A retrospective study: form‐deprivation myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis
Identifieur interne : 000878 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000877; suivant : 000879A retrospective study: form‐deprivation myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis
Auteurs : Lijun Huo ; Dongmei Cui ; Xiao Yang ; Wenjuan Wan ; Ruiduan Liao ; Klaus Trier ; Junwen ZengSource :
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry [ 0816-4622 ] ; 2012-07.
English descriptors
Abstract
Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between unilateral congenital ptosis in patients older than eight years and their refractive state and spherical equivalent refraction (SER).
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00716.x
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last="Yang">Xiao Yang</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wan, Wenjuan" sort="Wan, Wenjuan" uniqKey="Wan W" first="Wenjuan" last="Wan">Wenjuan Wan</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, Ruiduan" sort="Liao, Ruiduan" uniqKey="Liao R" first="Ruiduan" last="Liao">Ruiduan Liao</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trier, Klaus" sort="Trier, Klaus" uniqKey="Trier K" first="Klaus" last="Trier">Klaus Trier</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Trier Research Laboratories, Hellerup, Denmark, E‐mail: cier72@163.com</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Junwen" sort="Zeng, Junwen" uniqKey="Zeng J" first="Junwen" last="Zeng">Junwen Zeng</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: cier72@163.com</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708</idno><date when="2012" year="2012">2012</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00716.x</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000878</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000878</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title 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Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wan, Wenjuan" sort="Wan, Wenjuan" uniqKey="Wan W" first="Wenjuan" last="Wan">Wenjuan Wan</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, Ruiduan" sort="Liao, Ruiduan" uniqKey="Liao R" first="Ruiduan" last="Liao">Ruiduan Liao</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trier, Klaus" sort="Trier, Klaus" uniqKey="Trier K" first="Klaus" last="Trier">Klaus Trier</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Trier Research Laboratories, Hellerup, Denmark, E‐mail: cier72@163.com</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Junwen" sort="Zeng, Junwen" uniqKey="Zeng J" first="Junwen" last="Zeng">Junwen Zeng</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: cier72@163.com</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Clinical and Experimental Optometry</title><idno type="ISSN">0816-4622</idno><idno type="eISSN">1444-0938</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisher><pubPlace>Melbourne, Australia</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2012-07">2012-07</date><biblScope unit="volume">95</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="404">404</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="409">409</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0816-4622</idno></series><idno type="istex">B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708</idno><idno 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Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Dongmei Cui PhD MD</name><affiliations><json:string>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Xiao Yang PhD MD</name><affiliations><json:string>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Wenjuan Wan MD</name><affiliations><json:string>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ruiduan Liao MD</name><affiliations><json:string>First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Klaus Trier MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Trier Research 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a retrospective study of 130 cases</title></json:item><json:item><author><json:item><name>GC Gusek‐Schneider</name></json:item><json:item><name>P Martus</name></json:item></author><host><volume>8</volume><pages><last>270</last><first>261</first></pages><author></author><title>Strabismus</title></host><title>Stimulus deprivation amblyopia in human congenital ptosis: a study of 100 patients</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>95</volume><publisherId><json:string>CXO</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>6</total><last>409</last><first>404</first></pages><issn><json:string>0816-4622</json:string></issn><issue>4</issue><subject><json:item><value>RESEARCH PAPER</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1444-0938</json:string></eissn><title>Clinical and Experimental Optometry</title><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1444-0938</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>ophthalmology</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>health sciences</json:string><json:string>clinical medicine</json:string><json:string>ophthalmology & optometry</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2012</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2012</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00716.x</json:string></doi><id>B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708</id><score>0.1878414</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">A retrospective study: form‐deprivation myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisher><pubPlace>Melbourne, Australia</pubPlace><availability><p>Clinical and Experimental Optometry © 2012 Optometrists Association Australia© 2012 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Optometry © 2012 Optometrists Association Australia</p></availability><date>2012</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">A retrospective study: form‐deprivation myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Lijun</forename><surname>Huo</surname></persName><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation><affiliation>First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Dongmei</forename><surname>Cui</surname></persName><roleName type="degree">PhD MD</roleName><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Xiao</forename><surname>Yang</surname></persName><roleName type="degree">PhD MD</roleName><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Wenjuan</forename><surname>Wan</surname></persName><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Ruiduan</forename><surname>Liao</surname></persName><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName><affiliation>First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Klaus</forename><surname>Trier</surname></persName><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName><affiliation>Trier Research Laboratories, Hellerup, Denmark, E‐mail: cier72@163.com</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">Junwen</forename><surname>Zeng</surname></persName><roleName type="degree">PhD MD</roleName><email>cier72@163.com</email><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Clinical and Experimental Optometry</title><idno type="pISSN">0816-4622</idno><idno type="eISSN">1444-0938</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1444-0938</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisher><pubPlace>Melbourne, Australia</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2012-07"></date><biblScope unit="volume">95</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="404">404</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="409">409</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00716.