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Preparation and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs of ganershu sustained-release pellets

Identifieur interne : 000052 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000051; suivant : 000053

Preparation and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs of ganershu sustained-release pellets

Auteurs : Jin-Huo Pan ; Jian-Chun Wang ; Zhi-Tao Jiang ; Ting Zhang ; Shao-Bo Ge ; Ye-Xia Zhang ; Xin Jin ; Guo-Jun Yan

Source :

RBID : PMC:4159913

Abstract

Background:

The active ingredients of Ganershu compound recipe, which are effective for hepatitis treatment in liver protection and transaminase reduction. However, the active ingredients of Ganershu compound recipe are poor absorption, which conduct it has a low oral bioavailability.

Objective:

We prepared Ganershu sustained-release pellets (GSPs) by fluidized-bed on central composite design-response surface methodology and increase its bioavailability in beagle dogs.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, GSPs were successfully prepared. The Drug-loaded pellets and sustained-release coated were carried out in fluidized-bed machine. GSP was optimized for fitting release, roundness, and the overall desirability by central composite design-response surface methodology.

Results:

To optimize cumulative release profile, the outermost ethyl cellulose coating layer and the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) swelling layer were employed, which were respectively given coating levels in terms of weight gain of 22% and 6%, the concentration of HPMC is 4.5% (g/ml). The pharmacokinetics of Ganershu normal pellets (GNPs) and GSP was studied in beagle dogs after oral administration. The naringenin as an index, the area under the curve0-∞ of naringenin in GSP was 1.38 times greater than that of GNP. Meanwhile, Tmax of GSP was prolonged for about 74%.

Conclusion:

This study can clearly indicate that we enhanced the oral bioavailability of Ganershu by preparing the GSP, which had the sustained dissolution and improved the potential of it for clinical application.


Url:
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.137360
PubMed: 25210307
PubMed Central: 4159913

