Long-term exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether impairs CD8 T-cell function in adult mice
Identifieur interne : 000055 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000054; suivant : 000056Long-term exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether impairs CD8 T-cell function in adult mice
Auteurs : Weihong Zeng [République populaire de Chine] ; Ying Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhicui Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Asma Khanniche [République populaire de Chine] ; Qingliang Hu [République populaire de Chine] ; Yan Feng [République populaire de Chine] ; Weiyi Ye [République populaire de Chine] ; Jianglong Yang [République populaire de Chine] ; Shujun Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Lin Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Hao Shen [République populaire de Chine, États-Unis] ; Yan Wang [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology [ 1672-7681 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that accumulate to high levels in human populations that are subject to occupational or regional industry exposure. PBDEs have been shown to affect human neuronal, endocrine and reproductive systems, but their effect on the immune system is not well understood. In this study, experimental adult mice were intragastrically administered 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) at doses of 8, 80 or 800 mg/kg of body weight (bw) at 2-day intervals. Our results showed that continuous exposure to BDE-209 resulted in high levels of BDE-209 in the plasma that approached the levels found in people who work in professions with high risks of PDBE exposure. Reduced leukocytes, decreased cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) production and lower CD8 T-cell proliferation were observed in the mice exposed to BDE-209. Additionally, mice with long-term BDE-209 exposure had lower numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T cells after immunization with recombinant
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.16
PubMed: 24705197
PubMed Central: 4085518
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Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24705197</idno><idno type="pmc">4085518</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4085518</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4085518</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/cmi.2014.16</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000055</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000055</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Long-term exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether impairs CD8 T-cell function in adult mice</title><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Weihong" sort="Zeng, Weihong" uniqKey="Zeng W" first="Weihong" last="Zeng">Weihong Zeng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>College of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ying" sort="Wang, Ying" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Ying" last="Wang">Ying Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Zhicui" sort="Liu, Zhicui" uniqKey="Liu Z" first="Zhicui" last="Liu">Zhicui Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khanniche, Asma" sort="Khanniche, Asma" uniqKey="Khanniche A" first="Asma" last="Khanniche">Asma Khanniche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Qingliang" sort="Hu, Qingliang" uniqKey="Hu Q" first="Qingliang" last="Hu">Qingliang Hu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>College of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Yan" sort="Feng, Yan" uniqKey="Feng Y" first="Yan" last="Feng">Yan Feng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>College of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Weiyi" sort="Ye, Weiyi" uniqKey="Ye W" first="Weiyi" last="Ye">Weiyi Ye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jianglong" sort="Yang, Jianglong" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jianglong" last="Yang">Jianglong Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Shujun" sort="Wang, Shujun" uniqKey="Wang S" first="Shujun" last="Wang">Shujun Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Lin" sort="Zhou, Lin" uniqKey="Zhou L" first="Lin" last="Zhou">Lin Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Hao" sort="Shen, Hao" uniqKey="Shen H" first="Hao" last="Shen">Hao Shen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine</institution>, Philadelphia, PA,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yan" sort="Wang, Yan" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yan" last="Wang">Yan Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>College of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Cellular and Molecular Immunology</title><idno type="ISSN">1672-7681</idno><idno type="eISSN">2042-0226</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that accumulate to high levels in human populations that are subject to occupational or regional industry exposure. PBDEs have been shown to affect human neuronal, endocrine and reproductive systems, but their effect on the immune system is not well understood. In this study, experimental adult mice were intragastrically administered 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) at doses of 8, 80 or 800 mg/kg of body weight (bw) at 2-day intervals. Our results showed that continuous exposure to BDE-209 resulted in high levels of BDE-209 in the plasma that approached the levels found in people who work in professions with high risks of PDBE exposure. Reduced leukocytes, decreased cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) production and lower CD8 T-cell proliferation were observed in the mice exposed to BDE-209. Additionally, mice with long-term BDE-209 exposure had lower numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T cells after immunization with recombinant <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> expressing ovalbumin (rLm-OVA) and the OVA-specific CD8 T cells had reduced functionality. Taken together, our study demonstrates that continuous BDE-209 exposure causes adverse effects on the number and functionality of immune cells in adult mice.