Assessing contaminant sensitivity of endangered and threatened aquatic species: Part III. Effluent toxicity tests
Identifieur interne : 000248 ( PascalFrancis/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000247; suivant : 000249Assessing contaminant sensitivity of endangered and threatened aquatic species: Part III. Effluent toxicity tests
Auteurs : F. J. Dwyer [États-Unis] ; D. K. Hardesty [États-Unis] ; C. E. Henke [États-Unis] ; C. G. Ingersoll [États-Unis] ; D. W. Whites [États-Unis] ; T. Augspurger [États-Unis] ; T. J. Canfield [États-Unis] ; D. R. Mount [États-Unis] ; F. L. Mayer [États-Unis]Source :
- Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology : (Print) [ 0090-4341 ] ; 2005.
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Abstract
Toxicity tests using standard effluent test procedures described by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), and seven threatened and endangered (listed) fish species from four families: (1) Acipenseridae: shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum); (2) Catostomidae; razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus); (3) Cyprinidae: bonytail chub (Gila elegans), Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas) Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), and spotfin chub (Cyprinella monacha); and (4) Poecillidae: Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis). We conducted 7-day survival and growth studies with embryo-larval fathead minnows and analogous exposures using the listed species. Survival and reproduction were also determined with C. dubia. Tests were conducted with carbaryl, ammonia-or a simulated effluent complex mixture of carbaryl, copper, 4-nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol and permethrin at equitoxic proportions. In addition, Cape Fear shiners and spotfin chub were tested using diazinon, copper, and chlorine. Toxicity tests were also conducted with field-collected effluents from domestic or industrial facilities. Bonytail chub and razorback suckers were tested with effluents collected in Arizona whereas effluent samples collected from North Carolina were tested with Cape Fear shiner, spotfin chub, and shortnose sturgeon. The fathead minnow 7-day effluent test was often a reliable estimator of toxic effects to the listed fishes. However, in 21 % of the tests, a listed species was more sensitive than fathead minnows. More sensitive species results varied by test so that usually no species was always more or less sensitive than fathead minnows. Only the Gila topminnow was consistently less sensitive than the fathead minnow. Listed fish species were protected 96% of the time when results for both fathead minnows and C. dubia were considered, thus reinforcing the value of standard whole-effluent toxicity tests using those two species. If the responses of specific listed species are important for management decisions, our study supports the value in developing culture and testing procedures for those species.
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Assessing contaminant sensitivity of endangered and threatened aquatic species: Part III. Effluent toxicity tests</title><author><name sortKey="Dwyer, F J" sort="Dwyer, F J" uniqKey="Dwyer F" first="F. J." last="Dwyer">F. J. Dwyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 101 Park DeVille Drive, Suite A</s1><s2>Columbia, Missouri 65203</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Columbia, Missouri 65203</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hardesty, D K" sort="Hardesty, D K" uniqKey="Hardesty D" first="D. K." last="Hardesty">D. K. 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Whites</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Columbia Environmental Research Center, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Road</s1><s2>Columbia, Missouri 652</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Columbia, Missouri 652</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Augspurger, T" sort="Augspurger, T" uniqKey="Augspurger T" first="T." last="Augspurger">T. Augspurger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>U. S Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 33726</s1><s2>Raleigh, North Carolina 27636-3726</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Raleigh, North Carolina 27636-3726</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canfield, T J" sort="Canfield, T J" uniqKey="Canfield T" first="T. J." last="Canfield">T. J. Canfield</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Ground Water and Ecosystems Restoration Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive</s1><s2>Ada, Oklahoma 74820</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Ada, Oklahoma 74820</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mount, D R" sort="Mount, D R" uniqKey="Mount D" first="D. R." last="Mount">D. R. Mount</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Aid-Content Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congd Boulevard</s1><s2>Duluth, Minnesota 55804</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Duluth, Minnesota 55804</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mayer, F L" sort="Mayer, F L" uniqKey="Mayer F" first="F. L." last="Mayer">F. L. Mayer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Dri Gulf Breeze</s1><s2>Florida 32561-5299</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Florida 32561-5299</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">05-0328108</idno><date when="2005">2005</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 05-0328108 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:05-0328108</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000237</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000139</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000248</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000248</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Assessing contaminant sensitivity of endangered and threatened aquatic species: Part III. Effluent toxicity tests</title><author><name sortKey="Dwyer, F J" sort="Dwyer, F J" uniqKey="Dwyer F" first="F. J." last="Dwyer">F. J. Dwyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 101 Park DeVille Drive, Suite A</s1><s2>Columbia, Missouri 65203</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Columbia, Missouri 65203</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hardesty, D K" sort="Hardesty, D K" uniqKey="Hardesty D" first="D. K." last="Hardesty">D. K. Hardesty</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Columbia Environmental Research Center, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Road</s1><s2>Columbia, Missouri 652</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Columbia, Missouri 