Links to Exploration step

PMC:4159913

Le document en format XML

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</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Pharmacogn Mag</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pharmacogn Mag</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Pharmacognosy Magazine</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0973-1296</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">0976-4062</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25210307</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4159913</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PM-10-217</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0973-1296.137360</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Preparation and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs of ganershu sustained-release pellets</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pan</surname>
<given-names>Jin-huo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Jian-chun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jiang</surname>
<given-names>Zhi-tao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Ting</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ge</surname>
<given-names>Shao-bo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Ye-xia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>Xin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>Guo-jun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<italic>College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China</italic>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<italic>Department of Pharmacy Office, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Zhang-jia-gang, Zhangjiagang 215600, China</italic>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<italic>Department of Pharmacy Office, The First People's Hospital of Suqian, Suqian 223800, China</italic>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">
<bold>Address for correspondence:</bold>
Dr. Guo-jun Yan, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China. E-mail:
<email xlink:href="joun.yan@163.com">joun.yan@163.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn id="fn1">
<label>*</label>
<p>These authors contributed equally to this study</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>39</issue>
<fpage>217</fpage>
<lpage>226</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>18</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>17</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>24</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: © Pharmacognosy Magazine</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<sec id="st1">
<title>Background:</title>
<p>The active ingredients of Ganershu compound recipe, which are effective for hepatitis treatment in liver protection and transaminase reduction. However, the active ingredients of Ganershu compound recipe are poor absorption, which conduct it has a low oral bioavailability.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st2">
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>We prepared Ganershu sustained-release pellets (GSPs) by fluidized-bed on central composite design-response surface methodology and increase its bioavailability in beagle dogs.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st3">
<title>Materials and Methods:</title>
<p>In this study, GSPs were successfully prepared. The Drug-loaded pellets and sustained-release coated were carried out in fluidized-bed machine. GSP was optimized for fitting release, roundness, and the overall desirability by central composite design-response surface methodology.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st4">
<title>Results:</title>
<p>To optimize cumulative release profile, the outermost ethyl cellulose coating layer and the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) swelling layer were employed, which were respectively given coating levels in terms of weight gain of 22% and 6%, the concentration of HPMC is 4.5% (g/ml). The pharmacokinetics of Ganershu normal pellets (GNPs) and GSP was studied in beagle dogs after oral administration. The naringenin as an index, the area under the curve
<sub>0-∞</sub>
of naringenin in GSP was 1.38 times greater than that of GNP. Meanwhile,
<italic>T</italic>
max of GSP was prolonged for about 74%.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="st5">
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>This study can clearly indicate that we enhanced the oral bioavailability of Ganershu by preparing the GSP, which had the sustained dissolution and improved the potential of it for clinical application.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Beagle dogs</kwd>
<kwd>fluidized-bed</kwd>
<kwd>Ganershu sustained-release pellets</kwd>
<kwd>naringenin</kwd>
<kwd>pharmacokinetics</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1">
<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
<p>Hepatitis is highly infectious, incurable, recrudesce and complex transmission way.[
<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
] Then, there are few medicines, which are reliable efficacy, rapid onset, long action time and easy to use. In our previous study, we found that Ganershu compound recipe, which is consisted of
<italic>Sedum sarmentosum</italic>
,
<italic>FructusAurantii etc</italic>
.,[
<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
] has the function of liver protection and transaminase reduction. Meanwhile According to our previous study, it was also shown that the active ingredients of Ganershu compound recipe which was prepared in our laboratory for hepatitis treatment are more effective.[
