Activity of digestive enzymes in yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ): indication of readiness for first feeding
Identifieur interne : 001358 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001357; suivant : 001359Activity of digestive enzymes in yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ): indication of readiness for first feeding
Auteurs : Anna Gawlicka ; Brigitte Parent ; Michael H. Horn ; Neil Ross ; Ingegjerd Opstad ; Ole J. TorrissenSource :
- Aquaculture [ 0044-8486 ] ; 2000.
Abstract
The problem of determining when larvae should be offered food is particularly difficult in a species such as Atlantic halibut that has a long yolk-sac period (280–320 degree days, dd). In order to help determine at what age Atlantic halibut larvae are able to digest food, we compared the activities of key digestive enzymes in four yolk-sac stages at an age interval that has been recommended for initiation of feeding, i.e., 161–276 dd. We tested the hypothesis that digestive enzyme activities reach highest levels near the end of this age interval. Activities of trypsin, amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase were determined spectrophotometrically in whole yolk-sac larvae at 161, 179, 230, and 276 dd. The activities of the same enzymes were measured in metamorphic larvae (660 dd) and in their Artemia prey to provide reference levels from a fully developed digestive system and to estimate the importance of exogenous enzymes for Atlantic halibut larvae. Our results showed significant (P<0.001) differences in activities of all four digestive enzymes among the yolk-sac stages with a general pattern of increase from 161 to 276 dd. Trypsin activities reached their highest values at 230 dd, whereas those of lipase and alkaline phosphatase peaked at 276 dd. Amylase activities were detected only in the 230 and 276 dd stages, at statistically indistinguishable levels. Based on percentage comparisons, specific activities of trypsin and amylase in whole 276-dd larvae were only 12% and 2%, respectively, of those measured in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae, whereas specific activities of lipase and alkaline phosphatase in 276-dd larvae were more than 50% of those determined for metamorphic larvae. The calculated contribution of enzyme activities derived from Artemia prey to the relatively high levels of enzyme activity in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae was less than 10% for all enzymes except amylase, for which the contribution was estimated to be more than 50%. The results of this study support our hypothesis that the highest digestive enzyme activities in yolk-sac larvae are reached by 230–276 dd, i.e., near the end of the age interval recommended for first feeding. The observed pattern of enzyme activities suggests that feeding of Atlantic halibut larvae should be initiated after 230 dd, but not later than 276 dd to avoid the threat of starvation.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00322-1
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Horn</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, Neil" sort="Ross, Neil" uniqKey="Ross N" first="Neil" last="Ross">Neil Ross</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Opstad, Ingegjerd" sort="Opstad, Ingegjerd" uniqKey="Opstad I" first="Ingegjerd" last="Opstad">Ingegjerd Opstad</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torrissen, Ole J" sort="Torrissen, Ole J" uniqKey="Torrissen O" first="Ole J" last="Torrissen">Ole J. 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Horn</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, Neil" sort="Ross, Neil" uniqKey="Ross N" first="Neil" last="Ross">Neil Ross</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Opstad, Ingegjerd" sort="Opstad, Ingegjerd" uniqKey="Opstad I" first="Ingegjerd" last="Opstad">Ingegjerd Opstad</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torrissen, Ole J" sort="Torrissen, Ole J" uniqKey="Torrissen O" first="Ole J" last="Torrissen">Ole J. Torrissen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Aquaculture</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">AQUA</title><idno type="ISSN">0044-8486</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000">2000</date><biblScope unit="volume">184</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3–4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="303">303</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="314">314</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0044-8486</idno></series><idno type="istex">CF7554F547E374DEDBA3AA4037B2B669359E9297</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00322-1</idno><idno type="PII">S0044-8486(99)00322-1</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0044-8486</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The problem of determining when larvae should be offered food is particularly difficult in a species such as Atlantic halibut that has a long yolk-sac period (280–320 degree days, dd). In order to help determine at what age Atlantic halibut larvae are able to digest food, we compared the activities of key digestive enzymes in four yolk-sac stages at an age interval that has been recommended for initiation of feeding, i.e., 161–276 dd. We tested the hypothesis that digestive enzyme activities reach highest levels near the end of this age interval. Activities of trypsin, amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase were determined spectrophotometrically in whole yolk-sac larvae at 161, 179, 230, and 276 dd. The activities of the same enzymes were measured in metamorphic larvae (660 dd) and in their Artemia prey to provide