EsturgeonV1, PascalFrancis, Corpus, bibRecord, 000353

Factors influencing transmission, onset and severity of outbreaks due to white sturgeon iridovirus in a commercial hatchery

Identifieur interne : 000353 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 000352; suivant : 000354

Factors influencing transmission, onset and severity of outbreaks due to white sturgeon iridovirus in a commercial hatchery

Auteurs : M. P. Georgiadis ; R. P. Hedrick ; T. E. Carpenter ; I. A. Gardner

Source :

Aquaculture : (Amsterdam) [ 0044-8486 ] ; 2001.

RBID : Pascal:01-0166884

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Transmission verticale, Grave, Pullulation, Iridovirus, Herpesvirus poisson, Virose, Descendance, Animal élevage, Modèle simulation, Variation spatiale, Variation pluri journalière, Analyse statistique, Ecloserie, Acipenser transmontanus, Acipenseridae.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Acipenser transmontanus, Farming animal, Fish herpesvirus, Hatchery, Iridovirus, Multidiurnal variation, Outbreak, Progeny, Severe, Simulation model, Spatial variation, Statistical analysis, Vertical transmission, Viral disease.

Abstract

Progeny from six different spawns of white sturgeon broodstock were monitored for 20 months in a commercial white sturgeon hatchery for occurrence of outbreaks of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 (WSHV-2). Five WSIV but no WSHV-2 outbreaks occurred during the study period. Signs of WSIV were restricted to tanks from a single spawn each time (except for one tank during the first outbreak). Temporal-spatial statistical analysis of outbreaks did not indicate that WSIV case tanks were clustered in time and space. Furthermore, WSIV was isolated from progeny of all six spawns participating in the study, even though occurrence of outbreaks and clinical presentation varied greatly among fish from different spawns. Despite failure to identify virus in samples from broodstock, these observations support a hypothesis of vertical transmission of WSIV, with tank-to-tank transmission having a lesser or no role in the spread of the virus. Differences in the onset and severity of WSIV outbreaks in fish from the six participating spawns indicate a possible genetic resistance to the virus and/or a role of stressors. All outbreaks, followed at least one major stressful event that occurred 9-32 days before the appearance of the first disease signs, and simulation modeling showed that the probability of this occurrence being a chance event was 0.14%, We conclude that minimization of stressors (avoidance of pump failures, handling and transportation) of the fish, should be a priority for the hatchery managers. Furthermore, since differences in resistance to WSIV probably exist among spawns, exclusion from reproduction of parents that yielded progeny susceptible to WSIV could improve survival of the young white sturgeon in hatcheries.

Notice en format standard (ISO 2709)

Pour connaître la documentation sur le format Inist Standard.

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A11	`01`	`1`		`@1 GEORGIADIS (M. P.)`
A11	`02`	`1`		`@1 HEDRICK (R. P.)`
A11	`03`	`1`		`@1 CARPENTER (T. E.)`
A11	`04`	`1`		`@1 GARDNER (I. A.)`
A14	`01`			`@1 Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California @2 Davis, CA 95616 @3 USA @Z 1 aut. @Z 2 aut. @Z 3 aut. @Z 4 aut.`
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C01	`01`		`ENG`	@0 Progeny from six different spawns of white sturgeon broodstock were monitored for 20 months in a commercial white sturgeon hatchery for occurrence of outbreaks of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 (WSHV-2). Five WSIV but no WSHV-2 outbreaks occurred during the study period. Signs of WSIV were restricted to tanks from a single spawn each time (except for one tank during the first outbreak). Temporal-spatial statistical analysis of outbreaks did not indicate that WSIV case tanks were clustered in time and space. Furthermore, WSIV was isolated from progeny of all six spawns participating in the study, even though occurrence of outbreaks and clinical presentation varied greatly among fish from different spawns. Despite failure to identify virus in samples from broodstock, these observations support a hypothesis of vertical transmission of WSIV, with tank-to-tank transmission having a lesser or no role in the spread of the virus. Differences in the onset and severity of WSIV outbreaks in fish from the six participating spawns indicate a possible genetic resistance to the virus and/or a role of stressors. All outbreaks, followed at least one major stressful event that occurred 9-32 days before the appearance of the first disease signs, and simulation modeling showed that the probability of this occurrence being a chance event was 0.14%, We conclude that minimization of stressors (avoidance of pump failures, handling and transportation) of the fish, should be a priority for the hatchery managers. Furthermore, since differences in resistance to WSIV probably exist among spawns, exclusion from reproduction of parents that yielded progeny susceptible to WSIV could improve survival of the young white sturgeon in hatcheries.
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Format Inist (serveur)

