Paleogenetic Analyses Reveal Unsuspected Phylogenetic Affinities between Mice and the Extinct Malpaisomys insularis, an Endemic Rodent of the Canaries
Identifieur interne : 000023 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000022; suivant : 000024Paleogenetic Analyses Reveal Unsuspected Phylogenetic Affinities between Mice and the Extinct Malpaisomys insularis, an Endemic Rodent of the Canaries
Auteurs : Marie Pagès [France] ; Pascale Chevret [France] ; Muriel Gros-Balthazard [France] ; Sandrine Hughes [France] ; Josep Antoni Alcover [Espagne, États-Unis] ; Rainer Hutterer [Allemagne] ; Juan Carlos Rando [Espagne] ; Jacques Michaux [France] ; Catherine H Nni [France]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
The lava mouse,
In this study, we resolved this issue using molecular characters. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers were successfully amplified from subfossils of three lava mouse samples. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions revealed, without any ambiguity, unsuspected relationships between
This study reconsiders the derived morphological characters of
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031123
PubMed: 22363563
PubMed Central: 3283599
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Espagne, France, États-Unis
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, District de Cologne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Occitanie (région administrative), Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Rhône-Alpes, État de New York
- Bonn, Lyon, Montpellier
- Université Montpellier 2
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Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alcover, Josep Antoni" sort="Alcover, Josep Antoni" uniqKey="Alcover J" first="Josep Antoni" last="Alcover">Josep Antoni Alcover</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles, Mallorca</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mallorca</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutterer, Rainer" sort="Hutterer, Rainer" uniqKey="Hutterer R" first="Rainer" last="Hutterer">Rainer Hutterer</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rando, Juan Carlos" sort="Rando, Juan Carlos" uniqKey="Rando J" first="Juan Carlos" last="Rando">Juan Carlos Rando</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Departamento de Biología Animal (UDI Zoología), Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento de Biología Animal (UDI Zoología), Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Canary Islands</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Canary Islands</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michaux, Jacques" sort="Michaux, Jacques" uniqKey="Michaux J" first="Jacques" last="Michaux">Jacques Michaux</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>EPHE–ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS Université Montpellier II, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>EPHE–ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS Université Montpellier II, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Montpellier 2</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="H Nni, Catherine" sort="H Nni, Catherine" uniqKey="H Nni C" first="Catherine" last="H Nni">Catherine H Nni</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22363563</idno><idno type="pmc">3283599</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283599</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3283599</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0031123</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000023</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000023</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Paleogenetic Analyses Reveal Unsuspected Phylogenetic Affinities between Mice and the Extinct <italic>Malpaisomys insularis</italic>, an Endemic Rodent of the Canaries</title><author><name sortKey="Pages, Marie" sort="Pages, Marie" uniqKey="Pages M" first="Marie" last="Pagès">Marie Pagès</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chevret, Pascale" sort="Chevret, Pascale" uniqKey="Chevret P" first="Pascale" last="Chevret">Pascale Chevret</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gros Balthazard, Muriel" sort="Gros Balthazard, Muriel" uniqKey="Gros Balthazard M" first="Muriel" last="Gros-Balthazard">Muriel Gros-Balthazard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hughes, Sandrine" sort="Hughes, Sandrine" uniqKey="Hughes S" first="Sandrine" last="Hughes">Sandrine Hughes</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alcover, Josep Antoni" sort="Alcover, Josep Antoni" uniqKey="Alcover J" first="Josep Antoni" last="Alcover">Josep Antoni Alcover</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles, Mallorca</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mallorca</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutterer, Rainer" sort="Hutterer, Rainer" uniqKey="Hutterer R" first="Rainer" last="Hutterer">Rainer Hutterer</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rando, Juan Carlos" sort="Rando, Juan Carlos" uniqKey="Rando J" first="Juan Carlos" last="Rando">Juan Carlos Rando</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Departamento de Biología Animal (UDI Zoología), Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento de Biología Animal (UDI