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">CXO716</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2012</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between unilateral congenital ptosis in patients older than eight years and their refractive state and spherical equivalent refraction (SER).</p></abstract><abstract><p>Methods: The study involved a review of the clinical records of 85 patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University between 1998 and 2010 with unilateral congenital ptosis. The average age was 16.83 years (nine to 27 years). The patients were classified into mild (27 cases), moderate (37 cases) or severe (21 cases) ptosis according to the degree of the droopy eyelid covering the cornea. The fellow eyes served as controls.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Results: In 85 eyes with unilateral ptosis, the frequency of myopia (SER of ‐0.50 D or more myopia) was significantly higher than in the fellow eye (47 versus 32, p = 0.031). The frequency of myopia in eyes with severe unilateral ptosis was significantly higher than in the fellow eyes (16 versus 7, p = 0.012), whereas there were no significant differences in patients with mild (15/27 versus 13/27, p = 0.79) or moderate (16/37 versus 12/37, p = 0.47) unilateral ptosis. Similarly, the SER was significantly more myopic in eyes with severe ptosis compared with the fellow eye (‐1.37 D versus ‐0.85 D, p = 0.01), whereas no significant differences were found in patients with mild or moderate unilateral ptosis.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Conclusions: The results showed a higher frequency of myopia and more myopic SER in eyes with severe unilateral ptosis compared with the fellow eye. The myopia found in eyes with unilateral ptosis might be caused by a mechanism similar to that resulting in myopia among animals subjected to form deprivation. It is important to pay attention to possible refractive error in patients with unilateral ptosis. Surgical correction of unilateral ptosis at an early age is recommended.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>congenital ptosis</term></item><item><term>form‐deprivation myopia</term></item><item><term>myopia</term></item><item><term>retrospective</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>RESEARCH PAPER</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2012-07">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisherName><publisherLoc>Melbourne, Australia</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1444-0938</doi><issn type="print">0816-4622</issn><issn type="electronic">1444-0938</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="CXO"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="CLINICAL EXPERIMENTAL OPTOMETRY">Clinical and Experimental Optometry</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="07104"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/cxo.2012.95.issue-4</doi><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Clinical and Experimental Optometry © 2012 Optometrists Association Australia</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering number="95" type="journalVolume">95</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">4</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2012-07">July 2012</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="40" status="forIssue" type="article"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00716.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="CXO716"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="6"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">RESEARCH PAPERS</title><title type="articleCategory">RESEARCH PAPER</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2012 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Optometry © 2012 Optometrists Association Australia</copyright><eventGroup><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:3.1.5.1 mode:FullText" date="2012-07-06"></event><event date="2012-07-09" type="xmlCorrected"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2012-04-11"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2012-04-11"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2012-07-12"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-16"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.3.7 mode:FullText" date="2015-03-24"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">404</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">409</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Professor Junwen Zeng, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510060, CHINA, E‐mail: <email>cier72@163.com</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:CXO.CXO716.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Submitted: 7 June 2011; Revised: 28 November 2011; Accepted for publication: 30 November 2011</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="4"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="21"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="3442"></count><count type="linksPubMed" number="0"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="0"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">A retrospective study: form‐deprivation myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis</title><title type="shortAuthors">Huo, Cui, Yang, Wan, Liao, Trier and Zeng</title><title type="short">Form‐deprivation myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1 #a2"><personName><givenNames>Lijun</givenNames><familyName>Huo</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Dongmei</givenNames><familyName>Cui</familyName><degrees>PhD MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Xiao</givenNames><familyName>Yang</familyName><degrees>PhD MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Wenjuan</givenNames><familyName>Wan</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>Ruiduan</givenNames><familyName>Liao</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr6" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>Klaus</givenNames><familyName>Trier</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr7" affiliationRef="#a1" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Junwen</givenNames><familyName>Zeng</familyName><degrees>PhD MD</degrees></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="CN"><unparsedAffiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="CN"><unparsedAffiliation>First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="DK"><unparsedAffiliation> Trier Research Laboratories, Hellerup, Denmark, E‐mail: <email>cier72@163.com</email></unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">congenital ptosis</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">form‐deprivation myopia</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">myopia</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">retrospective</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Background: </b> The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between unilateral congenital ptosis in patients older than eight years and their refractive state and spherical equivalent refraction (SER).