Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels
Identifieur interne : 001341 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001340; suivant : 001342Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels
Auteurs : J. M. Craig ; D. M. Papoulias ; M. V. Thomas ; M. L. Annis ; J. BoaseSource :
- Journal of Applied Ichthyology [ 0175-8659 ] ; 2009-10.
Abstract
This study focused on identifying the sex of lake sturgeon by measuring the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the phosphoprotein vitellogenin (Vtg) in blood plasma by radioimmunoassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and evaluating these techniques as tools in lake sturgeon population management. Surveys of the St Clair River (SCR) lake sturgeon population have characterized it as rebounding by having steady or increasing recruitment since 1997. However, researchers have not been able to effectively determine the sex for most of the sturgeon they capture because few fish caught during surveys are releasing gametes. A total of 115 fish were sampled from May through June in 2004 and 2005 from the SCR, Michigan, USA. Of these, only four females and eight males were verified (i.e. they were releasing gametes at time of capture), resulting in very few fish with which to validate blood hormone and Vtg biomarkers of sex. Fifty‐six percent of the fish were assigned a sex designation based on biomarker criteria. Correspondence between actual gonadal sex and biomarker‐directed classification was good for the small subset of fish for which gonadal sex was definitively determined. Moreover, application of the steroid values in a predictive sex assignment model developed for white sturgeon misclassified only the same two fish that were misclassified with the steroid and Vtg biomarkers. The experimental results suggest a sex ratio of 1 : 2.7 (F:M), however more conclusive methods are needed to confirm this ratio because so few fish were available for sex validation. Of the 43 males, 14 were within the legal slot limit, 11 were smaller than 1067 mm total length (TL), and 18 were larger than 1270 mm TL. All 15 females were larger than 1270 mm TL, and thus protected by the slot limit criteria. Considering that lake sturgeon are threatened in Michigan, an advantage to using blood plasma assays was that fish were not harmed, and sample collection was quick, simple, and inexpensive. However, because a sufficiently large number of fish could not be validated for gonadal sex due to handling restrictions given the fish’s protected status, assignment of sex is not based on a robust multi‐variate model. An immediate alternative may be to use other non‐invasive field methods (e.g. ultrasound, fiber‐optic endoscope) to provide a more timely classification while establishing well‐validated plasma hormone and Vtg‐based predictive models for sex assignment of lake sturgeon.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01289.x
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Thomas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake St Clair Fisheries Research Station, Mt. Clemens, MI, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Annis, M L" sort="Annis, M L" uniqKey="Annis M" first="M. L." last="Annis">M. L. Annis</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boase, J" sort="Boase, J" uniqKey="Boase J" first="J." last="Boase">J. 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Craig</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Papoulias, D M" sort="Papoulias, D M" uniqKey="Papoulias D" first="D. M." last="Papoulias">D. M. Papoulias</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, M V" sort="Thomas, M V" uniqKey="Thomas M" first="M. V." last="Thomas">M. V. Thomas</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake St Clair Fisheries Research Station, Mt. Clemens, MI, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Annis, M L" sort="Annis, M L" uniqKey="Annis M" first="M. L." last="Annis">M. L. Annis</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boase, J" sort="Boase, J" uniqKey="Boase J" first="J." last="Boase">J. Boase</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Alpena Fishery Resources Office, Alpena, MI, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Applied Ichthyology</title><idno type="ISSN">0175-8659</idno><idno type="eISSN">1439-0426</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-10">2009-10</date><biblScope unit="volume">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="supplement">s2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="60">60</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="67">67</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0175-8659</idno></series><idno type="istex">B2B60D96CC4C35267F416CE380A0764F663A4236</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01289.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">JAI1289</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0175-8659</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This study focused on identifying the sex of lake sturgeon by measuring the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the phosphoprotein vitellogenin (Vtg) in blood plasma by radioimmunoassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and evaluating these techniques as tools in lake sturgeon population management. Surveys of the St Clair River (SCR) lake sturgeon population have characterized it as rebounding by having steady or increasing recruitment since 1997. However, researchers have not been able to effectively determine the sex for most of the sturgeon they capture because few fish caught during surveys are releasing gametes. A total of 115 fish were sampled from May through June in 2004 and 2005 from the SCR, Michigan, USA. Of these, only four females and eight males were verified (i.e. they were releasing gametes at time of capture), resulting in very few fish with which to validate blood hormone and Vtg biomarkers of sex. Fifty‐six percent of the fish were assigned a sex designation based on biomarker criteria. Correspondence between actual gonadal sex and biomarker‐directed classification was good for the small subset of fish for which gonadal sex was definitively determined. Moreover, application of the steroid values in a predictive sex assignment model developed for white sturgeon misclassified only the same two fish that were misclassified with the steroid and Vtg biomarkers. The experimental results suggest a sex ratio of 1 : 2.7 (F:M), however more conclusive methods are needed to confirm this ratio because so few fish were available for sex validation. Of the 43 males, 14 were within the legal slot limit, 11 were smaller than 1067 mm total length (TL), and 18 were larger than 1270 mm TL. All 15 females were larger than 1270 mm TL, and thus protected by the slot limit criteria. Considering that lake sturgeon are threatened in Michigan, an advantage to using blood plasma assays was that fish were not harmed, and sample collection was quick, simple, and inexpensive. However, because a sufficiently large number of fish could not be validated for gonadal sex due to handling restrictions given the fish’s protected status, assignment of sex is not based on a robust multi‐variate model. An immediate alternative may be to use other non‐invasive field methods (e.g. ultrasound, fiber‐optic endoscope) to provide a more timely classification while establishing well‐validated plasma hormone and Vtg‐based predictive models for sex assignment of lake sturgeon.