<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
] However, the active ingredients of Ganershu compound recipe are poor absorption, which conduct it has a low oral bioavailability.</p>
<p>Sustained-release pellets, can be defined as small, free flowing, spherical particulates manufactured by the agglomeration of fine powers or granules of drug substances and excipients typically from about 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. Multiple-unit sustained-release dosage forms of pellets are considered to have many therapeutic advantages in comparison with its multiple-unit dosage forms.[
<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
] They can disperse in the gastrointestinal tract homogeneously thus maximize drug absorption, reduce peak plasma fluctuation, minimize the risk of local gastrointestinal tract irritation and dose dumping, decrease dosing frequency, increase patient compliance, improve the safety and efficacy of the active ingredient.[
<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
]</p>
<p>However, few papers have been found about the influence of Ganershu sustained-release pellets (GSPs) on oral absorption. Therefore, the present study is to prepare GSPs by fluidized-bed on central composite design-response surface methodology and evaluate its pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2">
<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
<sec id="sec2-1">
<title>Materials and instruments</title>
<p>Talcum powder (Anhui Shanhe Pharmaceutic Adjuvant Co. Limited); ethyl cellulose (EC) Sieve (Nanjing Xiongshi Sieve Factory); electronic balance AG135 (Mettler Toledo in Swiss); air compressor (Xiameng East-Asia Mechinery, Co. Limited); knee type HH-S (Nanjing JingZheng Teaching Apparatus, Co. Limited); supercentrifuge (Shanghai AnTing Scientific Instrument Factory, TGL-16C); nitrogen blowing instrument HSC-12A (Tianjin HengAo Science, Co. Limited); electronic analytical balance FA-1104 (Shanghai Precise Scientific Instruments Co. Limited); magnetism msier 85-1 (Jintan RonghuaI nstruments, Co. Limited); multiskan spectrum (powerwave X430, Bio-Tek Co. Limited, USA); vortex mixing apparatus WH-3 (2306, Shanghai Huxi Analytical Instruments, Co. Limited); multifunction fluidized bed experimental machine WBF-2 (Chongqing Yingge Granulation and Coating Technology, Co. Limited); waters 2695 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); 717 autosampler; water 2998 UV-Detector; Empower Chromatographic Work Station. The herbal medicines (
<italic>sarmentosum, bupleurum, phyllanthus, capillaris, paeonia lactiflora, atractylodes, Citrus aurantium, Citri reticulatae, gynostemma, licorice, Polygonatum sibiricum, malt, ligustrum, Corydalis</italic>
) of Ganershu compound recipewere verified by Jianwei Chen (College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2-2">
<title>Preparation and optimization of Ganershu sustained-release pellet</title>
<sec id="sec3-1">
<title>Preparation of Ganershu normal pellets</title>
<p>Three hundred gram commercially available blank pill core were weighted and placed in a fluidized bed side spray device. The coating dispersion was prepared according to the composition presented in Ganershu extract powder, and talc was used as an antitacking agent. The procedure to prepare the coating dispersion was as in the following parameters: Sprayed into the atomization pressure to 300 kPa, spray pump speed is 4 r/min, turntable height is 5 mm, inlet air temperature is 75°C, engine frequency is 30 Hz, turntable speed is 300 r/min, get the Ganershu normal pellets.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-2">
<title>Preparation process of Ganershu sustained-release pellets</title>
<p>Reference to the principles of formulation of the coating controlled pellets,[
<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
] Surelease was chosen as the membrane-former, turn the Ganershu normal pellets into release pellets depend on fluidized bed. Different from the chemical medicine, Chinese herbal compound had complex compositions, which need to design how to overall release the complex composition synchronized. Previous study[
<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
] has shown that hydrophilic gel material as the first coating material, then coat the liposolubility material, which play the effect of synchronous release.</p>
<p>In this study, a bottom-spraying process coating of fluidized bed was taken to coat the swelling layer and the sustained-release layer. The main aspect to influence the effect of swelling layer and synchronous release is the concentration of the solution of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and the increase of weight, which viscosity is 6 MPa.s, choose the EC as the sustained release layer material which is an integrity solution contain aqueous dispersion of EC, oleinic acid as a stabilizing agent, dibutyl sebacate as plasticizer, ammonia water, and lightweight silicone sometimes. Solid content is 25%, diluted to 15% with water when use. Coating thickness is a key aspect to influence the drug release rate.</p>
<p>Taking bottom-spraying process coating of fluidized bed to prepare the GSP needs to choose the parameter of fluidized bed and the prescription composition.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-3">
<title>Parameter optimization of the bottom-spraying process of fluidized bed</title>
