Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa
Identifieur interne : 001637 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001636; suivant : 001638Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa
Auteurs : Michael L. Kent ; Karl B. Andree ; Jerri L. Bartholomew ; Mansour El-Matbouli ; Sherwin S. Desser ; Robert H. Devlin ; Stephen W. Feist ; Ronald P. Hedrick ; Rudolf W. Hoffmann ; Jaswinder Khattra ; Sascha L. Hallett ; Robert J. G. Lester ; Matthew Longshaw ; Oswaldo Palenzeula ; Mark E. Siddall ; Chongxie XiaoSource :
- Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology [ 1066-5234 ] ; 2001-07.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT. In the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the Myxozoa. First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, Tetracapsula bryosahnonae, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that:l) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa spp., and Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX). Lectin‐based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and C. shasta. We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re‐emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. Kudoa thyrsites infections have caused severe post‐harvest myoliquefaction in pen‐reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora spp., and Myxidium leei cause disease in pen‐reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x
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Kent</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Salmon Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331‐3804</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: Michael.Kent@orst.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andree, Karl B" sort="Andree, Karl B" uniqKey="Andree K" first="Karl B." last="Andree">Karl B. Andree</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, California 95616</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bartholomew, Jerri L" sort="Bartholomew, Jerri L" uniqKey="Bartholomew J" first="Jerri L." last="Bartholomew">Jerri L. Bartholomew</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Salmon Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331‐3804</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Atbouli, Mansour" sort="El Atbouli, Mansour" uniqKey="El Atbouli M" first="Mansour" last="El-Matbouli">Mansour El-Matbouli</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desser, Sherwin S" sort="Desser, Sherwin S" uniqKey="Desser S" first="Sherwin S." last="Desser">Sherwin S. Desser</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Devlin, Robert H" sort="Devlin, Robert H" uniqKey="Devlin R" first="Robert H." last="Devlin">Robert H. Devlin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver Laboratory, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, British Columbia, V7V 1N6, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feist, Stephen W" sort="Feist, Stephen W" uniqKey="Feist S" first="Stephen W." last="Feist">Stephen W. Feist</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, The Northe, Dorset DT4 SUB, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hedrick, Ronald P" sort="Hedrick, Ronald P" uniqKey="Hedrick R" first="Ronald P." last="Hedrick">Ronald P. Hedrick</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, California 95616</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Rudolf W" sort="Hoffmann, Rudolf W" uniqKey="Hoffmann R" first="Rudolf W." last="Hoffmann">Rudolf W. Hoffmann</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khattra, Jaswinder" sort="Khattra, Jaswinder" uniqKey="Khattra J" first="Jaswinder" last="Khattra">Jaswinder Khattra</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallett, Sascha L" sort="Hallett, Sascha L" uniqKey="Hallett S" first="Sascha L." last="Hallett">Sascha L. Hallett</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lester, Robert J G" sort="Lester, Robert J G" uniqKey="Lester R" first="Robert J. G." last="Lester">Robert J. G. Lester</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Longshaw, Matthew" sort="Longshaw, Matthew" uniqKey="Longshaw M" first="Matthew" last="Longshaw">Matthew Longshaw</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, The Northe, Dorset DT4 SUB, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palenzeula, Oswaldo" sort="Palenzeula, Oswaldo" uniqKey="Palenzeula O" first="Oswaldo" last="Palenzeula">Oswaldo Palenzeula</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), E‐12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siddall, Mark E" sort="Siddall, Mark E" uniqKey="Siddall M" first="Mark E." last="Siddall">Mark E. Siddall</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 1002</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, Chongxie" sort="Xiao, Chongxie" uniqKey="Xiao C" first="Chongxie" last="Xiao">Chongxie Xiao</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</title><idno type="ISSN">1066-5234</idno><idno type="eISSN">1550-7408</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2001-07">2001-07</date><biblScope unit="volume">48</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="395">395</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="413">413</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1066-5234</idno></series><idno type="istex">B7128EBBB73CDD697F995392F0D41CD907116E3E</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">JEU395</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1066-5234</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Actinosporea</term><term>Ceratomyxa</term><term>Kudoa</term><term>Myxidium</term><term>Myxosporean</term><term>Myxozoa</term><term>Sphaerospora</term><term>Tetracapsula</term><term>disease</term><term>fin fish</term><term>nomenclature</term><term>phylogeny</term><term>whirling disease</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">ABSTRACT. In the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the Myxozoa. First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, Tetracapsula bryosahnonae, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that:l) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa spp., and Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX). Lectin‐based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and C. shasta. We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re‐emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. Kudoa thyrsites infections have caused severe post‐harvest myoliquefaction in pen‐reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora spp., and Myxidium leei cause disease in pen‐reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>MICHAEL L. KENT</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Salmon Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331‐3804</json:string><json:string>E-mail: Michael.Kent@orst.