Zoología), Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Canary Islands</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Canary Islands</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michaux, Jacques" sort="Michaux, Jacques" uniqKey="Michaux J" first="Jacques" last="Michaux">Jacques Michaux</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>EPHE–ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS Université Montpellier II, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>EPHE–ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS Université Montpellier II, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Montpellier 2</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="H Nni, Catherine" sort="H Nni, Catherine" uniqKey="H Nni C" first="Catherine" last="H Nni">Catherine H Nni</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The lava mouse, <italic>Malpaisomys insularis</italic>, was endemic to the Eastern Canary islands and became extinct at the beginning of the 14<sup>th</sup> century when the Europeans reached the archipelago. Studies to determine <italic>Malpaisomys'</italic> phylogenetic affinities, based on morphological characters, remained inconclusive because morphological changes experienced by this insular rodent make phylogenetic investigations a real challenge. Over 20 years since its first description, <italic>Malpaisomys'</italic> phylogenetic position remains enigmatic.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>In this study, we resolved this issue using molecular characters. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers were successfully amplified from subfossils of three lava mouse samples. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions revealed, without any ambiguity, unsuspected relationships between <italic>Malpaisomys</italic> and extant mice (genus <italic>Mus</italic>, Murinae). Moreover, through molecular dating we estimated the origin of the <italic>Malpaisomys</italic>/mouse clade at 6.9 Ma, corresponding to the maximal age at which the archipelago was colonised by the <italic>Malpaisomys</italic> ancestor via natural rafting.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion/Significance</title><p>This study reconsiders the derived morphological characters of <italic>Malpaisomys</italic> in light of this unexpected molecular finding. To reconcile molecular and morphological data, we propose to consider <italic>Malpaisomys insularis</italic> as an insular lineage of mouse.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carracedo, Jc" uniqKey="Carracedo J">JC Carracedo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Day, S" uniqKey="Day S">S Day</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guillou, H" uniqKey="Guillou H">H Guillou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Badiola, E" uniqKey="Rodriguez Badiola E">E Rodriguez Badiola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Canas, Ja" uniqKey="Canas J">JA Canas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="L Pez Martinez, N" uniqKey="L Pez Martinez N">N López-Martínez</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Jurado, L" uniqKey="L Pez Jurado L">L López-Jurado</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hutterer, R" uniqKey="Hutterer R">R 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22363563</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3283599</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-11-16971</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0031123</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolutionary Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolutionary Systematics</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Paleontology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Paleontology</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Zoology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Paleogenetic Analyses Reveal Unsuspected Phylogenetic Affinities between Mice and the Extinct <italic>Malpaisomys insularis</italic>, an Endemic Rodent of the Canaries</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Phylogenetics of the Extinct Malpaisomys insularis</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Pagès</surname><given-names>Marie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1"><sup>¤a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Chevret</surname><given-names>Pascale</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn2"><sup>¤b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gros-Balthazard</surname><given-names>Muriel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn3"><sup>¤c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hughes</surname><given-names>Sandrine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alcover</surname><given-names>Josep Antoni</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hutterer</surname><given-names>Rainer</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rando</surname><given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Michaux</surname><given-names>Jacques</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hänni</surname><given-names>Catherine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Departamento de Biología Animal (UDI Zoología), Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label><addr-line>Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label><addr-line>EPHE–ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS Université Montpellier II, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Turvey</surname><given-names>Samuel T.