NO :	PASCAL 01-0166884 INIST
ET :	Factors influencing transmission, onset and severity of outbreaks due to white sturgeon iridovirus in a commercial hatchery
AU :	GEORGIADIS (M. P.); HEDRICK (R. P.); CARPENTER (T. E.); GARDNER (I. A.)
AF :	Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California/Davis, CA 95616/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut.)
DT :	Publication en série; Niveau analytique
SO :	Aquaculture : (Amsterdam); ISSN 0044-8486; Coden AQCLAL; Pays-Bas; Da. 2001; Vol. 194; No. 1-2; Pp. 21-35; Bibl. 24 ref.
LA :	Anglais
EA :	Progeny from six different spawns of white sturgeon broodstock were monitored for 20 months in a commercial white sturgeon hatchery for occurrence of outbreaks of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 (WSHV-2). Five WSIV but no WSHV-2 outbreaks occurred during the study period. Signs of WSIV were restricted to tanks from a single spawn each time (except for one tank during the first outbreak). Temporal-spatial statistical analysis of outbreaks did not indicate that WSIV case tanks were clustered in time and space. Furthermore, WSIV was isolated from progeny of all six spawns participating in the study, even though occurrence of outbreaks and clinical presentation varied greatly among fish from different spawns. Despite failure to identify virus in samples from broodstock, these observations support a hypothesis of vertical transmission of WSIV, with tank-to-tank transmission having a lesser or no role in the spread of the virus. Differences in the onset and severity of WSIV outbreaks in fish from the six participating spawns indicate a possible genetic resistance to the virus and/or a role of stressors. All outbreaks, followed at least one major stressful event that occurred 9-32 days before the appearance of the first disease signs, and simulation modeling showed that the probability of this occurrence being a chance event was 0.14%, We conclude that minimization of stressors (avoidance of pump failures, handling and transportation) of the fish, should be a priority for the hatchery managers. Furthermore, since differences in resistance to WSIV probably exist among spawns, exclusion from reproduction of parents that yielded progeny susceptible to WSIV could improve survival of the young white sturgeon in hatcheries.
CC :	002A36B03A
FD :	Transmission verticale; Grave; Pullulation; Iridovirus; Herpesvirus poisson; Virose; Descendance; Animal élevage; Modèle simulation; Variation spatiale; Variation pluri journalière; Analyse statistique; Ecloserie; Acipenser transmontanus; Acipenseridae
FG :	Iridoviridae; Virus; Herpesviridae; Infection; Milieu eau douce; Modélisation; Aquiculture; Relation hôte virus; Pisces; Vertebrata
ED :	Vertical transmission; Severe; Outbreak; Iridovirus; Fish herpesvirus; Viral disease; Progeny; Farming animal; Simulation model; Spatial variation; Multidiurnal variation; Statistical analysis; Hatchery; Acipenser transmontanus
EG :	Iridoviridae; Virus; Herpesviridae; Infection; Freshwater environment; Modeling; Aquaculture; Host virus relation; Pisces; Vertebrata
SD :	Transmisión vertical; Grave; Pululación; Iridovirus; Fish herpesvirus; Virosis; Descendencia; Animal cría; Modelo simulación; Variación espacial; Variación pluridiaria; Análisis estadístico; Acipenser transmontanus
LO :	INIST-15964.354000094904010030
ID :	01-0166884