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rahman, F" uniqKey="Rahman F">F Rahman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langford, Kh" uniqKey="Langford K">KH Langford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scrimshaw, Md" uniqKey="Scrimshaw M">MD Scrimshaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lester, Jn" uniqKey="Lester J">JN Lester</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Costa, Lg" uniqKey="Costa L">LG Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giordano, G" uniqKey="Giordano G">G Giordano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Petreas, M" uniqKey="Petreas M">M Petreas</name></author><author><name sortKey="She, J" uniqKey="She J">J She</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Fr" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Cell Mol Immunol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Cell. Mol. Immunol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Cellular and Molecular Immunology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1672-7681</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2042-0226</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24705197</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4085518</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">cmi201416</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/cmi.2014.16</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Long-term exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether impairs CD8 T-cell function in adult mice</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running">Effects of BDE-209 exposure on immune cells</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>Weihong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Ying</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Zhicui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khanniche</surname><given-names>Asma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Qingliang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>Yan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>Weiyi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Jianglong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Shujun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Lin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>Hao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Yan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>College of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><institution>Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine</institution>, Philadelphia, PA,<country>USA</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="caf1"><label>*</label><institution>College of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Room 605, Building of Science and Teaching, No. 227, South Chongqing Road</institution>, Shanghai 200025, <country>China</country>. E-mail: <email>wangyan@shsmu.edu.cn</email></corresp><corresp id="caf2"><label>*</label><institution>Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine</institution>, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, <country>USA</country>. E-mail: <email>hshen@mail.med.upenn.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>07</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>367</fpage><lpage>376</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day><month>08</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Chinese Society of Immunology and The University of Science and Technology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Chinese Society of Immunology and The University of Science and Technology</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, user swill need toobtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that accumulate to high levels in human populations that are subject to occupational or regional industry exposure. PBDEs have been shown to affect human neuronal, endocrine and reproductive systems, but their effect on the immune system is not well understood. In this study, experimental adult mice were intragastrically administered 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) at doses of 8, 80 or 800 mg/kg of body weight (bw) at 2-day intervals. Our results showed that continuous exposure to BDE-209 resulted in high levels of BDE-209 in the plasma that approached the levels found in people who work in professions with high risks of PDBE exposure. Reduced leukocytes, decreased cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) production and lower CD8 T-cell proliferation were observed in the mice exposed to BDE-209. Additionally, mice with long-term BDE-209 exposure had lower numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T cells after immunization with recombinant <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> expressing ovalbumin (rLm-OVA) and the OVA-specific CD8 T cells had reduced functionality. Taken together, our study demonstrates that continuous BDE-209 exposure causes adverse effects on the number and functionality of immune cells in adult mice.