</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1">Zoological Society of London, United Kingdom</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>pascale.chevret@univ-lyon1.fr</email></corresp><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: CH PC SH. Performed the experiments: MP MGB PC. Analyzed the data: MP PC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JAA RH JCR JM CH. Wrote the paper: MP JM PC. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: JAA RH JCR SH CH.</p></fn><fn id="fn1" fn-type="current-aff"><label>¤a</label><p>Current address: UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France, and Laboratoire de génétique des microorganismes, Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgique, France</p></fn><fn id="fn2" fn-type="current-aff"><label>¤b</label><p>Current address: Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France</p></fn><fn id="fn3" fn-type="current-aff"><label>¤c</label><p>Current address: Centre de Bio-Archéologie et d'Ecologie – UMR 5059 CNRS/UM2/EPHE, Institut de Botanique (Université Montpellier 2), Montpellier, France</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>2</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>e31123</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Pagès et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>The lava mouse, <italic>Malpaisomys insularis</italic>, was endemic to the Eastern Canary islands and became extinct at the beginning of the 14<sup>th</sup> century when the Europeans reached the archipelago. Studies to determine <italic>Malpaisomys'</italic> phylogenetic affinities, based on morphological characters, remained inconclusive because morphological changes experienced by this insular rodent make phylogenetic investigations a real challenge. Over 20 years since its first description, <italic>Malpaisomys'</italic> phylogenetic position remains enigmatic.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>In this study, we resolved this issue using molecular characters. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers were successfully amplified from subfossils of three lava mouse samples. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions revealed, without any ambiguity, unsuspected relationships between <italic>Malpaisomys</italic> and extant mice (genus <italic>Mus</italic>, Murinae). Moreover, through molecular dating we estimated the origin of the <italic>Malpaisomys</italic>/mouse clade at 6.9 Ma, corresponding to the maximal age at which the archipelago was colonised by the <italic>Malpaisomys</italic> ancestor via natural rafting.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion/Significance</title><p>This study reconsiders the derived morphological characters of <italic>Malpaisomys</italic> in light of this unexpected molecular finding. To reconcile molecular and morphological data, we propose to consider <italic>Malpaisomys insularis</italic> as an insular lineage of mouse.</p></sec></abstract><counts><page-count count="15"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>District de Cologne</li><li>Languedoc-Roussillon</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>État de New York</li></region><settlement><li>Bonn</li><li>Lyon</li><li>Montpellier</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Montpellier 2</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes"><name sortKey="Pages, Marie" sort="Pages, Marie" uniqKey="Pages M" first="Marie" last="Pagès">Marie Pagès</name></region><name sortKey="Chevret, Pascale" sort="Chevret, Pascale" uniqKey="Chevret P" first="Pascale" last="Chevret">Pascale Chevret</name><name sortKey="Gros Balthazard, Muriel" sort="Gros Balthazard, Muriel" uniqKey="Gros Balthazard M" first="Muriel" last="Gros-Balthazard">Muriel Gros-Balthazard</name><name sortKey="H Nni, Catherine" sort="H Nni, Catherine" uniqKey="H Nni C" first="Catherine" last="H Nni">Catherine H Nni</name><name sortKey="Hughes, Sandrine" sort="Hughes, Sandrine" uniqKey="Hughes S" first="Sandrine" last="Hughes">Sandrine Hughes</name><name sortKey="Michaux, Jacques" sort="Michaux, Jacques" uniqKey="Michaux J" first="Jacques" last="Michaux">Jacques Michaux</name></country><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Alcover, Josep Antoni" sort="Alcover, Josep Antoni" uniqKey="Alcover J" first="Josep Antoni" last="Alcover">Josep Antoni Alcover</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Rando, Juan Carlos" sort="Rando, Juan Carlos" uniqKey="Rando J" first="Juan Carlos" last="Rando">Juan Carlos Rando</name><name sortKey="Rando, Juan Carlos" sort="Rando, Juan Carlos" uniqKey="Rando J" first="Juan Carlos" last="Rando">Juan Carlos Rando</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Alcover, Josep Antoni" sort="Alcover, Josep Antoni" uniqKey="Alcover J" first="Josep Antoni" last="Alcover">Josep Antoni Alcover</name></region></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie"><name sortKey="Hutterer, Rainer" sort="Hutterer, Rainer" uniqKey="Hutterer R" first="Rainer" last="Hutterer">Rainer Hutterer</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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