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>KARL B. ANDREE</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, California 95616</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>JERRI L. BARTHOLOMEW</name><affiliations><json:string>Center for Salmon Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331‐3804</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>MANSOUR EL‐MATBOULI</name><affiliations><json:string>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>SHERWIN S. DESSER</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>ROBERT H. DEVLIN</name><affiliations><json:string>Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver Laboratory, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, British Columbia, V7V 1N6, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>STEPHEN W. FEIST</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, The Northe, Dorset DT4 SUB, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>RONALD P. HEDRICK</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, California 95616</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>RUDOLF W. HOFFMANN</name><affiliations><json:string>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>JASWINDER KHATTRA</name><affiliations><json:string>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>SASCHA L. HALLETT</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>ROBERT J. G. LESTER</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>MATTHEW LONGSHAW</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, The Northe, Dorset DT4 SUB, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>OSWALDO PALENZEULA</name><affiliations><json:string>Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), E‐12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>MARK E. SIDDALL</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 1002</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>CHONGXIE XIAO</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Actinosporea</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Ceratomyxa</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>disease</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>fin fish</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Kudoa</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Myxidium</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Myxosporean</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Myxozoa</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>nomenclature</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>phylogeny</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Sphaerospora</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Tetracapsula</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>whirling disease</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>JEU395</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>reviewArticle</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>ABSTRACT. In the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the Myxozoa. First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, Tetracapsula bryosahnonae, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that:l) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa spp., and Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX). Lectin‐based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and C. shasta. We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re‐emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. Kudoa thyrsites infections have caused severe post‐harvest myoliquefaction in pen‐reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora spp., and Myxidium leei cause disease in pen‐reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.5</score><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 792.24 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>2700</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>16357</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>104034</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>19</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>395</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the 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xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">JERRI L.</forename><surname>BARTHOLOMEW</surname></persName><affiliation>Center for Salmon Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331‐3804</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">MANSOUR</forename><surname>EL‐MATBOULI</surname></persName><affiliation>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">SHERWIN S.</forename><surname>DESSER</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">ROBERT H.</forename><surname>DEVLIN</surname></persName><affiliation>Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver Laboratory, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, British Columbia, V7V 1N6, Canada</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">STEPHEN W.</forename><surname>FEIST</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, The Northe, Dorset DT4 SUB, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-8"><persName><forename type="first">RONALD P.</forename><surname>HEDRICK</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, California 95616</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-9"><persName><forename type="first">RUDOLF W.</forename><surname>HOFFMANN</surname></persName><affiliation>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-10"><persName><forename type="first">JASWINDER</forename><surname>KHATTRA</surname></persName><affiliation>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-11"><persName><forename type="first">SASCHA L.</forename><surname>HALLETT</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-12"><persName><forename type="first">ROBERT J. G.</forename><surname>LESTER</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-13"><persName><forename type="first">MATTHEW</forename><surname>LONGSHAW</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, The Northe, Dorset DT4 SUB, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-14"><persName><forename type="first">OSWALDO</forename><surname>PALENZEULA</surname></persName><affiliation>Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), E‐12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-15"><persName><forename type="first">MARK E.