reference levels from a fully developed digestive system and to estimate the importance of exogenous enzymes for Atlantic halibut larvae. Our results showed significant (P<0.001) differences in activities of all four digestive enzymes among the yolk-sac stages with a general pattern of increase from 161 to 276 dd. Trypsin activities reached their highest values at 230 dd, whereas those of lipase and alkaline phosphatase peaked at 276 dd. Amylase activities were detected only in the 230 and 276 dd stages, at statistically indistinguishable levels. Based on percentage comparisons, specific activities of trypsin and amylase in whole 276-dd larvae were only 12% and 2%, respectively, of those measured in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae, whereas specific activities of lipase and alkaline phosphatase in 276-dd larvae were more than 50% of those determined for metamorphic larvae. The calculated contribution of enzyme activities derived from Artemia prey to the relatively high levels of enzyme activity in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae was less than 10% for all enzymes except amylase, for which the contribution was estimated to be more than 50%. The results of this study support our hypothesis that the highest digestive enzyme activities in yolk-sac larvae are reached by 230–276 dd, i.e., near the end of the age interval recommended for first feeding. The observed pattern of enzyme activities suggests that feeding of Atlantic halibut larvae should be initiated after 230 dd, but not later than 276 dd to avoid the threat of starvation.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Anna Gawlicka</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Brigitte Parent</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Michael H Horn</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Neil Ross</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ingegjerd Opstad</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ole J Torrissen</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Alkaline phosphatase</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Amylase</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Artemia</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Lipase</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Trypsin</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The problem of determining when larvae should be offered food is particularly difficult in a species such as Atlantic halibut that has a long yolk-sac period (280–320 degree days, dd). In order to help determine at what age Atlantic halibut larvae are able to digest food, we compared the activities of key digestive enzymes in four yolk-sac stages at an age interval that has been recommended for initiation of feeding, i.e., 161–276 dd. We tested the hypothesis that digestive enzyme activities reach highest levels near the end of this age interval. Activities of trypsin, amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase were determined spectrophotometrically in whole yolk-sac larvae at 161, 179, 230, and 276 dd. The activities of the same enzymes were measured in metamorphic larvae (660 dd) and in their Artemia prey to provide reference levels from a fully developed digestive system and to estimate the importance of exogenous enzymes for Atlantic halibut larvae. Our results showed significant (P>0.001) differences in activities of all four digestive enzymes among the yolk-sac stages with a general pattern of increase from 161 to 276 dd. Trypsin activities reached their highest values at 230 dd, whereas those of lipase and alkaline phosphatase peaked at 276 dd. Amylase activities were detected only in the 230 and 276 dd stages, at statistically indistinguishable levels. Based on percentage comparisons, specific activities of trypsin and amylase in whole 276-dd larvae were only 12% and 2%, respectively, of those measured in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae, whereas specific activities of lipase and alkaline phosphatase in 276-dd larvae were more than 50% of those determined for metamorphic larvae. The calculated contribution of enzyme activities derived from Artemia prey to the relatively high levels of enzyme activity in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae was less than 10% for all enzymes except amylase, for which the contribution was estimated to be more than 50%. The results of this study support our hypothesis that the highest digestive enzyme activities in yolk-sac larvae are reached by 230–276 dd, i.e., near the end of the age interval recommended for first feeding. The observed pattern of enzyme activities suggests that feeding of Atlantic halibut larvae should be initiated after 230 dd, but not later than 276 dd to avoid the threat of starvation.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>435 x 643 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>5</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>2401</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5648</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>34727</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>12</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>378</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Activity of digestive enzymes in yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ): indication of readiness for first feeding</title><pii><json:string>S0044-8486(99)00322-1</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>184</volume><pii><json:string>S0044-8486(00)X0105-6</json:string></pii><pages><last>314</last><first>303</first></pages><issn><json:string>0044-8486</json:string></issn><issue>3–4</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Aquaculture</title><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>marine & freshwater biology</json:string><json:string>fisheries</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>applied sciences</json:string><json:string>agriculture, fisheries & forestry</json:string><json:string>fisheries</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2000</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00322-1</json:string></doi><id>CF7554F547E374DEDBA3AA4037B2B669359E9297</id><score>0.02663238</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/CF7554F547E374DEDBA3AA4037B2B669359E9297/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/CF7554F547E374DEDBA3AA4037B2B669359E9297/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/CF7554F547E374DEDBA3AA4037B2B669359E9297/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Activity of digestive enzymes in yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ): indication of readiness for first feeding</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>©2000 Elsevier Science B.V.</p></availability><date>2000</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Table 1: Activities of digestive enzymes and content of soluble proteins in whole larvae at four yolk-sac stages (161–276 dd) and in the whole digestive system of metamorphic larvae (660 dd) of Atlantic halibut*</note><note type="content">Table 2: Specific activities (mU/mg protein) of digestive enzymes measured in Artemia prey and their percentage contribution to the total specific activity of these enzymes calculated for the whole digestive system of metamorphic larvae of Atlantic halibut containing 200 Artemia nauplii per larva.a See Section 2.2for additional details</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Activity of digestive enzymes in yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ): indication of readiness for first feeding</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Anna</forename><surname>Gawlicka</surname></persName><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author. Department of Biological Science, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA. Tel.: +1-714-278-3707; fax: +1-714-278-3426; e-mail: agawlicka@fullerton.edu</p></note><affiliation>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Brigitte</forename><surname>Parent</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Michael H</forename><surname>Horn</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Neil</forename><surname>Ross</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Ingegjerd</forename><surname>Opstad</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Ole J</forename><surname>Torrissen</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Aquaculture</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">AQUA</title><idno type="pISSN">0044-8486</idno><idno type="PII">S0044-8486(00)X0105-6</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000"></date><biblScope unit="volume">184</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3–4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="303">303</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="314">314</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">CF7554F547E374DEDBA3AA4037B2B669359E9297</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00322-1</idno><idno type="PII">S0044-8486(99)00322-1</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2000</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of determining when larvae should be offered food is particularly difficult in a species such as Atlantic halibut that has a long yolk-sac period (280–320 degree days, dd). In order to help determine at what age Atlantic halibut larvae are able to digest food, we compared the activities of key digestive enzymes in four yolk-sac stages at an age interval that has been recommended for initiation of feeding, i.e., 161–276 dd. We tested the hypothesis that digestive enzyme activities reach highest levels near the end of this age interval. Activities of trypsin, amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase were determined spectrophotometrically in whole yolk-sac larvae at 161, 179, 230, and 276 dd. The activities of the same enzymes were measured in metamorphic larvae (660 dd) and in their Artemia prey to provide reference levels from a fully developed digestive system and to estimate the importance of exogenous enzymes for Atlantic halibut larvae. Our results showed significant (P<0.001) differences in activities of all four digestive enzymes among the yolk-sac stages with a general pattern of increase from 161 to 276 dd. Trypsin activities reached their highest values at 230 dd, whereas those of lipase and alkaline phosphatase peaked at 276 dd. Amylase activities were detected only in the 230 and 276 dd stages, at statistically indistinguishable levels. Based on percentage comparisons, specific activities of trypsin and amylase in whole 276-dd larvae were only 12% and 2%, respectively, of those measured in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae, whereas specific activities of lipase and alkaline phosphatase in 276-dd larvae were more than 50% of those determined for metamorphic larvae. The calculated contribution of enzyme activities derived from Artemia prey to the relatively high levels of enzyme activity in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae was less than 10% for all enzymes except amylase, for which the contribution was estimated to be more than 50%. The results of this study support our hypothesis that the highest digestive enzyme activities in yolk-sac larvae are reached by 230–276 dd, i.e., near the end of the age interval recommended for first feeding. The observed pattern of enzyme activities suggests that feeding of Atlantic halibut larvae should be initiated after 230 dd, but not later than 276 dd to avoid the threat of starvation.