Links to Exploration step

Pascal:01-0166884

Le document en format XML

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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Progeny from six different spawns of white sturgeon broodstock were monitored for 20 months in a commercial white sturgeon hatchery for occurrence of outbreaks of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 (WSHV-2). Five WSIV but no WSHV-2 outbreaks occurred during the study period. Signs of WSIV were restricted to tanks from a single spawn each time (except for one tank during the first outbreak). Temporal-spatial statistical analysis of outbreaks did not indicate that WSIV case tanks were clustered in time and space. Furthermore, WSIV was isolated from progeny of all six spawns participating in the study, even though occurrence of outbreaks and clinical presentation varied greatly among fish from different spawns. Despite failure to identify virus in samples from broodstock, these observations support a hypothesis of vertical transmission of WSIV, with tank-to-tank transmission having a lesser or no role in the spread of the virus. Differences in the onset and severity of WSIV outbreaks in fish from the six participating spawns indicate a possible genetic resistance to the virus and/or a role of stressors. All outbreaks, followed at least one major stressful event that occurred 9-32 days before the appearance of the first disease signs, and simulation modeling showed that the probability of this occurrence being a chance event was 0.14%, We conclude that minimization of stressors (avoidance of pump failures, handling and transportation) of the fish, should be a priority for the hatchery managers. Furthermore, since differences in resistance to WSIV probably exist among spawns, exclusion from reproduction of parents that yielded progeny susceptible to WSIV  could improve survival of the young white sturgeon in hatcheries.</div>
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<fA61><s0>A</s0>
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<fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Aquaculture : (Amsterdam)</s0>
</fA64>
<fA66 i1="01"><s0>NLD</s0>
</fA66>
<fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Progeny from six different spawns of white sturgeon broodstock were monitored for 20 months in a commercial white sturgeon hatchery for occurrence of outbreaks of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 (WSHV-2). Five WSIV but no WSHV-2 outbreaks occurred during the study period. Signs of WSIV were restricted to tanks from a single spawn each time (except for one tank during the first outbreak). Temporal-spatial statistical analysis of outbreaks did not indicate that WSIV case tanks were clustered in time and space. Furthermore, WSIV was isolated from progeny of all six spawns participating in the study, even though occurrence of outbreaks and clinical presentation varied greatly among fish from different spawns. Despite failure to identify virus in samples from broodstock, these observations support a hypothesis of vertical transmission of WSIV, with tank-to-tank transmission having a lesser or no role in the spread of the virus. Differences in the onset and severity of WSIV outbreaks in fish from the six participating spawns indicate a possible genetic resistance to the virus and/or a role of stressors. All outbreaks, followed at least one major stressful event that occurred 9-32 days before the appearance of the first disease signs, and simulation modeling showed that the probability of this occurrence being a chance event was 0.14%, We conclude that minimization of stressors (avoidance of pump failures, handling and transportation) of the fish, should be a priority for the hatchery managers. Furthermore, since differences in resistance to WSIV probably exist among spawns, exclusion from reproduction of parents that yielded progeny susceptible to WSIV  could improve survival of the young white sturgeon in hatcheries.</s0>
</fC01>
<fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002A36B03A</s0>
</fC02>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Transmission verticale</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vertical transmission</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Transmisión vertical</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Grave</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Severe</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Grave</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pullulation</s0>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Outbreak</s0>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Pululación</s0>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Iridovirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Iridovirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Iridovirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Herpesvirus poisson</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Fish herpesvirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Fish herpesvirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Virose</s0>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Viral disease</s0>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Virosis</s0>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Descendance</s0>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Progeny</s0>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Descendencia</s0>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Animal élevage</s0>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Farming animal</s0>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Animal cría</s0>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Modèle simulation</s0>
<s5>09</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Simulation model</s0>
<s5>09</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Modelo simulación</s0>
<s5>09</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Variation spatiale</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Spatial variation</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Variación espacial</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Variation pluri journalière</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Multidiurnal variation</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Variación pluridiaria</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Analyse statistique</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Statistical analysis</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Análisis estadístico</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Ecloserie</s0>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Hatchery</s0>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Acipenser transmontanus</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