</forename><surname>SIDDALL</surname></persName><affiliation>Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 1002</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-16"><persName><forename type="first">CHONGXIE</forename><surname>XIAO</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</title><idno type="pISSN">1066-5234</idno><idno type="eISSN">1550-7408</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1550-7408</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2001-07"></date><biblScope unit="volume">48</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="395">395</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="413">413</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">B7128EBBB73CDD697F995392F0D41CD907116E3E</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">JEU395</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2001</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>ABSTRACT. In the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the Myxozoa. First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, Tetracapsula bryosahnonae, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that:l) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa spp., and Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX). Lectin‐based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and C. shasta. We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re‐emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. Kudoa thyrsites infections have caused severe post‐harvest myoliquefaction in pen‐reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora spp., and Myxidium leei cause disease in pen‐reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Actinosporea</term></item><item><term>Ceratomyxa</term></item><item><term>disease</term></item><item><term>fin fish</term></item><item><term>Kudoa</term></item><item><term>Myxidium</term></item><item><term>Myxosporean</term></item><item><term>Myxozoa</term></item><item><term>nomenclature</term></item><item><term>phylogeny</term></item><item><term>Sphaerospora</term></item><item><term>Tetracapsula</term></item><item><term>whirling disease</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2001-07">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B7128EBBB73CDD697F995392F0D41CD907116E3E/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1550-7408</doi><issn type="print">1066-5234</issn><issn type="electronic">1550-7408</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JEU"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY">Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="07004"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/jeu.2001.48.issue-4</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="48">48</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="4">4</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2001-07">July 2001</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="reviewArticle" position="0039500" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="JEU395"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="19"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">Invited Review</title></titleGroup><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2005-07-11"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2005-07-11"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.6 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-04-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-30"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-30"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="395">395</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="413">413</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo> Corresponding Author: M. Kent—Telephone number 541‐737‐ 5088; FAX 541‐737‐2166; E‐mail: <email>Michael.Kent@orst.edu</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JEU.JEU395.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="4"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="3"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="204"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="289"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>MICHAEL L.</givenNames><familyName>KENT</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>KARL B.</givenNames><familyName>ANDREE</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>JERRI L.</givenNames><familyName>BARTHOLOMEW</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>MANSOUR</givenNames><familyName>EL‐MATBOULI</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a4"><personName><givenNames>SHERWIN S.</givenNames><familyName>DESSER</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr6" affiliationRef="#a5"><personName><givenNames>ROBERT H.</givenNames><familyName>DEVLIN</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr7" affiliationRef="#a6"><personName><givenNames>STEPHEN W.</givenNames><familyName>FEIST</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr8" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>RONALD P.</givenNames><familyName>HEDRICK</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr9" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>RUDOLF W.</givenNames><familyName>HOFFMANN</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr10" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>JASWINDER</givenNames><familyName>KHATTRA</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr11" affiliationRef="#a7"><personName><givenNames>SASCHA L.</givenNames><familyName>HALLETT</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr12" affiliationRef="#a7"><personName><givenNames>ROBERT J. 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First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of <i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i> requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete, <i>Tubifex tubifex</i>, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, <i>Tetracapsula bryosahnonae</i>, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that:l) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for <i>Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa</i> spp., and <i>Tetracapsula bryosalmonae</i> (PKX). Lectin‐based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and <i>C. shasta.</i> We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re‐emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. <i>Kudoa thyrsites</i> infections have caused severe post‐harvest myoliquefaction in pen‐reared Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>), and <i>Ceratomyxa</i> spp., <i>Sphaerospora</i> spp., and <i>Myxidium leei</i> cause disease in pen‐reared sea bass (<i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MICHAEL L.