Sterilization of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus by using knockdown agent, antisense morpholino oligonucleotide, against dead end gene.
Identifieur interne : 000109 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000108; suivant : 000110Sterilization of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus by using knockdown agent, antisense morpholino oligonucleotide, against dead end gene.
Auteurs : Zuzana Linhartová ; Taiju Saito ; Vojt Ch Kašpar ; Marek Rodina ; Eva Prášková ; Seishi Hagihara ; Martin Pšeni KaSource :
- Theriogenology [ 1879-3231 ] ; 2015.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Base Sequence, Cell Death, DNA, Complementary (chemistry), Female, Fishes (genetics), Gene Knockdown Techniques (methods), Gene Knockdown Techniques (veterinary), Germ Cells (physiology), Gonads (chemistry), Male, Morpholinos (administration & dosage), Oligonucleotides, Antisense (administration & dosage), RNA-Binding Proteins (analysis), RNA-Binding Proteins (genetics), Sequence Alignment, Sterilization, Reproductive (methods), Sterilization, Reproductive (veterinary).
- MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Morpholinos, Oligonucleotides, Antisense.
- chemical , analysis : RNA-Binding Proteins.
- chemical , chemistry : DNA, Complementary.
- chemistry : Gonads.
- genetics : Fishes, RNA-Binding Proteins.
- methods : Gene Knockdown Techniques, Sterilization, Reproductive.
- physiology : Germ Cells.
- veterinary : Gene Knockdown Techniques, Sterilization, Reproductive.
- Animals, Base Sequence, Cell Death, Female, Male, Sequence Alignment.
Abstract
Sturgeons (chondrostean, acipenseridae) are ancient fish species, widely known for their caviar. Nowadays, most of them are critically endangered. The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is a common Eurasian sturgeon species with a small body size and the fastest reproductive cycle among sturgeons. Such species can be used as a host for surrogate production; application is of value for recovery of critically endangered and huge sturgeon species with an extremely long reproductive cycle. One prerequisite for production of the donor's gametes only is to have a sterile host. Commonly used sterilization techniques in fishes such as triploidization or hybridization do not guarantee sterility in sturgeon. Alternatively, sterilization can be achieved by using a temporary germ cell exclusion-specific gene by a knockdown agent, the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO). The targeted gene for the MO is the dead end gene (dnd) which is a vertebrate-specific gene encoding a RNA-binding protein which is crucial for migration and survival of primordial germ cells (PGCs). For this purpose, a dnd homologue of Russian sturgeon (Agdnd), resulting in the same sequence in the start codon region with isolated fragments of sterlet dnd (Ardnd), was used. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed tissue-specific expression of Ardnd only in the gonads of both sexes. Dnd-MO for depletion of PGCs together with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-biotin-dextran for PGCs labeling was injected into the vegetal region of one- to four-cell-stage sterlet embryos. In the control groups, only FITC was injected to validate the injection method and labeling of PGCs. After optimization of MO concentration together with volume injection, 250-μM MO was applied for sterilization of sturgeon embryos. Primordial germ cells were detected under a fluorescent stereomicroscope in the genital ridge of the FITC-labeled control group only, whereas no PGCs were present in the body cavities of morphants at 21 days after fertilization. Moreover, the body cavities of MO-treated and nontreated fish were examined by histology and in situ hybridization, showing gonads which had no germ cells in morphants at various stages (60, 150, and 210 days after fertilization). Taken together, these results report the first known and functional method of sturgeon sterilization.