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>J. M. Craig</name><affiliations><json:string>United States Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D. M. Papoulias</name><affiliations><json:string>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. V. Thomas</name><affiliations><json:string>Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake St Clair Fisheries Research Station, Mt. Clemens, MI, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. L. Annis</name><affiliations><json:string>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. Boase</name><affiliations><json:string>United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Alpena Fishery Resources Office, Alpena, MI, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>JAI1289</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>This study focused on identifying the sex of lake sturgeon by measuring the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the phosphoprotein vitellogenin (Vtg) in blood plasma by radioimmunoassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and evaluating these techniques as tools in lake sturgeon population management. Surveys of the St Clair River (SCR) lake sturgeon population have characterized it as rebounding by having steady or increasing recruitment since 1997. However, researchers have not been able to effectively determine the sex for most of the sturgeon they capture because few fish caught during surveys are releasing gametes. A total of 115 fish were sampled from May through June in 2004 and 2005 from the SCR, Michigan, USA. Of these, only four females and eight males were verified (i.e. they were releasing gametes at time of capture), resulting in very few fish with which to validate blood hormone and Vtg biomarkers of sex. Fifty‐six percent of the fish were assigned a sex designation based on biomarker criteria. Correspondence between actual gonadal sex and biomarker‐directed classification was good for the small subset of fish for which gonadal sex was definitively determined. Moreover, application of the steroid values in a predictive sex assignment model developed for white sturgeon misclassified only the same two fish that were misclassified with the steroid and Vtg biomarkers. The experimental results suggest a sex ratio of 1 : 2.7 (F:M), however more conclusive methods are needed to confirm this ratio because so few fish were available for sex validation. Of the 43 males, 14 were within the legal slot limit, 11 were smaller than 1067 mm total length (TL), and 18 were larger than 1270 mm TL. All 15 females were larger than 1270 mm TL, and thus protected by the slot limit criteria. Considering that lake sturgeon are threatened in Michigan, an advantage to using blood plasma assays was that fish were not harmed, and sample collection was quick, simple, and inexpensive. However, because a sufficiently large number of fish could not be validated for gonadal sex due to handling restrictions given the fish’s protected status, assignment of sex is not based on a robust multi‐variate model. An immediate alternative may be to use other non‐invasive field methods (e.g. ultrasound, fiber‐optic endoscope) to provide a more timely classification while establishing well‐validated plasma hormone and Vtg‐based predictive models for sex assignment of lake sturgeon.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>2519</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6077</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>37596</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>388</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>25</volume><publisherId><json:string>JAI</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>8</total><last>67</last><first>60</first></pages><issn><json:string>0175-8659</json:string></issn><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1439-0426</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of Applied Ichthyology</title><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0426</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>marine & freshwater biology</json:string><json:string>fisheries</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>applied sciences</json:string><json:string>agriculture, fisheries & forestry</json:string><json:string>fisheries</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2009</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2009</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01289.x</json:string></doi><id>B2B60D96CC4C35267F416CE380A0764F663A4236</id><score>0.07456096</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B2B60D96CC4C35267F416CE380A0764F663A4236/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B2B60D96CC4C35267F416CE380A0764F663A4236/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/B2B60D96CC4C35267F416CE380A0764F663A4236/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><availability><p>No claim to original US government works. Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin</p></availability><date>2009</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">J. M.</forename><surname>Craig</surname></persName><affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">D. M.</forename><surname>Papoulias</surname></persName><affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">M. V.</forename><surname>Thomas</surname></persName><affiliation>Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake St Clair Fisheries Research Station, Mt. Clemens, MI, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">M. L.</forename><surname>Annis</surname></persName><affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Boase</surname></persName><affiliation>United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Alpena Fishery Resources Office, Alpena, MI, USA</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Applied Ichthyology</title><idno type="pISSN">0175-8659</idno><idno type="eISSN">1439-0426</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0426</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-10"></date><biblScope unit="volume">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="supplement">s2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="60">60</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="67">67</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">B2B60D96CC4C35267F416CE380A0764F663A4236</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01289.