Historical rise of waterpower initiated the collapse of salmon stocks
Identifieur interne : 000003 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000002; suivant : 000004Historical rise of waterpower initiated the collapse of salmon stocks
Auteurs : H. J. R. Lenders ; T. P. M. Chamuleau ; A. J. Hendriks ; R. C. G. M. Lauwerier ; R. S. E. W. Leuven ; W. C. E. P. VerberkSource :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The collapse of Atlantic salmon (
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep29269
PubMed: 27435118
PubMed Central: 4951639
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Historical rise of waterpower initiated the collapse of salmon stocks</title><author><name sortKey="Lenders, H J R" sort="Lenders, H J R" uniqKey="Lenders H" first="H. J. R." last="Lenders">H. J. R. Lenders</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chamuleau, T P M" sort="Chamuleau, T P M" uniqKey="Chamuleau T" first="T. P. M." last="Chamuleau">T. P. M. Chamuleau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Rijkswaterstaat, Centre for Water, Traffic and Environment</institution>, P.O. Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hendriks, A J" sort="Hendriks, A J" uniqKey="Hendriks A" first="A. J." last="Hendriks">A. J. Hendriks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lauwerier, R C G M" sort="Lauwerier, R C G M" uniqKey="Lauwerier R" first="R. C. G. M." last="Lauwerier">R. C. G. M. Lauwerier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Archaeology, Cultural Heritage Agency, Ministry of Education, Culture and Science</institution>, P.O. Box 1600, 3800 BP Amersfoort,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leuven, R S E W" sort="Leuven, R S E W" uniqKey="Leuven R" first="R. S. E. W." last="Leuven">R. S. E. W. Leuven</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verberk, W C E P" sort="Verberk, W C E P" uniqKey="Verberk W" first="W. C. E. P." last="Verberk">W. C. E. P. Verberk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27435118</idno><idno type="pmc">4951639</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4951639</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4951639</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep29269</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000003</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000003</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Historical rise of waterpower initiated the collapse of salmon stocks</title><author><name sortKey="Lenders, H J R" sort="Lenders, H J R" uniqKey="Lenders H" first="H. J. R." last="Lenders">H. J. R. Lenders</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chamuleau, T P M" sort="Chamuleau, T P M" uniqKey="Chamuleau T" first="T. P. M." last="Chamuleau">T. P. M. Chamuleau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Rijkswaterstaat, Centre for Water, Traffic and Environment</institution>, P.O. Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hendriks, A J" sort="Hendriks, A J" uniqKey="Hendriks A" first="A. J." last="Hendriks">A. J. Hendriks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lauwerier, R C G M" sort="Lauwerier, R C G M" uniqKey="Lauwerier R" first="R. C. G. M." last="Lauwerier">R. C. G. M. Lauwerier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Archaeology, Cultural Heritage Agency, Ministry of Education, Culture and Science</institution>, P.O. Box 1600, 3800 BP Amersfoort,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leuven, R S E W" sort="Leuven, R S E W" uniqKey="Leuven R" first="R. S. E. W." last="Leuven">R. S. E. W. Leuven</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verberk, W C E P" sort="Verberk, W C E P" uniqKey="Verberk W" first="W. C. E. P." last="Verberk">W. C. E. P. Verberk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The collapse of Atlantic salmon (<italic>Salmo salar</italic>) stocks throughout North-Western Europe is generally ascribed to large-scale river regulation, water pollution and over-fishing in the 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> century. However, other causes have rarely been quantified, especially those acting before the 19<sup>th</sup> century. By analysing historical fishery, market and tax statistics, independently confirmed by archaeozoological records, we demonstrate that populations declined by up to 90% during the transitional period between the Early Middle Ages (c. 450–900 AD) and Early Modern Times (c. 1600 AD). These dramatic declines coincided with improvements in watermill technology and their geographical expansion across Europe. Our extrapolations suggest that historical Atlantic salmon runs must have once been very abundant indeed. The historical perspective presented here contributes to a better understanding of the primary factors that led to major declines in salmon populations. Such understanding provides an essential basis for the effective ecological rehabilitation of freshwater ecosystems.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jackson, J B C" uniqKey="Jackson J">J. B. C. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27435118</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4951639</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep29269</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep29269</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Historical rise of waterpower initiated the collapse of salmon stocks</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lenders</surname><given-names>H. J. R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chamuleau</surname><given-names>T. P. M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hendriks</surname><given-names>A. J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lauwerier</surname><given-names>R. C. G. M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leuven</surname><given-names>R. S. E. W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Verberk</surname><given-names>W. C. E. P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Rijkswaterstaat, Centre for Water, Traffic and Environment</institution>, P.O. Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad,<country>the Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Archaeology, Cultural Heritage Agency, Ministry of Education, Culture and Science</institution>, P.O. Box 1600, 3800 BP Amersfoort,<country>the Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University</institution>, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen,<country>the Netherlands</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>R.Lenders@science.ru.nl</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>07</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>29269</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day><month>02</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The collapse of Atlantic salmon (<italic>Salmo salar</italic>) stocks throughout North-Western Europe is generally ascribed to large-scale river regulation, water pollution and over-fishing in the 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> century. However, other causes have rarely been quantified, especially those acting before the 19<sup>th</sup> century. By analysing historical fishery, market and tax statistics, independently confirmed by archaeozoological records, we demonstrate that populations declined by up to 90% during the transitional period between the Early Middle Ages (c. 450–900 AD) and Early Modern Times (c. 1600 AD). These dramatic declines coincided with improvements in watermill technology and their geographical expansion across Europe. Our extrapolations suggest that historical Atlantic salmon runs must have once been very abundant indeed. The historical perspective presented here contributes to a better understanding of the primary factors that led to major declines in salmon populations. Such understanding provides an essential basis for the effective ecological rehabilitation of freshwater ecosystems.