evidences that southern forests may have suffered a more pronounced reduction in area in the late Pleistocene. The insular species B. alcatraz and B. insularis presented very low diversity, each one sharing haplotypes with mainland individuals placed in different subclades. Despite their marked morphological and behavioural uniqueness, these two insular species seem to have originated very recently and most likely from distinct costal B. jararaca populations, possibly associated with late Pleistocene or Holocene sea level fluctuations.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03057.x
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Grazziotin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monzel, Markus" sort="Monzel, Markus" uniqKey="Monzel M" first="Markus" last="Monzel">Markus Monzel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Trier, Department of Biogeography, D‐54296 Trier, Germany,</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Echeverrigaray, Sergio" sort="Echeverrigaray, Sergio" uniqKey="Echeverrigaray S" first="Sergio" last="Echeverrigaray">Sergio Echeverrigaray</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Microbiologia Aplicada, UCS, 95070‐560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonatto, Sandro L" sort="Bonatto, Sandro L" uniqKey="Bonatto S" first="Sandro L." last="Bonatto">Sandro L. 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Grazziotin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monzel, Markus" sort="Monzel, Markus" uniqKey="Monzel M" first="Markus" last="Monzel">Markus Monzel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Trier, Department of Biogeography, D‐54296 Trier, Germany,</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Echeverrigaray, Sergio" sort="Echeverrigaray, Sergio" uniqKey="Echeverrigaray S" first="Sergio" last="Echeverrigaray">Sergio Echeverrigaray</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Microbiologia Aplicada, UCS, 95070‐560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonatto, Sandro L" sort="Bonatto, Sandro L" uniqKey="Bonatto S" first="Sandro L." last="Bonatto">Sandro L. Bonatto</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Molecular Ecology</title><idno type="ISSN">0962-1083</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-294X</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2006-11">2006-11</date><biblScope unit="volume">15</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">13</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="3969">3969</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="3982">3982</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0962-1083</idno></series><idno type="istex">556B046472153BA38DCFB3C423A9ACE17AE6006B</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03057.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MEC3057</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0962-1083</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Bothrops alcatraz</term><term>Bothrops insularis</term><term>Bothrops jararaca</term><term>Brazilian Atlantic Forest</term><term>island speciation</term><term>phylogeography</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world's major biodiversity hotspots and is threatened by a severe habitat loss. Yet little is known about the processes that originated its remarkable richness of endemic species. Here we present results of a large‐scale survey of the genetic variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the pitviper, jararaca lancehead (Bothrops jararaca), and two closely related insular species (Bothrops insularis and Bothrops alcatraz), endemic of this region. Phylogenetic and network analyses revealed the existence of two well‐supported clades, exhibiting a southern and a northern distribution. The divergence time of these two phylogroups was estimated at 3.8 million years ago, in the Pliocene, a period of intense climatic changes and frequent fragmentation of the tropical rainforest. Our data also suggest that the two groups underwent a large size expansion between 50 000 and 100 000 years ago. However, the southern group showed a more marked signal of population size fluctuation than the northern group, corroborating evidences that southern forests may have suffered a more pronounced reduction in area in the late Pleistocene. The insular species B. alcatraz and B. insularis presented very low diversity, each one sharing haplotypes with mainland individuals placed in different subclades. Despite their marked morphological and behavioural uniqueness, these two insular species seem to have originated very recently and most likely from distinct costal B. jararaca populations, possibly associated with late Pleistocene or Holocene sea level fluctuations.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>FELIPE G. GRAZZIOTIN</name><affiliations><json:string>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>MARKUS MONZEL</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Trier, Department of Biogeography, D‐54296 Trier, Germany,</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>SERGIO ECHEVERRIGARAY</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Microbiologia Aplicada, UCS, 95070‐560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>SANDRO L. BONATTO</name><affiliations><json:string>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Bothrops alcatraz</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Bothrops insularis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Bothrops jararaca</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Brazilian Atlantic Forest</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>island speciation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>phylogeography</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>MEC3057</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world's major biodiversity hotspots and is threatened by a severe habitat loss. Yet little is known about the processes that originated its remarkable richness of endemic species. Here we present results of a large‐scale survey of the genetic variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the pitviper, jararaca lancehead (Bothrops jararaca), and two closely related insular species (Bothrops insularis and Bothrops alcatraz), endemic of this region. Phylogenetic and network analyses revealed the existence of two well‐supported clades, exhibiting a southern and a northern distribution. The divergence time of these two phylogroups was estimated at 3.8 million years ago, in the Pliocene, a period of intense climatic changes and frequent fragmentation of the tropical rainforest. Our data also suggest that the two groups underwent a large size expansion between 50 000 and 100 000 years ago. However, the southern group showed a more marked signal of population size fluctuation than the northern group, corroborating evidences that southern forests may have suffered a more pronounced reduction in area in the late Pleistocene. The insular species B. alcatraz and B. insularis presented very low diversity, each one sharing haplotypes with mainland individuals placed in different subclades. Despite their marked morphological and behavioural uniqueness, these two insular species seem to have originated very recently and most likely from distinct costal B. jararaca populations, possibly associated with late Pleistocene or Holocene sea level fluctuations.