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">JAI1289</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2009</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study focused on identifying the sex of lake sturgeon by measuring the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the phosphoprotein vitellogenin (Vtg) in blood plasma by radioimmunoassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and evaluating these techniques as tools in lake sturgeon population management. Surveys of the St Clair River (SCR) lake sturgeon population have characterized it as rebounding by having steady or increasing recruitment since 1997. However, researchers have not been able to effectively determine the sex for most of the sturgeon they capture because few fish caught during surveys are releasing gametes. A total of 115 fish were sampled from May through June in 2004 and 2005 from the SCR, Michigan, USA. Of these, only four females and eight males were verified (i.e. they were releasing gametes at time of capture), resulting in very few fish with which to validate blood hormone and Vtg biomarkers of sex. Fifty‐six percent of the fish were assigned a sex designation based on biomarker criteria. Correspondence between actual gonadal sex and biomarker‐directed classification was good for the small subset of fish for which gonadal sex was definitively determined. Moreover, application of the steroid values in a predictive sex assignment model developed for white sturgeon misclassified only the same two fish that were misclassified with the steroid and Vtg biomarkers. The experimental results suggest a sex ratio of 1 : 2.7 (F:M), however more conclusive methods are needed to confirm this ratio because so few fish were available for sex validation. Of the 43 males, 14 were within the legal slot limit, 11 were smaller than 1067 mm total length (TL), and 18 were larger than 1270 mm TL. All 15 females were larger than 1270 mm TL, and thus protected by the slot limit criteria. Considering that lake sturgeon are threatened in Michigan, an advantage to using blood plasma assays was that fish were not harmed, and sample collection was quick, simple, and inexpensive. However, because a sufficiently large number of fish could not be validated for gonadal sex due to handling restrictions given the fish’s protected status, assignment of sex is not based on a robust multi‐variate model. An immediate alternative may be to use other non‐invasive field methods (e.g. ultrasound, fiber‐optic endoscope) to provide a more timely classification while establishing well‐validated plasma hormone and Vtg‐based predictive models for sex assignment of lake sturgeon.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-10">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/B2B60D96CC4C35267F416CE380A0764F663A4236/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0426</doi><issn type="print">0175-8659</issn><issn type="electronic">1439-0426</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JAI"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY">Journal of Applied Ichthyology</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="10000"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/jai.2009.25.issue-s2</doi><titleGroup><title type="specialIssueTitle">Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of the North American Chapter of the World Sturgeon Conservation Society, Ottawa, Canada, August 19‐21, 2008</title></titleGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="25">25</numbering><numbering type="supplement">s2</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2009-10">October 2009</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="11" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01289.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="JAI1289"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="8"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">Original Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright>No claim to original US government works. Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin</copyright><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2009-08-13"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2009-09-01"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.2 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-03-15"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-28"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-23"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="60">60</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="67">67</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><b>Author’s address:</b> Diana M. Papoulias, United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
E‐mail: <email>dpapoulias@usgs.gov</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JAI.JAI1289.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received: January 8, 2009 Accepted: February 28, 2009</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="3"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (<i>Acipenser fluvescens</i>) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels</title><title type="shortAuthors">J. M. Craig et al.</title><title type="short">Lake sturgeon sex hormones</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>J. M.</givenNames><familyName>Craig</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>D. M.</givenNames><familyName>Papoulias</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>M. V.</givenNames><familyName>Thomas</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>M. L.</givenNames><familyName>Annis</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a4"><personName><givenNames>J.