Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture
Identifieur interne : 001440 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001439; suivant : 001441Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture
Auteurs : P. Coutteau ; I. Geurden ; M. R. Camara ; P. Bergot ; P. SorgeloosSource :
- Aquaculture [ 0044-8486 ] ; 1997.
Abstract
A beneficial effect of dietary phospholipid (PL) supplementation in purified diets in terms of survival, growth, resistance to stress tests, and occurrence of deformities has been demonstrated in larval and juvenile stages of various species of fish and crustaceans. The exact determination of PL requirements in larvae is complicated due to the difficulty to bio-encapsulate PL in live prey. Furthermore, the great variety in purity and composition of the PL sources, and the experimental conditions (such as diet formulation and extent of co/prefeeding with live food) makes it difficult to compare requirements determined with artificial diets. Larval stages are extremely sensitive to a dietary PL deficiency and require higher levels of dietary PL than juveniles. For most of the fish and crustacean species examined, the estimated PL requirement of larvae are in the range of 1–3% phosphatidylcholine + phosphatidylinositol (PC + PI) of diet dry weight. The absence of a PL requirement in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii exemplifies the important species differences. The few studies evaluating single PL demonstrate that PC and PI are the most efficient in most species. The presence of an unsaturated fatty acid in sn−2 position of the PL molecule seems to be essential for the functionality of PL. Some studies in crustaceans reported a relation between PL requirements and the protein source in the diet. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain the effect of PL. The PL effect is not related to the provision of choline, inositol or essential fatty acids (EFA). However, PL may be superior to neutral lipids for larvae as a source of EFA and energy due to their better digestibility. PL may improve the performance of the diet by improving the water stability of food particles, or by their action as antioxidant or feed attractant. The effect of dietary PL appears not to be explained by their emulsifying ability. However, there are proofs that dietary PL interfere with lipid transport, especially cholesterol transport in crustaceans, and with retention of fatty acids provided by dietary triacylglycerol. Although the origin of the requirement is still unclear, dietary PL supplementation has potential importance for the formulation of practical larval diets.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00125-7
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture</title><author><name sortKey="Coutteau, P" sort="Coutteau, P" uniqKey="Coutteau P" first="P." last="Coutteau">P. Coutteau</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: p.coutteau@inve.be</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geurden, I" sort="Geurden, I" uniqKey="Geurden I" first="I." last="Geurden">I. Geurden</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Camara, M R" sort="Camara, M R" uniqKey="Camara M" first="M. R." last="Camara">M. R. Camara</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergot, P" sort="Bergot, P" uniqKey="Bergot P" first="P." last="Bergot">P. Bergot</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unité-Mixte INRA-IFREMER de Nutrition de Poissons, Station d'Hydrobiologie, BP 3, F-64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sorgeloos, P" sort="Sorgeloos, P" uniqKey="Sorgeloos P" first="P." last="Sorgeloos">P. Sorgeloos</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489</idno><date when="1997" year="1997">1997</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00125-7</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001440</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001440</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture</title><author><name sortKey="Coutteau, P" sort="Coutteau, P" uniqKey="Coutteau P" first="P." last="Coutteau">P. Coutteau</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: p.coutteau@inve.be</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geurden, I" sort="Geurden, I" uniqKey="Geurden I" first="I." last="Geurden">I. Geurden</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Camara, M R" sort="Camara, M R" uniqKey="Camara M" first="M. R." last="Camara">M. R. Camara</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergot, P" sort="Bergot, P" uniqKey="Bergot P" first="P." last="Bergot">P. Bergot</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Unité-Mixte INRA-IFREMER de Nutrition de Poissons, Station d'Hydrobiologie, BP 3, F-64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sorgeloos, P" sort="Sorgeloos, P" uniqKey="Sorgeloos P" first="P." last="Sorgeloos">P. Sorgeloos</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Aquaculture</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">AQUA</title><idno type="ISSN">0044-8486</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1997">1997</date><biblScope unit="volume">155</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1–4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="149">149</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="164">164</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0044-8486</idno></series><idno type="istex">920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00125-7</idno><idno type="PII">S0044-8486(97)00125-7</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0044-8486</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A beneficial effect of dietary phospholipid (PL) supplementation in purified diets in terms of survival, growth, resistance to stress tests, and occurrence of deformities has been demonstrated in larval and juvenile stages of various species of fish and crustaceans. The exact determination of PL requirements in larvae is complicated due to the difficulty to bio-encapsulate PL in live prey. Furthermore, the great variety in purity and composition of the PL sources, and the experimental conditions (such as diet formulation and extent of co/prefeeding with live food) makes it difficult to compare requirements determined with artificial diets. Larval stages are extremely sensitive to a dietary PL deficiency and require higher levels of dietary PL than juveniles. For most of the fish and crustacean species examined, the estimated PL requirement of larvae are in the range of 1–3% phosphatidylcholine + phosphatidylinositol (PC + PI) of diet dry weight. The absence of a PL requirement in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii exemplifies the important species differences. The few studies evaluating single PL demonstrate that PC and PI are the most efficient in most species. The presence of an unsaturated fatty acid in sn−2 position of the PL molecule seems to be essential for the functionality of PL. Some studies in crustaceans reported a relation between PL requirements and the protein source in the diet. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain the effect of PL. The PL effect is not related to the provision of choline, inositol or essential fatty acids (EFA). However, PL may be superior to neutral lipids for larvae as a source of EFA and energy due to their better digestibility. PL may improve the performance of the diet by improving the water stability of food particles, or by their action as antioxidant or feed attractant. The effect of dietary PL appears not to be explained by their emulsifying ability. However, there are proofs that dietary PL interfere with lipid transport, especially cholesterol transport in crustaceans, and with retention of fatty acids provided by dietary triacylglycerol. Although the origin of the requirement is still unclear, dietary PL supplementation has potential importance for the formulation of practical larval diets.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>P. Coutteau</name><affiliations><json:string>E-mail: p.coutteau@inve.be</json:string><json:string>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>I. Geurden</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M.R. Camara</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>P. Bergot</name><affiliations><json:string>Unité-Mixte INRA-IFREMER de Nutrition de Poissons, Station d'Hydrobiologie, BP 3, F-64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>P. Sorgeloos</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Larval nutrition</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Phospholipid</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Fish</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Crustaceans</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Larva</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Juvenile</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Choline CDP : Choline cytidine-5′-diphosphate</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>DHA : Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n −3)</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>EFA : Essential fatty acids</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>EL : Hen-egg lecithin</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>EPA : Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n −3)</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>EPC : Hen-egg phosphatidylcholine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>FS : Free sterol</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>HUFA : Highly unsaturated fatty acids</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>NL : Neutral lipid</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>LPC : l-Acyllyso phosphatidylcholine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>PC : Phosphatidylcholine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>PE : Phosphatidylethanolamine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>P : Phosphatidylinositol</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>PL : Phospholipid</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>POL : Polar lipid</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>PS : Phosphatidylserine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>PUFA : Polyunsaturated fatty acids</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>SE : Sterol esters</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>SL : Soybean lecithin</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>SM : Sphingomyelin</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>SPC : Soybean phosphatidylcholine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>SPE : Soybean phosphatidylethanolamine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>SPI : Soybean phosphatidylinositol</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Lecithin : Although the term ‘lecithin’ is the trivial name for ‘phosphatidylcholine’, lecithin is defined in the food sector as a mixture of polar and neutral lipids with a polar lipid content of at least 60% (Hertrampf, 1992). In the present manuscript, the latter definition of ‘lecithin’ (e.g., EL, SL) was followed, whereas ‘phosphatidylcholine’ is used for the specific PL having choline as the headgroup (e.g., SPC, EPC)</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Review article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>A beneficial effect of dietary phospholipid (PL) supplementation in purified diets in terms of survival, growth, resistance to stress tests, and occurrence of deformities has been demonstrated in larval and juvenile stages of various species of fish and crustaceans. The exact determination of PL requirements in larvae is complicated due to the difficulty to bio-encapsulate PL in live prey. Furthermore, the great variety in purity and composition of the PL sources, and the experimental conditions (such as diet formulation and extent of co/prefeeding with live food) makes it difficult to compare requirements determined with artificial diets. Larval stages are extremely sensitive to a dietary PL deficiency and require higher levels of dietary PL than juveniles. For most of the fish and crustacean species examined, the estimated PL requirement of larvae are in the range of 1–3% phosphatidylcholine + phosphatidylinositol (PC + PI) of diet dry weight. The absence of a PL requirement in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii exemplifies the important species differences. The few studies evaluating single PL demonstrate that PC and PI are the most efficient in most species. The presence of an unsaturated fatty acid in sn−2 position of the PL molecule seems to be essential for the functionality of PL. Some studies in crustaceans reported a relation between PL requirements and the protein source in the diet. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain the effect of PL. The PL effect is not related to the provision of choline, inositol or essential fatty acids (EFA). However, PL may be superior to neutral lipids for larvae as a source of EFA and energy due to their better digestibility. PL may improve the performance of the diet by improving the water stability of food particles, or by their action as antioxidant or feed attractant. The effect of dietary PL appears not to be explained by their emulsifying ability. However, there are proofs that dietary PL interfere with lipid transport, especially cholesterol transport in crustaceans, and with retention of fatty acids provided by dietary triacylglycerol. Although the origin of the requirement is still unclear, dietary PL supplementation has potential importance for the formulation of practical larval diets.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>468 x 684 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>30</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>2301</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6517</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>40473</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>16</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>358</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture</title><pii><json:string>S0044-8486(97)00125-7</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>review-article</json:string></genre><serie><pages><first>173</first></pages><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>PhD Thesis</title></serie><host><volume>155</volume><pii><json:string>S0044-8486(00)X0054-3</json:string></pii><editor><json:item><name>Patrick Sorgeloos</name></json:item><json:item><name>Frans Ollevier</name></json:item><json:item><name>Peter Coutteau</name></json:item></editor><pages><last>164</last><first>149</first></pages><conference><json:item><name>Proceedings of the fish and shellfish Larviculture Symposium LARVI '95, Gent, Belgium LARVI '95 199509</name></json:item></conference><issn><json:string>0044-8486</json:string></issn><issue>1–4</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Aquaculture</title><publicationDate>1997</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>marine & freshwater biology</json:string><json:string>fisheries</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>applied sciences</json:string><json:string>agriculture, fisheries & forestry</json:string><json:string>fisheries</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>1997</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1997</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00125-7</json:string></doi><id>920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489</id><score>0.057591505</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>1997</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">P.</forename><surname>Coutteau</surname></persName><email>p.coutteau@inve.be</email><note type="biography">Present address: INVE Technologies, Oeverstraat 7, B-9200 Baasrode, Belgium. Tel.: 32-52-331320; fax: 32-52-334531.</note><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author.</p></note><affiliation>Present address: INVE Technologies, Oeverstraat 7, B-9200 Baasrode, Belgium. Tel.: 32-52-331320; fax: 32-52-334531.</affiliation><affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">I.</forename><surname>Geurden</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">M.R.</forename><surname>Camara</surname></persName><note type="biography">Present address: Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Rio Grande do Norte (Emparn), Caixa Postal 188, 59000 Natal, RN, Brazil.</note><affiliation>Present address: Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Rio Grande do Norte (Emparn), Caixa Postal 188, 59000 Natal, RN, Brazil.</affiliation><affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">P.</forename><surname>Bergot</surname></persName><affiliation>Unité-Mixte INRA-IFREMER de Nutrition de Poissons, Station d'Hydrobiologie, BP 3, F-64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">P.</forename><surname>Sorgeloos</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Aquaculture</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">AQUA</title><idno type="pISSN">0044-8486</idno><idno type="PII">S0044-8486(00)X0054-3</idno><meeting><addName>Proceedings of the fish and shellfish Larviculture Symposium LARVI '95, Gent, Belgium</addName><addName>LARVI '95</addName><date>199509</date></meeting><editor><persName>Patrick Sorgeloos</persName></editor><editor><persName>Frans Ollevier</persName></editor><editor><persName>Peter Coutteau</persName></editor><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1997"></date><biblScope unit="volume">155</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1–4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="149">149</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="164">164</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00125-7</idno><idno type="PII">S0044-8486(97)00125-7</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1997</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A beneficial effect of dietary phospholipid (PL) supplementation in purified diets in terms of survival, growth, resistance to stress tests, and occurrence of deformities has been demonstrated in larval and juvenile stages of various species of fish and crustaceans. The exact determination of PL requirements in larvae is complicated due to the difficulty to bio-encapsulate PL in live prey. Furthermore, the great variety in purity and composition of the PL sources, and the experimental conditions (such as diet formulation and extent of co/prefeeding with live food) makes it difficult to compare requirements determined with artificial diets. Larval stages are extremely sensitive to a dietary PL deficiency and require higher levels of dietary PL than juveniles. For most of the fish and crustacean species examined, the estimated PL requirement of larvae are in the range of 1–3% phosphatidylcholine + phosphatidylinositol (PC + PI) of diet dry weight. The absence of a PL requirement in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii exemplifies the important species differences. The few studies evaluating single PL demonstrate that PC and PI are the most efficient in most species. The presence of an unsaturated fatty acid in sn−2 position of the PL molecule seems to be essential for the functionality of PL. Some studies in crustaceans reported a relation between PL requirements and the protein source in the diet. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain the effect of PL. The PL effect is not related to the provision of choline, inositol or essential fatty acids (EFA). However, PL may be superior to neutral lipids for larvae as a source of EFA and energy due to their better digestibility. PL may improve the performance of the diet by improving the water stability of food particles, or by their action as antioxidant or feed attractant. The effect of dietary PL appears not to be explained by their emulsifying ability. However, there are proofs that dietary PL interfere with lipid transport, especially cholesterol transport in crustaceans, and with retention of fatty acids provided by dietary triacylglycerol. Although the origin of the requirement is still unclear, dietary PL supplementation has potential importance for the formulation of practical larval diets.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>Larval nutrition</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Phospholipid</term></item><item><term>Fish</term></item><item><term>Crustaceans</term></item><item><term>Larva</term></item><item><term>Juvenile</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Abbreviations</head><item><term>Choline CDP</term><term>Choline cytidine-5′-diphosphate</term></item><item><term>DHA</term><term>Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n −3)</term></item><item><term>EFA</term><term>Essential fatty acids</term></item><item><term>EL</term><term>Hen-egg lecithin</term></item><item><term>EPA</term><term>Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n −3)</term></item><item><term>EPC</term><term>Hen-egg phosphatidylcholine</term></item><item><term>FS</term><term>Free sterol</term></item><item><term>HUFA</term><term>Highly unsaturated fatty acids</term></item><item><term>NL</term><term>Neutral lipid</term></item><item><term>LPC</term><term>l-Acyllyso phosphatidylcholine</term></item><item><term>PC</term><term>Phosphatidylcholine</term></item><item><term>PE</term><term>Phosphatidylethanolamine</term></item><item><term>P</term><term>Phosphatidylinositol</term></item><item><term>PL</term><term>Phospholipid</term></item><item><term>POL</term><term>Polar lipid</term></item><item><term>PS</term><term>Phosphatidylserine</term></item><item><term>PUFA</term><term>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</term></item><item><term>SE</term><term>Sterol esters</term></item><item><term>SL</term><term>Soybean lecithin</term></item><item><term>SM</term><term>Sphingomyelin</term></item><item><term>SPC</term><term>Soybean phosphatidylcholine</term></item><item><term>SPE</term><term>Soybean phosphatidylethanolamine</term></item><item><term>SPI</term><term>Soybean phosphatidylinositol</term></item><item><term>Lecithin</term><term>Although the term ‘lecithin’ is the trivial name for ‘phosphatidylcholine’, lecithin is defined in the food sector as a mixture of polar and neutral lipids with a polar lipid content of at least 60% (Hertrampf, 1992). In the present manuscript, the latter definition of ‘lecithin’ (e.g., EL, SL) was followed, whereas ‘phosphatidylcholine’ is used for the specific PL having choline as the headgroup (e.g., SPC, EPC)</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1997">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="rev"><item-info><jid>AQUA</jid><aid>97001257</aid><ce:pii>S0044-8486(97)00125-7</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00125-7</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="unknown" year="1997"></ce:copyright><ce:doctopics><ce:doctopic><ce:text>Larval nutrition</ce:text></ce:doctopic></ce:doctopics></item-info><head><ce:title>Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Coutteau</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="COR1"><ce:sup>∗</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="FN1"><ce:sup>∗</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>p.coutteau@inve.be</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>I.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Geurden</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>M.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Camara</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="FN2"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bergot</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sorgeloos</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Unité-Mixte INRA-IFREMER de Nutrition de Poissons, Station d'Hydrobiologie, BP 3, F-64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="COR1"><ce:label>∗</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author.</ce:text></ce:correspondence><ce:footnote id="FN1"><ce:label>∗</ce:label><ce:note-para>Present address: INVE Technologies, Oeverstraat 7, B-9200 Baasrode, Belgium. Tel.: 32-52-331320; fax: 32-52-334531.</ce:note-para></ce:footnote><ce:footnote id="FN2"><ce:label>1</ce:label><ce:note-para>Present address: Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Rio Grande do Norte (Emparn), Caixa Postal 188, 59000 Natal, RN, Brazil.