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.82</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595 x 782 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1613</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>8654</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>53251</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>14</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>235</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Phylogeography of the Bothrops jararaca complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>BS Arbogast</name></json:item><json:item><name>SC Edwards</name></json:item><json:item><name>J Wakeley</name></json:item><json:item><name>P Beerli</name></json:item><json:item><name>JB Slowinski</name></json:item></author><host><volume>33</volume><pages><last>740</last><first>707</first></pages><author></author><title>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</title></host><title>Estimating divergence times from molecular data on population genetic and phylogenetic time scales</title></json:item><json:item><host><author></author><title>Avise LC ( 2000 ) Phylogeography: the History and Formation of Species . 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biology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2006</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2006</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03057.x</json:string></doi><id>556B046472153BA38DCFB3C423A9ACE17AE6006B</id><score>0.79062486</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/556B046472153BA38DCFB3C423A9ACE17AE6006B/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/556B046472153BA38DCFB3C423A9ACE17AE6006B/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/556B046472153BA38DCFB3C423A9ACE17AE6006B/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Phylogeography of the Bothrops jararaca complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><availability><p>WILEY</p></availability><date>2006</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>Supporting info item</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Phylogeography of the Bothrops jararaca complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">FELIPE G.</forename><surname>GRAZZIOTIN</surname></persName><affiliation>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">MARKUS</forename><surname>MONZEL</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Trier, Department of Biogeography, D‐54296 Trier, Germany,</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">SERGIO</forename><surname>ECHEVERRIGARAY</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Microbiologia Aplicada, UCS, 95070‐560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">SANDRO L.</forename><surname>BONATTO</surname></persName><affiliation>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Molecular Ecology</title><idno type="pISSN">0962-1083</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-294X</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2006-11"></date><biblScope unit="volume">15</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">13</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="3969">3969</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="3982">3982</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">556B046472153BA38DCFB3C423A9ACE17AE6006B</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03057.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MEC3057</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2006</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world's major biodiversity hotspots and is threatened by a severe habitat loss. Yet little is known about the processes that originated its remarkable richness of endemic species. Here we present results of a large‐scale survey of the genetic variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the pitviper, jararaca lancehead (Bothrops jararaca), and two closely related insular species (Bothrops insularis and Bothrops alcatraz), endemic of this region. Phylogenetic and network analyses revealed the existence of two well‐supported clades, exhibiting a southern and a northern distribution. The divergence time of these two phylogroups was estimated at 3.8 million years ago, in the Pliocene, a period of intense climatic changes and frequent fragmentation of the tropical rainforest. Our data also suggest that the two groups underwent a large size expansion between 50 000 and 100 000 years ago. However, the southern group showed a more marked signal of population size fluctuation than the northern group, corroborating evidences that southern forests may have suffered a more pronounced reduction in area in the late Pleistocene. The insular species B. alcatraz and B. insularis presented very low diversity, each one sharing haplotypes with mainland individuals placed in different subclades. Despite their marked morphological and behavioural uniqueness, these two insular species seem to have originated very recently and most likely from distinct costal B. jararaca populations, possibly associated with late Pleistocene or Holocene sea level fluctuations.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Bothrops alcatraz</term></item><item><term>Bothrops insularis</term></item><item><term>Bothrops jararaca</term></item><item><term>Brazilian Atlantic Forest</term></item><item><term>island speciation</term></item><item><term>phylogeography</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2006-11">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/556B046472153BA38DCFB3C423A9ACE17AE6006B/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</doi><issn type="print">0962-1083</issn><issn type="electronic">1365-294X</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="MEC"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="MOLECULAR ECOLOGY">Molecular Ecology</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="11113"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/mec.2006.15.issue-13</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="15">15</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="13">13</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2006-11">November 2006</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="9" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03057.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="MEC3057"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="14"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">ORIGINAL ARTICLES</title><title type="tocHeading2">Phylogeography, Speciation and Hybridization</title></titleGroup><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2006-09-20"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2006-09-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:3.3.5 mode:FullText" date="2014-09-29"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.3.5 mode:FullText" date="2014-09-29"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-31"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="3969">3969</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="3982">3982</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo> Felipe Gobbi Grazziotin, Fax: 55‐51‐33203612; E‐mail: <email>felipe.grazziotin@pucrs.br</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:MEC.MEC3057.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received 4 April 2006; revision accepted 19 June 2006</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="4"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="4"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="69"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="6873"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Phylogeography of the <i>Bothrops jararaca</i> complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</title><title type="shortAuthors">F. G. GRAZZIOTIN <i>ET AL.