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.003
PubMed: 26248520
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:26248520Le document en format XML
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Electronic address: linhartova@frov.jcu.cz.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saito, Taiju" sort="Saito, Taiju" uniqKey="Saito T" first="Taiju" last="Saito">Taiju Saito</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaspar, Vojt Ch" sort="Kaspar, Vojt Ch" uniqKey="Kaspar V" first="Vojt Ch" last="Kašpar">Vojt Ch Kašpar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodina, Marek" sort="Rodina, Marek" uniqKey="Rodina M" first="Marek" last="Rodina">Marek Rodina</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Praskova, Eva" sort="Praskova, Eva" uniqKey="Praskova E" first="Eva" last="Prášková">Eva Prášková</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hagihara, Seishi" sort="Hagihara, Seishi" uniqKey="Hagihara S" first="Seishi" last="Hagihara">Seishi Hagihara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pseni Ka, Martin" sort="Pseni Ka, Martin" uniqKey="Pseni Ka M" first="Martin" last="Pšeni Ka">Martin Pšeni Ka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26248520</idno><idno type="pmid">26248520</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.003</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000109</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000109</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Sterilization of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus by using knockdown agent, antisense morpholino oligonucleotide, against dead end gene.</title><author><name sortKey="Linhartova, Zuzana" sort="Linhartova, Zuzana" uniqKey="Linhartova Z" first="Zuzana" last="Linhartová">Zuzana Linhartová</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: linhartova@frov.jcu.cz.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saito, Taiju" sort="Saito, Taiju" uniqKey="Saito T" first="Taiju" last="Saito">Taiju Saito</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaspar, Vojt Ch" sort="Kaspar, Vojt Ch" uniqKey="Kaspar V" first="Vojt Ch" last="Kašpar">Vojt Ch Kašpar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodina, Marek" sort="Rodina, Marek" uniqKey="Rodina M" first="Marek" last="Rodina">Marek Rodina</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Praskova, Eva" sort="Praskova, Eva" uniqKey="Praskova E" first="Eva" last="Prášková">Eva Prášková</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hagihara, Seishi" sort="Hagihara, Seishi" uniqKey="Hagihara S" first="Seishi" last="Hagihara">Seishi Hagihara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pseni Ka, Martin" sort="Pseni Ka, Martin" uniqKey="Pseni Ka M" first="Martin" last="Pšeni Ka">Martin Pšeni Ka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Theriogenology</title><idno type="eISSN">1879-3231</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Cell Death</term><term>DNA, Complementary (chemistry)</term><term>Female</term><term>Fishes (genetics)</term><term>Gene Knockdown Techniques (methods)</term><term>Gene Knockdown Techniques (veterinary)</term><term>Germ Cells (physiology)</term><term>Gonads (chemistry)</term><term>Male</term><term>Morpholinos (administration & dosage)</term><term>Oligonucleotides, Antisense (administration & dosage)</term><term>RNA-Binding Proteins (analysis)</term><term>RNA-Binding Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Sequence Alignment</term><term>Sterilization, Reproductive (methods)</term><term>Sterilization, Reproductive (veterinary)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="administration & dosage" xml:lang="en"><term>Morpholinos</term><term>Oligonucleotides, Antisense</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA-Binding Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>DNA, Complementary</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Gonads</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Fishes</term><term>RNA-Binding Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Gene Knockdown Techniques</term><term>Sterilization, Reproductive</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Germ Cells</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="veterinary" xml:lang="en"><term>Gene Knockdown Techniques</term><term>Sterilization, Reproductive</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Cell Death</term><term>Female</term><term>Male</term><term>Sequence Alignment</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Sturgeons (chondrostean, acipenseridae) are ancient fish species, widely known for their caviar. Nowadays, most of them are critically endangered. The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is a common Eurasian sturgeon species with a small body size and the fastest reproductive cycle among sturgeons. Such species can be used as a host for surrogate production; application is of value for recovery of critically endangered and huge sturgeon species with an extremely long reproductive cycle. One prerequisite for production of the donor's gametes only is to have a sterile host. Commonly used sterilization techniques in fishes such as triploidization or hybridization do not guarantee sterility in sturgeon. Alternatively, sterilization can be achieved by using a temporary germ cell exclusion-specific gene by a knockdown agent, the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO). The targeted gene for the MO is the dead end gene (dnd) which is a vertebrate-specific gene encoding a RNA-binding protein which is crucial for migration and survival of primordial germ cells (PGCs). For this purpose, a dnd homologue of Russian sturgeon (Agdnd), resulting in the same sequence in the start codon region with isolated fragments of sterlet dnd (Ardnd), was used. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed tissue-specific expression of Ardnd only in the gonads of both sexes. Dnd-MO for depletion of PGCs together with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-biotin-dextran for PGCs labeling was injected into the vegetal region of one- to four-cell-stage sterlet embryos. In the control groups, only FITC was injected to validate the injection method and labeling of PGCs. After optimization of MO concentration together with volume injection, 250-μM MO was applied for sterilization of sturgeon embryos. Primordial germ cells were detected under a fluorescent stereomicroscope in the genital ridge of the FITC-labeled control group only, whereas no PGCs were present in the body cavities of morphants at 21 days after fertilization. Moreover, the body cavities of MO-treated and nontreated fish were examined by histology and in situ hybridization, showing gonads which had no germ cells in morphants at various stages (60, 150, and 210 days after fertilization). Taken together, these results report the first known and functional method of sturgeon sterilization.