</ce:note-para></ce:footnote></ce:author-group><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>A beneficial effect of dietary phospholipid (PL) supplementation in purified diets in terms of survival, growth, resistance to stress tests, and occurrence of deformities has been demonstrated in larval and juvenile stages of various species of fish and crustaceans. The exact determination of PL requirements in larvae is complicated due to the difficulty to bio-encapsulate PL in live prey. Furthermore, the great variety in purity and composition of the PL sources, and the experimental conditions (such as diet formulation and extent of co/prefeeding with live food) makes it difficult to compare requirements determined with artificial diets. Larval stages are extremely sensitive to a dietary PL deficiency and require higher levels of dietary PL than juveniles. For most of the fish and crustacean species examined, the estimated PL requirement of larvae are in the range of 1–3% phosphatidylcholine + phosphatidylinositol (PC + PI) of diet dry weight. The absence of a PL requirement in the freshwater prawn <ce:italic>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</ce:italic> exemplifies the important species differences. The few studies evaluating single PL demonstrate that PC and PI are the most efficient in most species. The presence of an unsaturated fatty acid in <ce:italic>sn</ce:italic>−2 position of the PL molecule seems to be essential for the functionality of PL. Some studies in crustaceans reported a relation between PL requirements and the protein source in the diet. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain the effect of PL. The PL effect is not related to the provision of choline, inositol or essential fatty acids (EFA). However, PL may be superior to neutral lipids for larvae as a source of EFA and energy due to their better digestibility. PL may improve the performance of the diet by improving the water stability of food particles, or by their action as antioxidant or feed attractant. The effect of dietary PL appears not to be explained by their emulsifying ability. However, there are proofs that dietary PL interfere with lipid transport, especially cholesterol transport in crustaceans, and with retention of fatty acids provided by dietary triacylglycerol. Although the origin of the requirement is still unclear, dietary PL supplementation has potential importance for the formulation of practical larval diets.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Phospholipid</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Fish</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Crustaceans</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Larva</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Juvenile</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords><ce:keywords class="abr"><ce:section-title>Abbreviations</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Choline CDP</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Choline cytidine-5′-diphosphate</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>DHA</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6<ce:italic>n</ce:italic>−3)</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>EFA</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Essential fatty acids</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>EL</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Hen-egg lecithin</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>EPA</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5<ce:italic>n</ce:italic>−3)</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>EPC</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Hen-egg phosphatidylcholine</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>FS</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Free sterol</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>HUFA</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Highly unsaturated fatty acids</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>NL</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Neutral lipid</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>LPC</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>l-Acyllyso phosphatidylcholine</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>PC</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Phosphatidylcholine</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>PE</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Phosphatidylethanolamine</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>P</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Phosphatidylinositol</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>PL</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Phospholipid</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>POL</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Polar lipid</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>PS</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Phosphatidylserine</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>PUFA</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>SE</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Sterol esters</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>SL</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Soybean lecithin</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>SM</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Sphingomyelin</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>SPC</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Soybean phosphatidylcholine</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>SPE</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Soybean phosphatidylethanolamine</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>SPI</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Soybean phosphatidylinositol</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Lecithin</ce:text><ce:keyword><ce:text>Although the term ‘lecithin’ is the trivial name for ‘phosphatidylcholine’, lecithin is defined in the food sector as a mixture of polar and neutral lipids with a polar lipid content of at least 60% (Hertrampf, 1992). In the present manuscript, the latter definition of ‘lecithin’ (e.g., EL, SL) was followed, whereas ‘phosphatidylcholine’ is used for the specific PL having choline as the headgroup (e.g., SPC, EPC)</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Coutteau</namePart><affiliation>E-mail: p.coutteau@inve.be</affiliation><affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation><description>Corresponding author.</description><description>Present address: INVE Technologies, Oeverstraat 7, B-9200 Baasrode, Belgium. Tel.: 32-52-331320; fax: 32-52-334531.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">I.