</i></title><title type="short">PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF <i>BOTHROPS JARARACA</i> COMPLEX</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>FELIPE G.</givenNames><familyName>GRAZZIOTIN</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>MARKUS</givenNames><familyName>MONZEL</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>SERGIO</givenNames><familyName>ECHEVERRIGARAY</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>SANDRO L.</givenNames><familyName>BONATTO</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="BR"><unparsedAffiliation>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="DE"><unparsedAffiliation>University of Trier, Department of Biogeography, D‐54296 Trier, Germany,</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="BR"><unparsedAffiliation>Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Microbiologia Aplicada, UCS, 95070‐560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1"><i>Bothrops alcatraz</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="k2"><i>Bothrops insularis</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="k3"><i>Bothrops jararaca</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">Brazilian Atlantic Forest</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">island speciation</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">phylogeography </keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting info item" href="urn-x:wiley:09621083:media:mec3057:MEC_3057_SuppTab"></mediaResource><caption>Supporting info item</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world's major biodiversity hotspots and is threatened by a severe habitat loss. Yet little is known about the processes that originated its remarkable richness of endemic species. Here we present results of a large‐scale survey of the genetic variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i> gene of the pitviper, jararaca lancehead (<i>Bothrops jararaca</i>), and two closely related insular species (<i>Bothrops insularis</i> and <i>Bothrops alcatraz</i>), endemic of this region. Phylogenetic and network analyses revealed the existence of two well‐supported clades, exhibiting a southern and a northern distribution. The divergence time of these two phylogroups was estimated at 3.8 million years ago, in the Pliocene, a period of intense climatic changes and frequent fragmentation of the tropical rainforest. Our data also suggest that the two groups underwent a large size expansion between 50 000 and 100 000 years ago. However, the southern group showed a more marked signal of population size fluctuation than the northern group, corroborating evidences that southern forests may have suffered a more pronounced reduction in area in the late Pleistocene. The insular species <i>B. alcatraz</i> and <i>B. insularis</i> presented very low diversity, each one sharing haplotypes with mainland individuals placed in different subclades. Despite their marked morphological and behavioural uniqueness, these two insular species seem to have originated very recently and most likely from distinct costal <i>B. jararaca</i> populations, possibly associated with late Pleistocene or Holocene sea level fluctuations.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Phylogeography of the Bothrops jararaca complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF BOTHROPS JARARACA COMPLEX</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Phylogeography of the Bothrops jararaca complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">FELIPE G.</namePart><namePart type="family">GRAZZIOTIN</namePart><affiliation>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MARKUS</namePart><namePart type="family">MONZEL</namePart><affiliation>University of Trier, Department of Biogeography, D‐54296 Trier, Germany,</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SERGIO</namePart><namePart type="family">ECHEVERRIGARAY</namePart><affiliation>Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Microbiologia Aplicada, UCS, 95070‐560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SANDRO L.</namePart><namePart type="family">BONATTO</namePart><affiliation>Centro de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, PUCRS, 90619‐900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2006-11</dateIssued><edition>Received 4 April 2006; revision accepted 19 June 2006</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2006</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">4</extent><extent unit="tables">4</extent><extent unit="references">69</extent><extent unit="words">6873</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world's major biodiversity hotspots and is threatened by a severe habitat loss. Yet little is known about the processes that originated its remarkable richness of endemic species. Here we present results of a large‐scale survey of the genetic variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the pitviper, jararaca lancehead (Bothrops jararaca), and two closely related insular species (Bothrops insularis and Bothrops alcatraz), endemic of this region. Phylogenetic and network analyses revealed the existence of two well‐supported clades, exhibiting a southern and a northern distribution. The divergence time of these two phylogroups was estimated at 3.8 million years ago, in the Pliocene, a period of intense climatic changes and frequent fragmentation of the tropical rainforest. Our data also suggest that the two groups underwent a large size expansion between 50 000 and 100 000 years ago. However, the southern group showed a more marked signal of population size fluctuation than the northern group, corroborating evidences that southern forests may have suffered a more pronounced reduction in area in the late Pleistocene. The insular species B. alcatraz and B. insularis presented very low diversity, each one sharing haplotypes with mainland individuals placed in different subclades. Despite their marked morphological and behavioural uniqueness, these two insular species seem to have originated very recently and most likely from distinct costal B. jararaca populations, possibly associated with late Pleistocene or Holocene sea level fluctuations.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Supporting info item</note><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Bothrops alcatraz</topic><topic>Bothrops insularis</topic><topic>Bothrops jararaca</topic><topic>Brazilian Atlantic Forest</topic><topic>island speciation</topic><topic>phylogeography</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0962-1083</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1365-294X</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">MEC</identifier><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>15</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>13</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>3969</start><end>3982</end><total>14</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">556B046472153BA38DCFB3C423A9ACE17AE6006B</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03057.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">MEC3057</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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