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>BDE-209</kwd><kwd>CD8 T cells</kwd><kwd>continuous exposure</kwd><kwd>immunotoxicity</kwd><kwd>T-cell functions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Long-term BDE-209 exposure resulted in a high burden of BDE-209 in the plasma, retarded growth and reduced leukocytes in the peripheral blood. The BDE-209-exposed mice were intragastrically administered BDE-209 at a dose of 800 mg/kg bw at 2-day intervals. (<bold>a</bold>) The BDE-209 concentration in the plasma was determined by GC–MS under the NCI mode at day 7 and months 1, 2, 5 and 7 (<italic>n</italic>=10 mice per group, *<italic>P</italic><0.05 and ***<italic>P</italic><0.001 compared to the control group, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-tests, the means±s.d. are depicted). (<bold>b</bold>) Body weight was monitored over a period of 7 months (<italic>n</italic>=10 mice per group, *<italic>P</italic><0.05 compared to control group, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-tests, the means±s.d. are depicted). (<bold>c</bold>) Peripheral blood was collected from control and BDE-209-exposed mice at month 7, and the hematological parameters, including leukocytes (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), hemoglobin (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), were detected by a CAD (**<italic>P</italic><0.01, unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic>-test, the means±s.d. are depicted). BDE, brominated diphenyl ether; bw, body weight; CAD, Coulter AcT Diff hematology analyzer; GC–MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; NCI, negative chemical ionization.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cmi201416f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>The effects of BDE-209 exposure on the body weight and the number of immune cells in the peripheral blood and spleen. BDE-209-exposed mice were intragastrically administered BDE-209 at doses of 8, 80 or 800 mg/kg bw at 2-day intervals. (<bold>a</bold>) The body weight was evaluated at month 3. (<bold>b</bold>) The immune cells, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils, in the peripheral blood were detected by a HEMAVET 950 multispecies hematology instrument (DREW Scientific Inc.) at month 1. (<bold>c</bold>, <bold>d</bold>) Splenocytes were collected from control mice and BDE-209-exposed mice at month 3, and the numbers of CD4 T (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>), CD8 T (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup>) and B cells (B220<sup>+</sup>), as well as monocytes (CD11b<sup>+</sup>Ly6C<sup>hi</sup>), neutrophils (CD11b<sup>+</sup>Ly6C<sup>mid</sup>) and dendritic cells (CD11b<sup>+</sup>CD11c<sup>+</sup>) in the spleen were calculated by flow cytometry through staining with anti-CD3e, anti-CD4, anti-CD8a, anti-B220, anti-CD11b, anti-Ly6C and anti-CD11c (*<italic>P</italic><0.05, **<italic>P</italic><0.01, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-tests, the means±s.d. are depicted). BDE, brominated diphenyl ether; bw, body weight.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cmi201416f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Long-term exposure to BDE-209 at a dose of 800 mg/kg bw had adverse effects on the functionality of CD8 T cells in the peripheral blood. The cytokine production by CD8 T cells in the peripheral blood was measured by ICS following stimulation with PMA (50 ng/ml) and ionomycin (500 ng/ml) for 5 h <italic>in vitro</italic>. (<bold>a</bold>) Comparison of the IFN-γ and IL-2 expression by CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells between the control mice and the BDE-209-exposed mice at month 7. As shown in the flow diagram (gated on CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells), the percentages (%) indicate the IFN-γ- or IL-2-positive population of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (left panels). The bar graphs display the corresponding statistical results of IFN-γ<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells or IL-2<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells between the control and BDE-209-exposed mice. (<bold>b</bold>) Polyfunctional CD8 T cells were detected by ICS with multicolor flow cytometry in control and BDE-209-exposed mice at month 7. The percentages of four combinations of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α expression of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells are shown in the pie charts (three cytokines: IFN-γ<sup>+</sup>TNF-α<sup>+</sup>IL-2<sup>+</sup>; two cytokines: IFN-γ<sup>+</sup>TNF-α<sup>+</sup>IL-2<sup>−</sup>, IFN-γ<sup>+</sup>TNF-α<sup>−</sup>IL-2<sup>+</sup> and IFN-γ<sup>−</sup>TNF-α<sup>+</sup>IL-2<sup>+</sup>; one cytokine: IFN-γ<sup>+</sup>TNF-α<sup>−</sup>IL-2<sup>−</sup>, IFN-γ<sup>−</sup>TNF-α<sup>−</sup>IL-2<sup>+</sup> and IFN-γ<sup>−</sup>TNF-α<sup>+</sup>IL-2<sup>−</sup>; no cytokines: IFN-γ<sup>−</sup>TNF-α<sup>−</sup>IL-2<sup>−</sup>). (<bold>c</bold>) Kinetics of the percentages of IFN-γ<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> (left) or IL-2<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> (right) T cells from months 1 to 5 in the control and BDE-209-exposed mice. The data in <bold>a</bold> were analyzed using an unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic>-test, and the data in <bold>c</bold> were assessed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (with Bonferroni post-tests) (<italic>n</italic>=10 per group, the means±s.d. are depicted, *<italic>P</italic><0.05 and **<italic>P</italic><0.01 compared to the control group). BDE, brominated diphenyl ether; bw, body weight; ICS, intracellular cytokine staining.