</namePart><namePart type="family">Geurden</namePart><affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Camara</namePart><affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation><description>Present address: Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Rio Grande do Norte (Emparn), Caixa Postal 188, 59000 Natal, RN, Brazil.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bergot</namePart><affiliation>Unité-Mixte INRA-IFREMER de Nutrition de Poissons, Station d'Hydrobiologie, BP 3, F-64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Sorgeloos</namePart><affiliation>Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="Review article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1997</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1997</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">A beneficial effect of dietary phospholipid (PL) supplementation in purified diets in terms of survival, growth, resistance to stress tests, and occurrence of deformities has been demonstrated in larval and juvenile stages of various species of fish and crustaceans. The exact determination of PL requirements in larvae is complicated due to the difficulty to bio-encapsulate PL in live prey. Furthermore, the great variety in purity and composition of the PL sources, and the experimental conditions (such as diet formulation and extent of co/prefeeding with live food) makes it difficult to compare requirements determined with artificial diets. Larval stages are extremely sensitive to a dietary PL deficiency and require higher levels of dietary PL than juveniles. For most of the fish and crustacean species examined, the estimated PL requirement of larvae are in the range of 1–3% phosphatidylcholine + phosphatidylinositol (PC + PI) of diet dry weight. The absence of a PL requirement in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii exemplifies the important species differences. The few studies evaluating single PL demonstrate that PC and PI are the most efficient in most species. The presence of an unsaturated fatty acid in sn−2 position of the PL molecule seems to be essential for the functionality of PL. Some studies in crustaceans reported a relation between PL requirements and the protein source in the diet. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain the effect of PL. The PL effect is not related to the provision of choline, inositol or essential fatty acids (EFA). However, PL may be superior to neutral lipids for larvae as a source of EFA and energy due to their better digestibility. PL may improve the performance of the diet by improving the water stability of food particles, or by their action as antioxidant or feed attractant. The effect of dietary PL appears not to be explained by their emulsifying ability. However, there are proofs that dietary PL interfere with lipid transport, especially cholesterol transport in crustaceans, and with retention of fatty acids provided by dietary triacylglycerol. Although the origin of the requirement is still unclear, dietary PL supplementation has potential importance for the formulation of practical larval diets.</abstract><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Larval nutrition</topic></subject><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Phospholipid</topic><topic>Fish</topic><topic>Crustaceans</topic><topic>Larva</topic><topic>Juvenile</topic></subject><subject><genre>Abbreviations</genre><topic>Choline CDP : Choline cytidine-5′-diphosphate</topic><topic>DHA : Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n −3)</topic><topic>EFA : Essential fatty acids</topic><topic>EL : Hen-egg lecithin</topic><topic>EPA : Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n −3)</topic><topic>EPC : Hen-egg phosphatidylcholine</topic><topic>FS : Free sterol</topic><topic>HUFA : Highly unsaturated fatty acids</topic><topic>NL : Neutral lipid</topic><topic>LPC : l-Acyllyso phosphatidylcholine</topic><topic>PC : Phosphatidylcholine</topic><topic>PE : Phosphatidylethanolamine</topic><topic>P : Phosphatidylinositol</topic><topic>PL : Phospholipid</topic><topic>POL : Polar lipid</topic><topic>PS : Phosphatidylserine</topic><topic>PUFA : Polyunsaturated fatty acids</topic><topic>SE : Sterol esters</topic><topic>SL : Soybean lecithin</topic><topic>SM : Sphingomyelin</topic><topic>SPC : Soybean phosphatidylcholine</topic><topic>SPE : Soybean phosphatidylethanolamine</topic><topic>SPI : Soybean phosphatidylinositol</topic><topic>Lecithin : Although the term ‘lecithin’ is the trivial name for ‘phosphatidylcholine’, lecithin is defined in the food sector as a mixture of polar and neutral lipids with a polar lipid content of at least 60% (Hertrampf, 1992). In the present manuscript, the latter definition of ‘lecithin’ (e.g., EL, SL) was followed, whereas ‘phosphatidylcholine’ is used for the specific PL having choline as the headgroup (e.g., SPC, EPC)</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Aquaculture</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>AQUA</title></titleInfo><name type="conference"><namePart>Proceedings of the fish and shellfish Larviculture Symposium LARVI '95, Gent, Belgium</namePart><namePart>LARVI '95</namePart><namePart type="date">199509</namePart></name><name type="personal"><namePart>Patrick Sorgeloos</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart>Frans Ollevier</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart>Peter Coutteau</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">19970920</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0044-8486</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0044-8486(00)X0054-3</identifier><part><date>19970920</date><detail type="issue"><title>Proceedings of the fish and shellfish Larviculture Symposium LARVI '95, Gent, Belgium</title></detail><detail type="volume"><number>155</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1–4</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>417</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>149</start><end>164</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">920BD82D375769A9E1F1B78E5DE2E410A42BF489</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00125-7</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0044-8486(97)00125-7</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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