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Indexed declines of salmon stocks through the centuries.</title><p>(A) trends in the inverse of salmon prices in Lower Normandy, France (corrected using the trend in mean price of mutton, pork and partridge); (B) trends in the inverse of salmon prices in Cologne, Germany (corrected using changes in the price of other fish species); (C) trend in the tax levied on salmon fishery in the Netherlands; (D) salmon brought to the Geertruidenberg fish auction, the Netherlands; (E) salmon landed in the Netherlands; (F) trends in the inverse of salmon prices exported from Scotland. For each data source with more than two data points, the fitted exponential regression y = a·e<sup>(b·x)</sup> yielded significant models (min F<sub>1,4</sub> = 11.29; <italic>P</italic> = 0.028) with exponential declines (−0.007 ≤ b ≤ −0.068). The only exception was the data series from Scotland where the slope of the fitted regression was non-significant (F<sub>1,9</sub> = 4.58; <italic>P</italic> = 0.061, b = +0.003).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29269-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Numbers of newly constructed watermills in the 8<sup>th</sup> to the 20<sup>th</sup> century in the Rhine and Meuse catchment areas (watermills first mentioned in written sources taken as proxies for development per century).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29269-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Aggregated indexed salmon decline (combined information from <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>) in the Palaeo-Rhine catchment (circles) mirrored by increasing cumulative numbers of watermills in the Dutch, Belgian and German part of the catchment (squares).</title><p>The trends are significantly negatively correlated (r = −0.813; <italic>P</italic> < 0.0001).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29269-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Spatial correspondence between watermill locations and the present day distribution of Atlantic salmon in the United Kingdom.</title><p>The left panel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref> shows an inset with each dot representing a water mill. The right panel shows a distribution map (© Crown copyright and database rights 2011 Ordnance Survey [100017955]) of Atlantic salmon (filled squares). Data courtesy of the NBN Gateway with thanks to all the data contributors. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000188606/Grid_Map">https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000188606/Grid_Map</ext-link> (Accessed May 2014). The NBN and its data contributors bear no responsibility for the further analysis or interpretation of this material, data and/or information.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29269-f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Changes in the ratio of the number of archaeological sites in the Netherlands, Belgium and Northern France with salmon and pike remains (N<sub>salmon</sub>/N<sub>pike</sub>) in six time periods (Early farmers: Late Middle Neolithic-Early Middle Bronze Age; Late farmers: Late Middle Bronze Age-Roman Period; Early Middle Ages (450–900 AD); High Middle Ages (900–1250 AD); Late Middle Ages (1250–1500 AD); Modern Times (1500 AD- Present).</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Time period</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Number of sites</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N<sub>salmon</sub>/N<sub>pike</sub></th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">∆ N<sub>salmon</sub>/N<sub>pike</sub></th><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Interpretation</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Salmo salar</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Esox lucius</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Early farmers (Late Middle Neolithic-Early Middle Bronze Age)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Late farmers (Late Middle Bronze Age-Roman Period)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">73</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+0.12</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" charoff="50">Salmon stocks constant; the increasing ratio results from salmon remains decaying more rapidly than pike remains.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Early Middle Ages (450–900 AD)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+0.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">High Middle Ages (900–1250 AD)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.19</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" charoff="50">Salmon stocks decline strongly due to the impact of watermills</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Late Middle Ages (1250–1500 AD)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">44</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Modern Times (1500 AD- Present)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">77</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+0.11</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Salmon import results in an increased ratio</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>Note that constant stocks are expected to result in an increasing ratio as salmon remains decay more rapidly than pike remains. Therefore, the sharp fall in the salmon-pike ratio indicates a strong decline of Atlantic salmon starting from the transition of the Early to the High Middle Ages. The last column gives an interpretation of the observed ratio change.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Chamuleau, T P M" sort="Chamuleau, T P M" uniqKey="Chamuleau T" first="T. P. M." last="Chamuleau">T. P. M. Chamuleau</name><name sortKey="Hendriks, A J" sort="Hendriks, A J" uniqKey="Hendriks A" first="A. J." last="Hendriks">A. J. Hendriks</name><name sortKey="Lauwerier, R C G M" sort="Lauwerier, R C G M" uniqKey="Lauwerier R" first="R. C. G. M." last="Lauwerier">R. C. G. M. Lauwerier</name><name sortKey="Lenders, H J R" sort="Lenders, H J R" uniqKey="Lenders H" first="H. J. R." last="Lenders">H. J. R. Lenders</name><name sortKey="Leuven, R S E W" sort="Leuven, R S E W" uniqKey="Leuven R" first="R. S. E. W." last="Leuven">R. S. E. W. Leuven</name><name sortKey="Verberk, W C E P" sort="Verberk, W C E P" uniqKey="Verberk W" first="W. C. E. P." last="Verberk">W. C. E. P. Verberk</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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