<p>The process of the bottom-spraying process of fluidized bed is a little different from side spray, drum height, inlet air temperature, fans frequency, atomization pressure, inlet air temperature, fans frequency, atomization pressure, pump speed should be considered. According to the previous experiment, set the drum height 15 mm, pump speed 4 r/min well get a suitable condition. Inlet air temperature, fans frequency, atomization pressure play an important role in a film. After a single factor test with these three factor, the result is that fixed other conditions, when set the fans frequency 30 Hz, we get a well coating consequent because pellets in suspension flow state; when set the inlet air temperature 50°C, the mobility of pellets is well and is difficult to stick, that is because Sulease reflect a favorable membrane at a specified temperature. And then set the atomization pressure 250 kPa, the coating solution showed a small droplet state that could distribute at the surface of the pellets.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-4">
<title>Optimization of the coating prescription</title>
<p>Investigated indexes</p>
<p>With reference to dissolution rate standards of chemical drug release of sustained-release preparation, the cumulative release rate at 1, 4, 8 h (expressed by
<italic>Q
<sub>1h</sub>
</italic>
,
<italic>Q
<sub>4h</sub>
</italic>
,
<italic>Q
<sub>8h</sub>
</italic>
) and roundness of sustained-release pellets were also selected as investigated indexes.</p>
<p>The total flavonoids, total saponins and luteoloside in
<italic>sarmentosum</italic>
(monarch drug) were selected as determination indexes in cumulative release experiment of GSP. Adopted the method of weighting to set multi-index evaluations when referring to them, Mathematics Model were constructed with composite index of effective parts and monomer composition in experiment. Weighting coefficient of effective parts (
<italic>A</italic>
) was 0.8 and monomer composition was 0.2. The content of total flavonoids (
<italic>A
<sub>1</sub>
</italic>
) total saponins (
<italic>A
<sub>2</sub>
</italic>
) in effective parts are 21.6 mg/g and 33.7 mg/g. Then the optimized weighing coefficient of flavonoid and saponins depend on the ratio of their content, that is 21.6:33.7, the weighted coefficient of flavonoid was 0.39 and saponins was 0.61; The monomer composition mignonette weighting coefficient was 0.2. Integrated release rate (
<italic>Q</italic>
) was calculated using the following formulas:</p>
<p>
<inline-graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g001.jpg"></inline-graphic>
[
<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
]</p>
<p>A
<sub>1</sub>
, A
<sub>2</sub>
and B are average release rate of each component.</p>
<p>The cumulative release at 1, 4, and 8 h are integrated by multiple composition indexes. To simplify indexes and determine the effect of the sustained-release, match the release rate of three points into
<italic>Y</italic>
with release interval method. Calculation formula for
<italic>Y</italic>
values is:</p>
<p>
<inline-graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g002.jpg"></inline-graphic>
[
<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]</p>
<p>
<italic>Y</italic>
was fitting calculated according to the sustained-release preparation standards that the sustained-release pellets cumulative release 18% at 1 h, 50% at 4 h, 75% at 8 h in actual calculation. The lower
<italic>Y</italic>
is the more accord with standards.</p>
<p>
<inline-graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g003.jpg"></inline-graphic>
</p>
<p>The method determining the roundness of sustained-release pellets, which called planar marginal stability act is consistent with previously blank pellets.</p>
<p>In the design of experiment,[
<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
] if the investigated index for a single index, its optimization can be judged based on results directly; but when the indexes for multiple targets, indexes may influence each other, such as: Beneficial to the rounding parameter may adversely affect the friability. We selected the comprehensive effect based on these indexed by referencing to the relevant studying to determine the optimal parameters. Overall therefore the introduction of “overall desirability” (OD) concept, each of the indexes are normalized between 0 and 1 of the OD, OD of each index to calculate the geometric mean, to get general comment of OD. The formula is as follows:</p>
<p>
<inline-graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g004.jpg"></inline-graphic>
[
<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
]</p>
<p>
<italic>n</italic>
is number of indexes</p>
<p>For the factors which are in proportion (inverse) to values, the method--Hassan was adopted to evaluate “OD”
<italic>d
<sub>min</sub>
</italic>
and
<italic>d
<sub>max</sub>
</italic>
, the formula is as follows:</p>
<p>
<inline-graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g005.jpg"></inline-graphic>
</p>
<p>
<italic>y</italic>
<sub>i</sub>
is measured value of evaluation index,
<italic>y</italic>
<sub>min</sub>
is minimum of evaluation index,
<italic>y</italic>
<sub>max</sub>
is maximum of evaluation index.</p>
<p>The smaller roundness (
<italic>Y</italic>
<sub>2</sub>
) and fitting release (
<italic>Y</italic>
) are, the better result is. So
<italic>d</italic>
<sub>min</sub>
was employed to calculate
<italic>d</italic>
.</p>
<p>To sum up, the final investigated indexes are roundness (
<italic>Y</italic>
<sub>2</sub>
), fitting release (
<italic>Y</italic>
) and their OD.</p>
<p>Experimental design</p>
<p>Based on the pre-experiments, the prescription of GSP was optimized by central composite design-response surface methodology.[
<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>
<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