652</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henke, C E" sort="Henke, C E" uniqKey="Henke C" first="C. E." last="Henke">C. E. Henke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Columbia Environmental Research Center, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Road</s1><s2>Columbia, Missouri 652</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Columbia, Missouri 652</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ingersoll, C G" sort="Ingersoll, C G" uniqKey="Ingersoll C" first="C. G." last="Ingersoll">C. G. Ingersoll</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Columbia Environmental Research Center, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Road</s1><s2>Columbia, Missouri 652</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Columbia, Missouri 652</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whites, D W" sort="Whites, D W" uniqKey="Whites D" first="D. W." last="Whites">D. W. Whites</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Columbia Environmental Research Center, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Road</s1><s2>Columbia, Missouri 652</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Columbia, Missouri 652</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Augspurger, T" sort="Augspurger, T" uniqKey="Augspurger T" first="T." last="Augspurger">T. Augspurger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>U. S Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 33726</s1><s2>Raleigh, North Carolina 27636-3726</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Raleigh, North Carolina 27636-3726</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canfield, T J" sort="Canfield, T J" uniqKey="Canfield T" first="T. J." last="Canfield">T. J. Canfield</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Ground Water and Ecosystems Restoration Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive</s1><s2>Ada, Oklahoma 74820</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Ada, Oklahoma 74820</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mount, D R" sort="Mount, D R" uniqKey="Mount D" first="D. R." last="Mount">D. R. Mount</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Aid-Content Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congd Boulevard</s1><s2>Duluth, Minnesota 55804</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Duluth, Minnesota 55804</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mayer, F L" sort="Mayer, F L" uniqKey="Mayer F" first="F. L." last="Mayer">F. L. Mayer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Dri Gulf Breeze</s1><s2>Florida 32561-5299</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Florida 32561-5299</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology : (Print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Arch. environ. contam. toxicol. : (Print)</title><idno type="ISSN">0090-4341</idno><imprint><date when="2005">2005</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology : (Print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Arch. environ. contam. toxicol. : (Print)</title><idno type="ISSN">0090-4341</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Contaminant</term><term>Ecotoxicology</term><term>Effluent</term><term>Endangered species</term><term>Environment</term><term>Pollution</term><term>Toxicity test</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Contaminant</term><term>Espèce menacée</term><term>Effluent</term><term>Pollution</term><term>Ecotoxicologie</term><term>Environnement</term><term>Test toxicité</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Pollution</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Toxicity tests using standard effluent test procedures described by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), and seven threatened and endangered (listed) fish species from four families: (1) Acipenseridae: shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum); (2) Catostomidae; razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus); (3) Cyprinidae: bonytail chub (Gila elegans), Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas) Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), and spotfin chub (Cyprinella monacha); and (4) Poecillidae: Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis). We conducted 7-day survival and growth studies with embryo-larval fathead minnows and analogous exposures using the listed species. Survival and reproduction were also determined with C. dubia. Tests were conducted with carbaryl, ammonia-or a simulated effluent complex mixture of carbaryl, copper, 4-nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol and permethrin at equitoxic proportions. In addition, Cape Fear shiners and spotfin chub were tested using diazinon, copper, and chlorine. Toxicity tests were also conducted with field-collected effluents from domestic or industrial facilities. Bonytail chub and razorback suckers were tested with effluents collected in Arizona whereas effluent samples collected from North Carolina were tested with Cape Fear shiner, spotfin chub, and shortnose sturgeon. The fathead minnow 7-day effluent test was often a reliable estimator of toxic effects to the listed fishes. However, in 21 % of the tests, a listed species was more sensitive than fathead minnows. More sensitive species results varied by test so that usually no species was always more or less sensitive than fathead minnows. Only the Gila topminnow was consistently less sensitive than the fathead minnow. Listed fish species were protected 96% of the time when results for both fathead minnows and C. dubia were considered, thus reinforcing the value of standard whole-effluent toxicity tests using those two species. If the responses of specific listed species are important for management decisions, our study supports the value in developing culture and testing procedures for those species.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0090-4341</s0></fA01><fA02 i1="01"><s0>AECTCV</s0></fA02><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Arch. environ. contam. toxicol. : (Print)</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>48</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>2</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Assessing contaminant sensitivity of endangered and threatened aquatic species: Part III. Effluent toxicity tests</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>DWYER (F. J.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>HARDESTY (D. K.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>HENKE (C. E.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>INGERSOLL (C. G.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>WHITES (D. W.