<s5>55</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Acipenser transmontanus</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
<s5>55</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Acipenser transmontanus</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
<s5>55</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="15" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Acipenseridae</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
<s4>INC</s4>
<s5>70</s5>
</fC03>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Iridoviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Iridoviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Iridoviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Herpesviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Herpesviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Herpesviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Infection</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Infection</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Infección</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Milieu eau douce</s0>
<s5>14</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Freshwater environment</s0>
<s5>14</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Medio agua dulce</s0>
<s5>14</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Modélisation</s0>
<s5>15</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Modeling</s0>
<s5>15</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Modelización</s0>
<s5>15</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Aquiculture</s0>
<s5>16</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Aquaculture</s0>
<s5>16</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Acuacultura</s0>
<s5>16</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Relation hôte virus</s0>
<s5>17</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Host virus relation</s0>
<s5>17</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Relación huesped virus</s0>
<s5>17</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pisces</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Pisces</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Pisces</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Vertebrata</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vertebrata</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Vertebrata</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fN21><s1>113</s1>
</fN21>
</pA>
</standard>
<server><NO>PASCAL 01-0166884 INIST</NO>
<ET>Factors influencing transmission, onset and severity of outbreaks due to white sturgeon iridovirus in a commercial hatchery</ET>
<AU>GEORGIADIS (M. P.); HEDRICK (R. P.); CARPENTER (T. E.); GARDNER (I. A.)</AU>
<AF>Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California/Davis, CA 95616/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut.)</AF>
<DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT>
<SO>Aquaculture : (Amsterdam); ISSN 0044-8486; Coden AQCLAL; Pays-Bas; Da. 2001; Vol. 194; No. 1-2; Pp. 21-35; Bibl. 24 ref.</SO>
<LA>Anglais</LA>
<EA>Progeny from six different spawns of white sturgeon broodstock were monitored for 20 months in a commercial white sturgeon hatchery for occurrence of outbreaks of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 (WSHV-2). Five WSIV but no WSHV-2 outbreaks occurred during the study period. Signs of WSIV were restricted to tanks from a single spawn each time (except for one tank during the first outbreak). Temporal-spatial statistical analysis of outbreaks did not indicate that WSIV case tanks were clustered in time and space. Furthermore, WSIV was isolated from progeny of all six spawns participating in the study, even though occurrence of outbreaks and clinical presentation varied greatly among fish from different spawns. Despite failure to identify virus in samples from broodstock, these observations support a hypothesis of vertical transmission of WSIV, with tank-to-tank transmission having a lesser or no role in the spread of the virus. Differences in the onset and severity of WSIV outbreaks in fish from the six participating spawns indicate a possible genetic resistance to the virus and/or a role of stressors. All outbreaks, followed at least one major stressful event that occurred 9-32 days before the appearance of the first disease signs, and simulation modeling showed that the probability of this occurrence being a chance event was 0.14%, We conclude that minimization of stressors (avoidance of pump failures, handling and transportation) of the fish, should be a priority for the hatchery managers. Furthermore, since differences in resistance to WSIV probably exist among spawns, exclusion from reproduction of parents that yielded progeny susceptible to WSIV  could improve survival of the young white sturgeon in hatcheries.</EA>
<CC>002A36B03A</CC>
<FD>Transmission verticale; Grave; Pullulation; Iridovirus; Herpesvirus poisson; Virose; Descendance; Animal élevage; Modèle simulation; Variation spatiale; Variation pluri journalière; Analyse statistique; Ecloserie; Acipenser transmontanus; Acipenseridae</FD>
<FG>Iridoviridae; Virus; Herpesviridae; Infection; Milieu eau douce; Modélisation; Aquiculture; Relation hôte virus; Pisces; Vertebrata</FG>
<ED>Vertical transmission; Severe; Outbreak; Iridovirus; Fish herpesvirus; Viral disease; Progeny; Farming animal; Simulation model; Spatial variation; Multidiurnal variation; Statistical analysis; Hatchery; Acipenser transmontanus</ED>
<EG>Iridoviridae; Virus; Herpesviridae; Infection; Freshwater environment; Modeling; Aquaculture; Host virus relation; Pisces; Vertebrata</EG>
<SD>Transmisión vertical; Grave; Pululación; Iridovirus; Fish herpesvirus; Virosis; Descendencia; Animal cría; Modelo simulación; Variación espacial; Variación pluridiaria; Análisis estadístico; Acipenser transmontanus</SD>
<LO>INIST-15964.354000094904010030</LO>
<ID>01-0166884</ID>
</server>
</inist>
</record>

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Factors influencing transmission, onset and severity of outbreaks due to white sturgeon iridovirus in a commercial hatchery

Factors influencing transmission, onset and severity of outbreaks due to white sturgeon iridovirus in a commercial hatchery

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