] EC coating weight gain (X
<sub>1</sub>
), the HPMC content of swelling layer (X
<sub>2</sub>
) and weight gain percent (X
<sub>3</sub>
), which had significant influence on cumulative release rate of GSP were selected as investigated factors, studied at five levels each [
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>
]. The detailed experimental design and the results were shown in
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>
.</p>
<table-wrap id="T1" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Values and levels of operating parameters</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g006"></graphic>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T2" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Experimental design and the results (
<italic>n</italic>
=3)</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g007"></graphic>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2-3">
<title>The studies on pharmacokinetics of Ganershu sustained-release pellet and Ganershu normal pellet</title>
<sec id="sec3-5">
<title>Analytical methods</title>
<p>High-performance liquid chromatography was performed with Waters 2695 system, equipped with a binary solvent delivery system, auto-sampler, and a diode array detector. The chromatography was performed on Hedera ODS-2 column (4.6 × 200 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of (A) aqueous solution contained 0.1% phosphoric and (B) acetonitrile. The HPLC elution condition was optimized as follows: 0-10 min (20-40%B), 10-30 min (40-80% B), 30-35 min (80-20% B). Column temperature was maintained at 30°C. The injection volume of standard and the sample was 30 μL. The flow rate was set at 1.0 ml/min. The detection wavelength was set at 288 nm.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-6">
<title>Sample preparation</title>
<p>A volume of 200 μL of the plasma sample was transferred into a conical tube, 30 μL internal standard luteolin (0.00556 mg/mL) was added, then the mixture was stirred. A volume of 20 μL ascorbic acid (200 mg/mL) was added, and the mixture was agitated for 5 min and sequentially 80 uL HCL solution (10 moL/L) was added and eddied for 5 min; finally 1.5 mL diethyl ether was added, agitated and extracted for 5 min, and centrifuged for 5 min at 5000 r/min. Ether layer was transferred to another clean tube, and 100 uL acetonitrile water solution (48%) was added and dissolved with ultrasonic treatment after the diethyl ether evaporating, then at 15000 r/min the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min. 30 μL was injected into HPLC, and the chromatogram was recorded.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-7">
<title>Validation of the high-performance liquid chromatography method</title>
<p>Specificity and selectivity</p>
<p>Blank plasma were prepared and tested for endogenous interference. Blank matrix sample spiked with naringenin and luteolin (the internal standard) were analyzed in order to assess potential interferences that may affect either the analyte or the internal standard.</p>
<p>Calibration curves</p>
<p>Stock solution of naringenin were prepared and diluted to appropriate concentrations for the construction of calibration curves. Six concentrations of the solution were analyzed in triplicates, the calibration curves were constructed by plotting peak area ratios of naringenin to the internal standard versus the concentrations of the naringenin.</p>
<p>Precision, accuracy and recovery</p>
<p>Precision and accuracy were chosen to determine the precision and accuracy of the HPLC method. Samples were extracted and analyzed as described in pretreatment of plasma samples and analytical methods. They were performed by triplicate extraction and analysis. Variations were expressed by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) and relative error %.</p>
<p>The recovery test was also used to evaluate the accuracy of the method. Accurate amounts of naringenin were added to blank plasma and then extracted and analyzed as described in pretreatment of plasma samples and analytical methods.</p>
<p>Oral bioavailability studies</p>
<p>In single-dose crossover study,[
<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
] the Beagle dogs were randomly divided into two groups, fasting for 12 h, and take the blank plasma, then GSP and GSP (0.9 g/kg, equivalent to 536 g of crude drug, clinical adult daily dose 2 times) were administered by gastric perfusion, respectively. Take 5 ml of plasma at 0.083 h, 0.25 h, 0.5 h, 0.75 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 5.5 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h after administration and centrifuge for 15 min at 3000 r/min in centrifugal tube containing heparin. The plasma was separated and treated according to “sample preparation”.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2-4">
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>All experiments were performed at least in triplicate. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. The data were analyzed by Student's
<italic>t</italic>
-test. A two-tailed
<italic>t</italic>
-test (Microsoft Excel) was used to determine significant differences (
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05) compared with the controls.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec1-3">
<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