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>AUGSPURGER (T.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>CANFIELD (T. J.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>MOUNT (D. R.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>MAYER (F. L.)</s1></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 101 Park DeVille Drive, Suite A</s1><s2>Columbia, Missouri 65203</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Columbia Environmental Research Center, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Road</s1><s2>Columbia, Missouri 652</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>U. S Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 33726</s1><s2>Raleigh, North Carolina 27636-3726</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>Ground Water and Ecosystems Restoration Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive</s1><s2>Ada, Oklahoma 74820</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="05"><s1>Aid-Content Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congd Boulevard</s1><s2>Duluth, Minnesota 55804</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="06"><s1>Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Dri Gulf Breeze</s1><s2>Florida 32561-5299</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>174-183</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2005</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>15790</s2><s5>354000126868960040</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2005 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>26 ref.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>05-0328108</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology : (Print)</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>USA</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Toxicity tests using standard effluent test procedures described by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), and seven threatened and endangered (listed) fish species from four families: (1) Acipenseridae: shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum); (2) Catostomidae; razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus); (3) Cyprinidae: bonytail chub (Gila elegans), Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas) Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), and spotfin chub (Cyprinella monacha); and (4) Poecillidae: Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis). We conducted 7-day survival and growth studies with embryo-larval fathead minnows and analogous exposures using the listed species. Survival and reproduction were also determined with C. dubia. Tests were conducted with carbaryl, ammonia-or a simulated effluent complex mixture of carbaryl, copper, 4-nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol and permethrin at equitoxic proportions. In addition, Cape Fear shiners and spotfin chub were tested using diazinon, copper, and chlorine. Toxicity tests were also conducted with field-collected effluents from domestic or industrial facilities. Bonytail chub and razorback suckers were tested with effluents collected in Arizona whereas effluent samples collected from North Carolina were tested with Cape Fear shiner, spotfin chub, and shortnose sturgeon. The fathead minnow 7-day effluent test was often a reliable estimator of toxic effects to the listed fishes. However, in 21 % of the tests, a listed species was more sensitive than fathead minnows. More sensitive species results varied by test so that usually no species was always more or less sensitive than fathead minnows. Only the Gila topminnow was consistently less sensitive than the fathead minnow. Listed fish species were protected 96% of the time when results for both fathead minnows and C. dubia were considered, thus reinforcing the value of standard whole-effluent toxicity tests using those two species. If the responses of specific listed species are important for management decisions, our study supports the value in developing culture and testing procedures for those species.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002A14D05A</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Contaminant</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Contaminant</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Contaminante</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Espèce menacée</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Endangered species</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Especie amenazada</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Effluent</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Effluent</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Efluente</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pollution</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Pollution</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Polución</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Ecotoxicologie</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Ecotoxicology</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Ecotoxicología</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Environnement</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Environment</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Medio ambiente</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Test toxicité</s0><s4>CD</s4><s5>96</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Toxicity test</s0><s4>CD</s4><s5>96</s5></fC03><fN21><s1>227</s1></fN21><fN44 i1="01"><s1>OTO</s1></fN44><fN82><s1>OTO</s1></fN82></pA></standard></inist><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dwyer, F J" sort="Dwyer, F J" uniqKey="Dwyer F" first="F. J." last="Dwyer">F. J. Dwyer</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Augspurger, T" sort="Augspurger, T" uniqKey="Augspurger T" first="T." last="Augspurger">T. Augspurger</name><name sortKey="Canfield, T J" sort="Canfield, T J" uniqKey="Canfield T" first="T. J." last="Canfield">T. J. Canfield</name><name sortKey="Hardesty, D K" sort="Hardesty, D K" uniqKey="Hardesty D" first="D. K." last="Hardesty">D. K. Hardesty</name><name sortKey="Henke, C E" sort="Henke, C E" uniqKey="Henke C" first="C. E." last="Henke">C. E. Henke</name><name sortKey="Ingersoll, C G" sort="Ingersoll, C G" uniqKey="Ingersoll C" first="C. G." last="Ingersoll">C. G. Ingersoll</name><name sortKey="Mayer, F L" sort="Mayer, F L" uniqKey="Mayer F" first="F. L." last="Mayer">F. L. Mayer</name><name sortKey="Mount, D R" sort="Mount, D R" uniqKey="Mount D" first="D. R." last="Mount">D. R. Mount</name><name sortKey="Whites, D W" sort="Whites, D W" uniqKey="Whites D" first="D. W." last="Whites">D. W. 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