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Alkaline phosphatase</term></item><item><term>Amylase</term></item><item><term>Artemia</term></item><item><term>Lipase</term></item><item><term>Trypsin</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1999-09-23">Modified</change><change when="2000">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/CF7554F547E374DEDBA3AA4037B2B669359E9297/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>AQUA</jid><aid>61132</aid><ce:pii>S0044-8486(99)00322-1</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00322-1</ce:doi><ce:copyright year="2000" type="full-transfer">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Activity of digestive enzymes in yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut (<ce:italic>Hippoglossus hippoglossus</ce:italic>): indication of readiness for first feeding</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Anna</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Gawlicka</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1">a</ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Brigitte</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Parent</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1">a</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Michael H</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Horn</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2">b</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Neil</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ross</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1">a</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Ingegjerd</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Opstad</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF3">c</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Ole J</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Torrissen</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF3">c</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF3"><ce:label>c</ce:label><ce:textfn>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Department of Biological Science, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA. Tel.: +1-714-278-3707; fax: +1-714-278-3426; e-mail: agawlicka@fullerton.edu</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="24" month="3" year="1999"></ce:date-received><ce:date-revised day="23" month="9" year="1999"></ce:date-revised><ce:date-accepted day="24" month="9" year="1999"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>The problem of determining when larvae should be offered food is particularly difficult in a species such as Atlantic halibut that has a long yolk-sac period (280–320 degree days, dd). In order to help determine at what age Atlantic halibut larvae are able to digest food, we compared the activities of key digestive enzymes in four yolk-sac stages at an age interval that has been recommended for initiation of feeding, i.e., 161–276 dd. We tested the hypothesis that digestive enzyme activities reach highest levels near the end of this age interval. Activities of trypsin, amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase were determined spectrophotometrically in whole yolk-sac larvae at 161, 179, 230, and 276 dd. The activities of the same enzymes were measured in metamorphic larvae (660 dd) and in their <ce:italic>Artemia</ce:italic> prey to provide reference levels from a fully developed digestive system and to estimate the importance of exogenous enzymes for Atlantic halibut larvae. Our results showed significant (<ce:italic>P</ce:italic><0.001) differences in activities of all four digestive enzymes among the yolk-sac stages with a general pattern of increase from 161 to 276 dd. Trypsin activities reached their highest values at 230 dd, whereas those of lipase and alkaline phosphatase peaked at 276 dd. Amylase activities were detected only in the 230 and 276 dd stages, at statistically indistinguishable levels. Based on percentage comparisons, specific activities of trypsin and amylase in whole 276-dd larvae were only 12% and 2%, respectively, of those measured in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae, whereas specific activities of lipase and alkaline phosphatase in 276-dd larvae were more than 50% of those determined for metamorphic larvae. The calculated contribution of enzyme activities derived from <ce:italic>Artemia</ce:italic> prey to the relatively high levels of enzyme activity in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae was less than 10% for all enzymes except amylase, for which the contribution was estimated to be more than 50%. The results of this study support our hypothesis that the highest digestive enzyme activities in yolk-sac larvae are reached by 230–276 dd, i.e., near the end of the age interval recommended for first feeding. The observed pattern of enzyme activities suggests that feeding of Atlantic halibut larvae should be initiated after 230 dd, but not later than 276 dd to avoid the threat of starvation.