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cmi201416f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Continuous BDE-209 exposure impaired proliferation and induced apoptosis of CD8 T cells. (<bold>a</bold>) PBMCs from control mice and mice administered BDE-209 at a dose of 800 mg/kg bw were labeled with CFSE (5 µM) and stimulated with pre-bound anti-CD3e (2 µg/ml) plus soluble anti-CD28 (5 µg/ml) for 0, 48 or 72 h. The proliferation of CD8 T cells was visualized by FACS analysis of CFSE fluorescence in CD8<sup>+</sup> cells (solid lines, control mice; dotted lines, BDE-209-exposed mice). (<bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold>) Mice were intragastrically administered BDE-209 at a dose of 8, 80 or 800 mg/kg bw at 2-day intervals, and splenic CD8 T cells were purified from the control mice and BDE-209-exposed mice using a FACS Aria II based on the surface expression of CD3 and CD8 (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup>) at month 3. The purified splenic-CD8 T cells were labeled with CFSE (5 µM) and then stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs coupled to magnetic beads at a cell-bead ratio of 4∶1 for 72 h (dotted lines, unstimulated splenic CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells). The proliferation (<bold>b</bold>) and the proportions of early (Annexin V<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>−</sup>) and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>+</sup>) cells (<bold>c</bold>) were evaluated by FACS analysis of the CD8<sup>+</sup> cells. Each group included five mice; representative images are shown. BDE, brominated diphenyl ether; bw, body weight; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cmi201416f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Long-term BDE-209 exposure at a dose of 800 mg/kg bw decreased the abundance of memory-phenotype CD8 T cells in the peripheral blood. The percentages of central memory (T<sub>CM</sub>, CD44<sup>hi</sup>CD62L<sup>hi</sup>) and effector memory (T<sub>EM</sub>, CD44<sup>hi</sup>CD62L<sup>lo</sup>) phenotype CD8 T cells were determined by flow cytometry. (<bold>a</bold>) Flow diagrams (left) and bar graphs (right) show the percentages of T<sub>CM</sub> and T<sub>EM</sub> CD8 T cells in control and BDE-209-exposed mice at month 7 (<italic>n</italic>=8 per group, *<italic>P</italic><0.05, unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic>-test, the means±s.d.). (<bold>b</bold>) Kinetics of the percentages of T<sub>CM</sub> and T<sub>EM</sub> in CD8 T cells from months 1 to 7 in control and BDE-209-exposed mice (<italic>n</italic>=8 per group, *<italic>P</italic><0.05 compared to the control group, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-tests, the means±s.d. are depicted). BDE, brominated diphenyl ether; bw, body weight.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cmi201416f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Long-term BDE-209 exposure impairs antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses. At month 10, control mice and mice exposed to BDE-209 at a dose of 800 mg/kg bw were infected with rLm-OVA (intravenously) at a dose of 5×10<sup>4</sup> CFU/mouse. Seven days later, OVA<sub>257–264</sub>-specific CD8 T cells in peripheral blood were detected by MHC/peptide tetramers or intracellular cytokine staining. (<bold>a</bold>, <bold>b</bold>) Detection of OVA<sub>257–264</sub>-specific CD8 T cells by MHC/peptide tetramers (K<sup>b</sup>/OVA<sub>257–264</sub>, <bold>a</bold>) or intracellular IFN-γ (IFN-γ<sup>+</sup>/OVA<sub>257–264</sub>, <bold>b</bold>) staining. (<bold>c</bold>) Detection of OVA<sub>257–264</sub>-specific polyfunctional CD8 T cells by intracellular cytokine staining with multicolor flow cytometry. Polyfunctional CD8 T cells were considered the population of IFN-γ<sup>+</sup>TNF-α<sup>+</sup> (double-positive) cells gated on CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. The data were assessed using an unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic>-test (<italic>n</italic>=8 per group, the means±s.d. are depicted, *<italic>P</italic><0.05, **<italic>P</italic><0.01). BDE, brominated diphenyl ether; bw, body weight.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cmi201416f6"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zeng, Weihong" sort="Zeng, Weihong" uniqKey="Zeng W" first="Weihong" last="Zeng">Weihong Zeng</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Feng, Yan" sort="Feng, Yan" uniqKey="Feng Y" first="Yan" last="Feng">Yan Feng</name><name sortKey="Hu, Qingliang" sort="Hu, Qingliang" uniqKey="Hu Q" first="Qingliang" last="Hu">Qingliang Hu</name><name sortKey="Khanniche, Asma" sort="Khanniche, Asma" uniqKey="Khanniche A" first="Asma" last="Khanniche">Asma Khanniche</name><name sortKey="Liu, Zhicui" sort="Liu, Zhicui" uniqKey="Liu Z" first="Zhicui" last="Liu">Zhicui Liu</name><name sortKey="Liu, Zhicui" sort="Liu, Zhicui" uniqKey="Liu Z" first="Zhicui" last="Liu">Zhicui Liu</name><name sortKey="Shen, Hao" sort="Shen, Hao" uniqKey="Shen H" first="Hao" last="Shen">Hao Shen</name><name sortKey="Wang, Shujun" sort="Wang, Shujun" uniqKey="Wang S" first="Shujun" last="Wang">Shujun Wang</name><name sortKey="Wang, Yan" sort="Wang, Yan" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yan" last="Wang">Yan Wang</name><name sortKey="Wang, Ying" sort="Wang, Ying" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Ying" last="Wang">Ying Wang</name><name sortKey="Yang, Jianglong" sort="Yang, Jianglong" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jianglong" last="Yang">Jianglong Yang</name><name sortKey="Ye, Weiyi" sort="Ye, Weiyi" uniqKey="Ye W" first="Weiyi" last="Ye">Weiyi Ye</name><name sortKey="Zeng, Weihong" sort="Zeng, Weihong" uniqKey="Zeng W" first="Weihong" last="Zeng">Weihong Zeng</name><name sortKey="Zhou, Lin" sort="Zhou, Lin" uniqKey="Zhou L" first="Lin" last="Zhou">Lin Zhou</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Shen, Hao" sort="Shen, Hao" uniqKey="Shen H" first="Hao" last="Shen">Hao Shen</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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