</p><p><b>Methods: </b> The study involved a review of the clinical records of 85 patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University between 1998 and 2010 with unilateral congenital ptosis. The average age was 16.83 years (nine to 27 years). The patients were classified into mild (27 cases), moderate (37 cases) or severe (21 cases) ptosis according to the degree of the droopy eyelid covering the cornea. The fellow eyes served as controls.</p><p><b>Results: </b> In 85 eyes with unilateral ptosis, the frequency of myopia (SER of ‐0.50 D or more myopia) was significantly higher than in the fellow eye (47 versus 32, p = 0.031). The frequency of myopia in eyes with severe unilateral ptosis was significantly higher than in the fellow eyes (16 versus 7, p = 0.012), whereas there were no significant differences in patients with mild (15/27 versus 13/27, p = 0.79) or moderate (16/37 versus 12/37, p = 0.47) unilateral ptosis. Similarly, the SER was significantly more myopic in eyes with severe ptosis compared with the fellow eye (‐1.37 D versus ‐0.85 D, p = 0.01), whereas no significant differences were found in patients with mild or moderate unilateral ptosis.</p><p><b>Conclusions: </b> The results showed a higher frequency of myopia and more myopic SER in eyes with severe unilateral ptosis compared with the fellow eye. The myopia found in eyes with unilateral ptosis might be caused by a mechanism similar to that resulting in myopia among animals subjected to form deprivation. It is important to pay attention to possible refractive error in patients with unilateral ptosis. Surgical correction of unilateral ptosis at an early age is recommended.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>A retrospective study: form‐deprivation myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Form‐deprivation myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>A retrospective study: form‐deprivation myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lijun</namePart><namePart type="family">Huo</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation><affiliation>First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dongmei</namePart><namePart type="family">Cui</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">PhD MD</namePart><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Xiao</namePart><namePart type="family">Yang</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">PhD MD</namePart><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Wenjuan</namePart><namePart type="family">Wan</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ruiduan</namePart><namePart type="family">Liao</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Klaus</namePart><namePart type="family">Trier</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Trier Research Laboratories, Hellerup, Denmark, E‐mail: cier72@163.com</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Junwen</namePart><namePart type="family">Zeng</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">PhD MD</namePart><affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: cier72@163.com</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Asia</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Melbourne, Australia</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012-07</dateIssued><edition>Submitted: 7 June 2011; Revised: 28 November 2011; Accepted for publication: 30 November 2011</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">4</extent><extent unit="tables">1</extent><extent unit="references">21</extent><extent unit="words">3442</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between unilateral congenital ptosis in patients older than eight years and their refractive state and spherical equivalent refraction (SER).</abstract><abstract>Methods: The study involved a review of the clinical records of 85 patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University between 1998 and 2010 with unilateral congenital ptosis. The average age was 16.83 years (nine to 27 years). The patients were classified into mild (27 cases), moderate (37 cases) or severe (21 cases) ptosis according to the degree of the droopy eyelid covering the cornea. The fellow eyes served as controls.</abstract><abstract>Results: In 85 eyes with unilateral ptosis, the frequency of myopia (SER of ‐0.50 D or more myopia) was significantly higher than in the fellow eye (47 versus 32, p = 0.031). The frequency of myopia in eyes with severe unilateral ptosis was significantly higher than in the fellow eyes (16 versus 7, p = 0.012), whereas there were no significant differences in patients with mild (15/27 versus 13/27, p = 0.79) or moderate (16/37 versus 12/37, p = 0.47) unilateral ptosis. Similarly, the SER was significantly more myopic in eyes with severe ptosis compared with the fellow eye (‐1.37 D versus ‐0.85 D, p = 0.01), whereas no significant differences were found in patients with mild or moderate unilateral ptosis.</abstract><abstract>Conclusions: The results showed a higher frequency of myopia and more myopic SER in eyes with severe unilateral ptosis compared with the fellow eye. The myopia found in eyes with unilateral ptosis might be caused by a mechanism similar to that resulting in myopia among animals subjected to form deprivation. It is important to pay attention to possible refractive error in patients with unilateral ptosis. Surgical correction of unilateral ptosis at an early age is recommended.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>congenital ptosis</topic><topic>form‐deprivation myopia</topic><topic>myopia</topic><topic>retrospective</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Clinical and Experimental Optometry</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>RESEARCH PAPER</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0816-4622</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1444-0938</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1444-0938</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">CXO</identifier><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>95</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>404</start><end>409</end><total>6</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">B324793C6FAAFE3273BD31331CD49B743F1B5708</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00716.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">CXO716</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Clinical and Experimental Optometry © 2012 Optometrists Association Australia© 2012 The Authors. 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