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Alkaline phosphatase</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Amylase</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text><ce:italic>Artemia</ce:italic></ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Lipase</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Trypsin</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Activity of digestive enzymes in yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ): indication of readiness for first feeding</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Activity of digestive enzymes in yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut (</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anna</namePart><namePart type="family">Gawlicka</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</affiliation><description>Corresponding author. Department of Biological Science, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA. Tel.: +1-714-278-3707; fax: +1-714-278-3426; e-mail: agawlicka@fullerton.edu</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Brigitte</namePart><namePart type="family">Parent</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Michael H</namePart><namePart type="family">Horn</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Neil</namePart><namePart type="family">Ross</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ingegjerd</namePart><namePart type="family">Opstad</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ole J</namePart><namePart type="family">Torrissen</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, N-5392 Storebø, Norway</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2000</dateIssued><dateModified encoding="w3cdtf">1999-09-23</dateModified><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2000</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The problem of determining when larvae should be offered food is particularly difficult in a species such as Atlantic halibut that has a long yolk-sac period (280–320 degree days, dd). In order to help determine at what age Atlantic halibut larvae are able to digest food, we compared the activities of key digestive enzymes in four yolk-sac stages at an age interval that has been recommended for initiation of feeding, i.e., 161–276 dd. We tested the hypothesis that digestive enzyme activities reach highest levels near the end of this age interval. Activities of trypsin, amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase were determined spectrophotometrically in whole yolk-sac larvae at 161, 179, 230, and 276 dd. The activities of the same enzymes were measured in metamorphic larvae (660 dd) and in their Artemia prey to provide reference levels from a fully developed digestive system and to estimate the importance of exogenous enzymes for Atlantic halibut larvae. Our results showed significant (P<0.001) differences in activities of all four digestive enzymes among the yolk-sac stages with a general pattern of increase from 161 to 276 dd. Trypsin activities reached their highest values at 230 dd, whereas those of lipase and alkaline phosphatase peaked at 276 dd. Amylase activities were detected only in the 230 and 276 dd stages, at statistically indistinguishable levels. Based on percentage comparisons, specific activities of trypsin and amylase in whole 276-dd larvae were only 12% and 2%, respectively, of those measured in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae, whereas specific activities of lipase and alkaline phosphatase in 276-dd larvae were more than 50% of those determined for metamorphic larvae. The calculated contribution of enzyme activities derived from Artemia prey to the relatively high levels of enzyme activity in the digestive system of metamorphic larvae was less than 10% for all enzymes except amylase, for which the contribution was estimated to be more than 50%. The results of this study support our hypothesis that the highest digestive enzyme activities in yolk-sac larvae are reached by 230–276 dd, i.e., near the end of the age interval recommended for first feeding. The observed pattern of enzyme activities suggests that feeding of Atlantic halibut larvae should be initiated after 230 dd, but not later than 276 dd to avoid the threat of starvation.</abstract><note type="content">Table 1: Activities of digestive enzymes and content of soluble proteins in whole larvae at four yolk-sac stages (161–276 dd) and in the whole digestive system of metamorphic larvae (660 dd) of Atlantic halibut*</note><note type="content">Table 2: Specific activities (mU/mg protein) of digestive enzymes measured in Artemia prey and their percentage contribution to the total specific activity of these enzymes calculated for the whole digestive system of metamorphic larvae of Atlantic halibut containing 200 Artemia nauplii per larva.a See Section 2.2for additional details</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Alkaline phosphatase</topic><topic>Amylase</topic><topic>Artemia</topic><topic>Lipase</topic><topic>Trypsin</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Aquaculture</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>AQUA</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">20000417</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0044-8486</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0044-8486(00)X0105-6</identifier><part><date>20000417</date><detail type="volume"><number>184</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>3–4</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>189</start><end>368</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>303</start><end>314</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">CF7554F547E374DEDBA3AA4037B2B669359E9297</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00322-1</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0044-8486(99)00322-1</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2000 Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©2000</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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