<p>Sustained-release pellets were divided into the matrix and coated controlled pellets according to the difference of formulation structure or drug release mechanism. Compared with the coated controlled pellets, matrix pellets possessed the advantage of the simple process, low cost, etc., Sustained-release matrix pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization mechanism previously, while, we found that it could not be extruded because of high viscosity and high hygroscopic of the powder, so finally gave up the further research of sustained-release matrix pellets, coated controlled release pellets were the emphasis in this paper.</p>
<sec id="sec2-5">
<title>The optimization of the coating prescription</title>
<sec id="sec3-8">
<title>Experimental design and the results of the optimization of the coating prescription</title>
<p>The experimental results [
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>
] were analyzed by  Statistica 7.0 software.
<italic>Y</italic>
value, roundness and OD value were taken as the response variable; multi-linear regression and bivariate polynomial fitting were generated for all the response variables. We evaluated the fitting of the model according to r, The larger the value, the better the fitting. The equations of two models are represented as follows:</p>
<p>Multiple linear regression equation:</p>
<p>
<inline-graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g008.jpg"></inline-graphic>
</p>
<p>Bivariate polynomial equation:</p>
<p>
<inline-graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g009.jpg"></inline-graphic>
</p>
<p>From the above equation, correlation coefficients of bivariate polynomial fitting were significantly better than the multiple linear regression equation in all indexes.</p>
<p>Three-dimensional response surface plots and two-dimensional contour plots of OD were constructed based on Statistica 7.0 software. Three-dimensional plots can represent only the relationship between response and two factors. Significance test of binomial regression model coefficients indicated that
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>1</sub>
,
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>3</sub>
had very significant influence on indexes (
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01 in each case), analysis of variance as
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>
. Therefore, the first fixed an independent variable,
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>1</sub>
and
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>2</sub>
was the coded levels of the independent variable respectively and subsequently was put into polynomial equations.
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>
portray three-dimensional response surface and two-dimensional contour plots for OD to
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>1</sub>
and
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>3</sub>
;
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref>
portray three-dimensional response surface and two-dimensional contour plots for OD to
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>1</sub>
and
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>2</sub>
;
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3</xref>
portray three-dimensional response surface and two-dimensional contour plots for OD to
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>2</sub>
and
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>3</sub>
.</p>
<table-wrap id="T3" position="float">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Significance test of binomial regression model coefficient table for OD</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g010"></graphic>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="F1" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>(a) Response surface plot showing the influence of
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>1</sub>
and
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>3</sub>
; (b) the corresponding contour plot</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g011"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F2" position="float">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<p>(a) Response surface plot showing the influence of
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>1</sub>
and
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>2</sub>
; (b) the corresponding contour plot</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g012"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F3" position="float">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<p>(a) Response surface plot showing the influence of
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>2</sub>
and
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>3</sub>
; (b) the corresponding contour plot</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g013"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>According to the above visual analysis of three-dimensional response surface plots and contour plots for OD, The optimized index of the preparation included: The HPMC content of swelling layer (
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>2</sub>
) was 4~5% (g/ml), the coating weight gain (
<italic>X</italic>
<sub>1</sub>
) was 21~23%, and the weight gain percent of swelling layer was 5-7%.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-9">
<title>Optimization of process validation</title>
<p>The optimum prescription of GSP was determined according to central composite design combining with the result of investigating pre-experiment single factor and practical operability, the optimized formula: Coating weight gain is 22%, the concentration of HPMC in swelling layer is 4.5% (g/ml), the percentage of swelling layer weight gain is 6%.</p>