</givenNames><familyName>Boase</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>United States Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake St Clair Fisheries Research Station, Mt. Clemens, MI, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a4" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Alpena Fishery Resources Office, Alpena, MI, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Summary</title><p>This study focused on identifying the sex of lake sturgeon by measuring the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the phosphoprotein vitellogenin (Vtg) in blood plasma by radioimmunoassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and evaluating these techniques as tools in lake sturgeon population management. Surveys of the St Clair River (SCR) lake sturgeon population have characterized it as rebounding by having steady or increasing recruitment since 1997. However, researchers have not been able to effectively determine the sex for most of the sturgeon they capture because few fish caught during surveys are releasing gametes. A total of 115 fish were sampled from May through June in 2004 and 2005 from the SCR, Michigan, USA. Of these, only four females and eight males were verified (i.e. they were releasing gametes at time of capture), resulting in very few fish with which to validate blood hormone and Vtg biomarkers of sex. Fifty‐six percent of the fish were assigned a sex designation based on biomarker criteria. Correspondence between actual gonadal sex and biomarker‐directed classification was good for the small subset of fish for which gonadal sex was definitively determined. Moreover, application of the steroid values in a predictive sex assignment model developed for white sturgeon misclassified only the same two fish that were misclassified with the steroid and Vtg biomarkers. The experimental results suggest a sex ratio of 1 : 2.7 (F:M), however more conclusive methods are needed to confirm this ratio because so few fish were available for sex validation. Of the 43 males, 14 were within the legal slot limit, 11 were smaller than 1067 mm total length (TL), and 18 were larger than 1270 mm TL. All 15 females were larger than 1270 mm TL, and thus protected by the slot limit criteria. Considering that lake sturgeon are threatened in Michigan, an advantage to using blood plasma assays was that fish were not harmed, and sample collection was quick, simple, and inexpensive. However, because a sufficiently large number of fish could not be validated for gonadal sex due to handling restrictions given the fish’s protected status, assignment of sex is not based on a robust multi‐variate model. An immediate alternative may be to use other non‐invasive field methods (e.g. ultrasound, fiber‐optic endoscope) to provide a more timely classification while establishing well‐validated plasma hormone and Vtg‐based predictive models for sex assignment of lake sturgeon.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Lake sturgeon sex hormones</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Craig</namePart><affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Papoulias</namePart><affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M. V.</namePart><namePart type="family">Thomas</namePart><affiliation>Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake St Clair Fisheries Research Station, Mt. Clemens, MI, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M. L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Annis</namePart><affiliation>United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Boase</namePart><affiliation>United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Alpena Fishery Resources Office, Alpena, MI, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-10</dateIssued><edition>Received: January 8, 2009 Accepted: February 28, 2009</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">3</extent><extent unit="tables">1</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">This study focused on identifying the sex of lake sturgeon by measuring the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the phosphoprotein vitellogenin (Vtg) in blood plasma by radioimmunoassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and evaluating these techniques as tools in lake sturgeon population management. Surveys of the St Clair River (SCR) lake sturgeon population have characterized it as rebounding by having steady or increasing recruitment since 1997. However, researchers have not been able to effectively determine the sex for most of the sturgeon they capture because few fish caught during surveys are releasing gametes. A total of 115 fish were sampled from May through June in 2004 and 2005 from the SCR, Michigan, USA. Of these, only four females and eight males were verified (i.e. they were releasing gametes at time of capture), resulting in very few fish with which to validate blood hormone and Vtg biomarkers of sex. Fifty‐six percent of the fish were assigned a sex designation based on biomarker criteria. Correspondence between actual gonadal sex and biomarker‐directed classification was good for the small subset of fish for which gonadal sex was definitively determined. Moreover, application of the steroid values in a predictive sex assignment model developed for white sturgeon misclassified only the same two fish that were misclassified with the steroid and Vtg biomarkers. The experimental results suggest a sex ratio of 1 : 2.7 (F:M), however more conclusive methods are needed to confirm this ratio because so few fish were available for sex validation. Of the 43 males, 14 were within the legal slot limit, 11 were smaller than 1067 mm total length (TL), and 18 were larger than 1270 mm TL. All 15 females were larger than 1270 mm TL, and thus protected by the slot limit criteria. Considering that lake sturgeon are threatened in Michigan, an advantage to using blood plasma assays was that fish were not harmed, and sample collection was quick, simple, and inexpensive. However, because a sufficiently large number of fish could not be validated for gonadal sex due to handling restrictions given the fish’s protected status, assignment of sex is not based on a robust multi‐variate model. An immediate alternative may be to use other non‐invasive field methods (e.g. ultrasound, fiber‐optic endoscope) to provide a more timely classification while establishing well‐validated plasma hormone and Vtg‐based predictive models for sex assignment of lake sturgeon.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Applied Ichthyology</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0175-8659</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1439-0426</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0426</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JAI</identifier><part><date>2009</date><detail type="title"><title>Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of the North American Chapter of the World Sturgeon Conservation Society, Ottawa, Canada, August 19‐21, 2008</title></detail><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>25</number></detail><detail type="supplement"><caption>Suppl. no.</caption><number>s2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>60</start><end>67</end><total>8</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">B2B60D96CC4C35267F416CE380A0764F663A4236</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01289.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">JAI1289</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">No claim to original US government works. 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