</namePart><namePart type="family">KENT</namePart><affiliation>Center for Salmon Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331‐3804</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: Michael.Kent@orst.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">KARL B.</namePart><namePart type="family">ANDREE</namePart><affiliation>Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, California 95616</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JERRI L.</namePart><namePart type="family">BARTHOLOMEW</namePart><affiliation>Center for Salmon Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331‐3804</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MANSOUR</namePart><namePart type="family">EL‐MATBOULI</namePart><affiliation>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SHERWIN S.</namePart><namePart type="family">DESSER</namePart><affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ROBERT H.</namePart><namePart type="family">DEVLIN</namePart><affiliation>Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver Laboratory, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, British Columbia, V7V 1N6, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">STEPHEN W.</namePart><namePart type="family">FEIST</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, The Northe, Dorset DT4 SUB, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RONALD P.</namePart><namePart type="family">HEDRICK</namePart><affiliation>Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, California 95616</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RUDOLF W.</namePart><namePart type="family">HOFFMANN</namePart><affiliation>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JASWINDER</namePart><namePart type="family">KHATTRA</namePart><affiliation>Institut für Zoologie, Fischerei‐Biologie und Fischkrankheiten der Universitát Miinchen, Kaulhachstr. 37 80539 Munchen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SASCHA L.</namePart><namePart type="family">HALLETT</namePart><affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ROBERT J. G.</namePart><namePart type="family">LESTER</namePart><affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MATTHEW</namePart><namePart type="family">LONGSHAW</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, The Northe, Dorset DT4 SUB, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">OSWALDO</namePart><namePart type="family">PALENZEULA</namePart><affiliation>Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), E‐12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MARK E.</namePart><namePart type="family">SIDDALL</namePart><affiliation>Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 1002</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">CHONGXIE</namePart><namePart type="family">XIAO</namePart><affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="reviewArticle"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001-07</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">4</extent><extent unit="tables">3</extent><extent unit="references">204</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>ABSTRACT. In the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the Myxozoa. First, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of myxozoans. The hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean stage in the oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex, led to the elucidation of the life cycles of several other myxozoans. Also, the life cycle and taxonomy of the enigmatic PKX myxozoan has been resolved: it is the alternate stage of the unusual myxozoan, Tetracapsula bryosahnonae, from bryozoans. The 18S rDNA gene of many species has been sequenced, and here we add 22 new sequences to the data set. Phylogenetic analyses using all these sequences indicate that:l) the Myxozoa are closely related to Cnidaria (also supported by morphological data); 2) marine taxa at the genus level branch separately from genera that usually infect freshwater fishes; 3) taxa cluster more by development and tissue location than by spore morphology; 4) the tetracapsulids branched off early in myxozoan evolution, perhaps reflected by their having bryozoan, rather than annelid hosts; 5) the morphology of actinosporeans offers little information for determining their myxosporean counterparts (assuming that they exist); and 6) the marine actinosporeans from Australia appear to form a clade within the platysporinid myxosporeans. Ribosomal DNA sequences have also enabled development of diagnostic tests for myxozoans. PCR and in situ hybridisation tests based on rDNA sequences have been developed for Myxobolus cerebralis, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa spp., and Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX). Lectin‐based and antibody tests have also been developed for certain myxozoans, such as PKX and C. shasta. We also review important diseases caused by myxozoans, which are emerging or re‐emerging. Epizootics of whirling disease in wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have recently been reported throughout the Rocky Mountain states of the USA. With a dramatic increase in aquaculture of fishes using marine netpens, several marine myxozoans have been recognized or elevated in status as pathological agents. Kudoa thyrsites infections have caused severe post‐harvest myoliquefaction in pen‐reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora spp., and Myxidium leei cause disease in pen‐reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream species (family Sparidae) in Mediterranean countries.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Actinosporea</topic><topic>Ceratomyxa</topic><topic>disease</topic><topic>fin fish</topic><topic>Kudoa</topic><topic>Myxidium</topic><topic>Myxosporean</topic><topic>Myxozoa</topic><topic>nomenclature</topic><topic>phylogeny</topic><topic>Sphaerospora</topic><topic>Tetracapsula</topic><topic>whirling disease</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">1066-5234</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1550-7408</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1550-7408</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JEU</identifier><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>48</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>395</start><end>413</end><total>19</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">B7128EBBB73CDD697F995392F0D41CD907116E3E</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">JEU395</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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