<p>To determine the degree of coincidence between the models set up in star point design experiments and practical results, using farther checking experiments to test the accuracy. Prepare GSP with optimized prescription and technological parameter, then determine the release and roundness of each composition and comparing them with predicted value. As we can see in
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref>
, the relative deviation of theory forecast and measured were <5% states that the best prescription condition of the experiment is reasonable, better stability and repeatability states that central composite design (CCD)-response surface methods can be applied in optimizing coating prescription of GSP.</p>
<table-wrap id="T4" position="float">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption>
<p>Measured, forecast and deviation of each evaluation index at optimized conditions (
<italic>n</italic>
=3)</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g014"></graphic>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2-6">
<title>Validation of the assay</title>
<sec id="sec3-10">
<title>Selection of index components</title>
<p>Biological activity of naringin mainly related to its effect on metabolic enzymes in plasma and liver, it can enhance the enzyme activity such as glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase
<italic>in vivo</italic>
.[
<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
] Meanwhile, the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP450 and P-glycoprotein
<italic>in vivo</italic>
can be competitively inhibited.[
<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
] Hence, the biological bioavailability of drug
<italic>in vivo</italic>
which could be metabolized and efflux was improved.</p>
<p>Ganershu sustained-release pellet were composed of four effective parts, saponins and flavonoids as main active parts. The results of studying on the intermediate showed that naringin and its metabolites simultaneously existed in rats, mainly in the form of naringenin. The therapeutic effect of GSP was based on naringenin. Therefore, naringenin was selected as determination indicators of GSP
<italic>in vivo</italic>
.[
<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
]</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-11">
<title>Investigation of specificity</title>
<p>The selectivity of the method was evaluated by analyzing blank samples prior to plasma samples. We could see that the chromatograms were free of interfering peaks at the retention times of luteolin (IS) and naringenin.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-12">
<title>Linearity</title>
<p>The linearity of naringenin was assessed by linear regression of calibration curves based on peak area ratios of naringenin to the internal standard. The standard curves of naringenin in plasma samples were linear in the concentration ranges (0.035-6.181 μg/ml) examined.</p>
<p>The regression equation for naringenin was</p>
<p>Y = 7.655X – 0.0239 (r = 0.996)</p>
<p>Where
<italic>y</italic>
was peak area ratios of naringenin to IS in plasma samples and x was concentration of naringenin.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-13">
<title>Precision and accuracy</title>
<p>The blank plasmas of beagles were added to amounts of naringenin standard solutions. Samples were treated, according to sample preparation. Precision studies were performed by analysis of three different concentrations of naringenin 5 times on the same day (intraday) and 5 consecutive days (interday). The precision and accuracy were also shown in
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref>
. The precisions of naringenin calculated as the RSD at three concentrations were lower than 5%, and the accuracy was also within 5% for samples for quality control. The results demonstrated that the precision and accuracy of this method was acceptable. The method was proved to be suitable for the naringenin in plasmas, which offers advantages of high sensitivity and selectivity.</p>
<table-wrap id="T5" position="float">
<label>Table 5</label>
<caption>
<p>Precision and accuracy and recovery of naringenin in plasma samples (
<italic>n</italic>
=6)</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g015"></graphic>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3-14">
<title>Recovery</title>
<p>The recoveries for naringenin were also listed in
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref>
and showed an overall mean percent recovery of 82.82%, 85.94% and 98.32%, respectively.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2-7">
<title>Pharmacokinetics of naringenin in Ganershu normal pellet and Ganershu sustained-release pellet after oral dosing</title>
<p>Response surface methodology is a rapid technique used to empirically derive a functional relationship between an experimental response and a set of input variables in the development and optimization of drug delivery systems. In this work, central composite design was used simultaneously to study the effect of the three process parameters involved in the preparation of GSPs against three response variables. CCD is a response surface design, which provides information on direct effects, pair-wise interaction effects, and curvilinear variable effects and is widely used for formulation and process optimization in the field of pharmaceutics.[
<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
] In this paper, it was used to optimized of the coating prescription of GSP.</p>