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26248520</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>10</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>10</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2015</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1879-3231</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>84</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Oct</Month><Day>15</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Theriogenology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Theriogenology</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Sterilization of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus by using knockdown agent, antisense morpholino oligonucleotide, against dead end gene.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1246-1255.e1</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.003</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0093-691X(15)00345-3</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Sturgeons (chondrostean, acipenseridae) are ancient fish species, widely known for their caviar. Nowadays, most of them are critically endangered. The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is a common Eurasian sturgeon species with a small body size and the fastest reproductive cycle among sturgeons. Such species can be used as a host for surrogate production; application is of value for recovery of critically endangered and huge sturgeon species with an extremely long reproductive cycle. One prerequisite for production of the donor's gametes only is to have a sterile host. Commonly used sterilization techniques in fishes such as triploidization or hybridization do not guarantee sterility in sturgeon. Alternatively, sterilization can be achieved by using a temporary germ cell exclusion-specific gene by a knockdown agent, the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO). The targeted gene for the MO is the dead end gene (dnd) which is a vertebrate-specific gene encoding a RNA-binding protein which is crucial for migration and survival of primordial germ cells (PGCs). For this purpose, a dnd homologue of Russian sturgeon (Agdnd), resulting in the same sequence in the start codon region with isolated fragments of sterlet dnd (Ardnd), was used. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed tissue-specific expression of Ardnd only in the gonads of both sexes. Dnd-MO for depletion of PGCs together with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-biotin-dextran for PGCs labeling was injected into the vegetal region of one- to four-cell-stage sterlet embryos. In the control groups, only FITC was injected to validate the injection method and labeling of PGCs. After optimization of MO concentration together with volume injection, 250-μM MO was applied for sterilization of sturgeon embryos. Primordial germ cells were detected under a fluorescent stereomicroscope in the genital ridge of the FITC-labeled control group only, whereas no PGCs were present in the body cavities of morphants at 21 days after fertilization. Moreover, the body cavities of MO-treated and nontreated fish were examined by histology and in situ hybridization, showing gonads which had no germ cells in morphants at various stages (60, 150, and 210 days after fertilization). Taken together, these results report the first known and functional method of sturgeon sterilization.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Linhartová</LastName><ForeName>Zuzana</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: linhartova@frov.jcu.cz.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saito</LastName><ForeName>Taiju</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kašpar</LastName><ForeName>Vojtěch</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rodina</LastName><ForeName>Marek</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Prášková</LastName><ForeName>Eva</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hagihara</LastName><ForeName>Seishi</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pšenička</LastName><ForeName>Martin</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Theriogenology</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0421510</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0093-691X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D018076">DNA, Complementary</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D060172">Morpholinos</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D016376">Oligonucleotides, Antisense</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D016601">RNA-Binding Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001483" MajorTopicYN="N">Base Sequence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016923" MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Death</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018076" MajorTopicYN="N">DNA, Complementary</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005399" MajorTopicYN="Y">Fishes</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055785" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Knockdown Techniques</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000662" MajorTopicYN="Y">veterinary</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005854" MajorTopicYN="N">Germ Cells</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006066" MajorTopicYN="N">Gonads</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D060172" MajorTopicYN="Y">Morpholinos</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="N">administration & dosage</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016376" MajorTopicYN="Y">Oligonucleotides, Antisense</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="N">administration & dosage</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016601" MajorTopicYN="N">RNA-Binding Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016415" MajorTopicYN="N">Sequence Alignment</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013245" MajorTopicYN="N">Sterilization, Reproductive</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000662" MajorTopicYN="Y">veterinary</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Dead end gene</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Germ line chimera</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Primordial germ cell</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Sterilization</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Sturgeon</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2015</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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