<p>Coating is a vital stage in the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage form where ultimate objective is to achieve superior aesthetic quality (like color, texture and taste) and to modify drug release characteristics. Frequently, the coated was to modify drug release kinetics. Thus, the product performance directly correlates with critical film coating quality attributes.[
<xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]</p>
<p>We assessed the oral bioavailability of the naringenin in Ganershu normal pellet (GNP) and GSP by Beagles as shown in
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4</xref>
. A summary of the statistical analysis is shown in
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">Table 6</xref>
. The average values for maximum concentration and time to maximum concentration after oral administration of GNP were 10.067 μg/mL and 4.021 h, respectively, while those after oral administration of the GSP were 8.312 μg/mL and 7.005 h, respectively. In Pharmacokinetics of GNP and GSP after oral dosing in beagle dogs, the recommended mean residence time (MRT) 0-∞ of naringenin in blood of GNP is 3.635 h and it means is effective in maintaining short-term in solid organs (such as liver). So sustained release preparations are urgently needed. It has been proposed that therapy requires the use of a sustained release formulation for prolonged action and to improve patient compliance. Multiparticulate dosage forms are desirable drug delivery systems owing to a number of advantages over single unit dosage forms, such as better control of the gastric transit time and associated drug absorption.[
<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</p>
<fig id="F4" position="float">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<p>The concentration-time curve of naringenin in Ganershu normal pellet and Ganershu sustained-release pellet</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g016"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="T6" position="float">
<label>Table 6</label>
<caption>
<p>Pharmacokinetic parameters of GSP and GNP (
<italic>n</italic>
=6)</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="PM-10-217-g017"></graphic>
</table-wrap>
<p>Sustained release dosage forms are designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing the medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose. This period is measured in hours and critically depends on the residence time of the dosage form in the gastrointestinal tract. To extend the MRT0-∞ of naringenin, the longer-releasing formulation was needed to use. Therefore, the sustained-release pellets has been successfully used to deliver it in beagle dogs models and showed up to 8.628 h of stable drug release after a single pellet oral. Besides that, the area under the curve (AUC)0-∞ of naringenin in GSP was 1.38 times greater than that of GNP. The relative bioavailability of GSP increased with the sustained-release coating of the GNP. Meanwhile, Tmax of GSP was prolonged for about 74%. Therefore, we enhanced the oral bioavailability of Ganershu by preparing the GSP, which had the sustained dissolution and improved the potential of it for clinical application.</p>
<p>Traditional Chinese medicine compound recipe is a precious heritage of Chinese medicine and has made a prominent contribution to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. Now they are increasingly being understood and accepted by more and more people in the world. In recent years, it is becoming so much in vogue because of the consumers’ anxiety for the undesired secondary effects of synthetic drugs and the “green movement,” which has been resurgent in Europe, North America and Australia. In this study, the bottom-spraying process of fluidized bed technology was applied to prepare a sustained-release pellet of Ganershu. The multiparticulate dosage form consists of the small discrete units. Together, these units provide the overall desired controlled rlease of the formulation. It composed of principal components, deputy components, adjuvant components and the guide components. The principal component (naringin) is a substance that provides the main therapeutic effects, while the deputy, adjuvant and guide components assist the therapeutic actions of the principal components. We combined them properly to make it sustained dissolution and improved the bioavailability.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec1-4">
<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
<p>Central composite design was used simultaneously to study the effect of the three process parameters involved in the preparation of GSPs. The naringenin as an index, the AUC
<sub>0-∞</sub>
of naringenin in GSP was 1.38 times greater than that of GNP in in the beagle dog models. Meanwhile, Tmax of GSP was prolonged for about 74%. Based on those results, it can indicate that we enhanced the oral bioavailability of Ganershu by preparing the GSP, which had the sustained dissolution and improved the potential of it for clinical application.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
<p>This work was supported by Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu province (BE2009682).</p>
</ack>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by">
<p>
<bold>Source of Support:</bold>
This work was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(No 81202922), the Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu province (BE2009682)(2001-lnzyxzk-07) and a Project Funded by the Priority Acadenic ProgramDevelopment of Jiangsu Higher Education Instisutions.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>
<bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold>
None declared.</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
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